AKM DIEGIMO GALIMYBĖS MAŽINANT SOCIALINĘ ATSKIRTĮ LIETUVOJE SANTRAUKA Lietuvos viešoji politika, skirta socialinei atskirčiai mažinti, yra neefektyvi. Žemą Lietuvos socialinės politikos efektyvumą įtakoja nedideli finansiniai ištekliai, kuriuos LR Vyriausybė skiria socialinės politikos įgyvendinimui. Taip pat šios politikos neefektyvumą patvirtina savivaldybių socialinės veiklos statistinių rodiklių analizė. Remiantis šia analize patvirtinama, kad egzistuoja ryškūs skirtumai tarp savivaldybių, jų vykdoma socialinė politika yra deharmonizuota, vykdoma nekryptingai. Socialinės politikos efektyvumą mažina ir tai, kad Lietuvoje reglamentuota socialinių paslaugų vykdymo tvarka įtakoja regioninių skirtumų atsiradimą ir gilėjimą. Remiantis kitų ES šalių patirtimi, socialinės politikos efektyvumą gali pagerinti AKM diegimas. Siekiant mažinti socialinės politikos ydingus požymius, Lietuvoje taikoma AKM principai: geros patirties sklaida, decentralizacija, visų suinteresuotųjų įtraukimas į socialinės politikos procesus ir kt. Remiantis šiuo metodu galima apibendrintai ir tiksliai apžvelgti, efektyviai įvertinti, planuoti ir įgyvendinti valdžios institucijų ir kitų socialinės politikos dalyvių vykdomą socialinę politiką, skatinti valdžios institucijų ir bendruomenės narių bendradarbiavimą sprendžiant socialinės atskirties mažinimo klausimus ir kt. Šie AKM principai taikomi projektuose „Socialinis žemėlapis“ bei „Lietuva be atskirties ir skurdo“ (LabAS). / THE POSSIBILITIES OF OMC IN DECREASING SOCIAL EXCLUSION: THE CASE OF LITHUANIA SUMMARY Lithuanian public policy, intended to decrease social exclusion, is not effective. The effectiveness of social policy is low because Lithuanian Government intends not enough financial reservoir for implementation of social exclusion. Analyses of municipality social work indicators prove that Lithuanian social policy is not effective. This analysis confirms, that exist pronounced differences between municipalities and social policy is disharmonized and implemented in unfocussed way. Effectiveness of social policy is low because the order of pursuing social policy, regulated in Lithuania, influences increase of regional differences. On the strength of EU nation experience, implementation of OMC can improve effectiveness of social policy. On purpose to decrease flawy features of social policy, Lithuania implements principles of OMC, for instance, good practice, decentralization and cooperation of all interested parties in processes of social policy etc. On the strength of OMC, it is possible to rightly review, effectively rate, plan and implement social policy, promote collaboration between governance and community. Following principles of OMC are using in projects “Social map” and “Lithuania without exclusion and poverty” (LabAS).

This research focuses on an issue that has persisted in Greece over recent decades – long-term youth unemployment. The issue has worsened in the last few years, however, in particular following unprecedented historical times caused by a worldwide economic recession that hit Greece particularly hard. This recession that was triggered by events in the United States in 2008, set off a worldwide recession, the effects of which continue to affect countries like Greece today. It is in this context that the post-secondary graduate unemployment rate in the country soared to 20% in 2010 and has since continued to follow an upward trend. What is more, the Greek economy, with debt to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio reaching more than 140% in 2010 and 165% in 2011, is not showing signs of improvement. This situation is far from encouraging for unemployed Greek youth. Grounded theory (GT) methodology is undertaken in this study which borrows from both Glaserian and Straussian GT method approaches. A Constructivist Grounded Theory perspective is used to interpret findings as the thesis analyses barriers to employment, understandings and coping mechanisms in relation to Greek graduate unemployment and identifies prospects for the future. Six participants were recruited through convenience sampling and informed research through in depth interviews. Unemployed post-secondary graduates interviewed in this study offered uniquely grounded data to inform my analysis and shared timely information amidst the challenging context of the Greek fiscal crisis. The situation has gained much international attention and opened the door for re-thinking and new possibilities. Given that the economic situation in the Eurozone is inextricably linked to the conditions in its member states, this study considers employment policy in both Greece and the European Union (EU). The thesis concludes by suggesting some potential areas for further research. / Graduate

The Master thesis "The Impact of Europeanization on Social Systems of the EU Member States: The Case of the Swedish Labour Market" elaborates on the potential influence of the EU on the social policy of its members. Although the social policy has formally been left in the competences of national states, there are certain possible ways whereby the EU can affect it. The instruments of Europeanization in the social area are identified and then tested on the case of the Swedish labour market. On the one hand, there are direct instruments of Europeanization in the social policy represented by the Open method of coordination (OMC) which is an unbinding EU legislation, and on the other hand, there are indirect mechanisms proceeding by the application of the rules of the internal EU market. Concerning specifically the Swedish labour market, it could have been affected by the Swedish participation on the European Employment Strategy (EES) that is based on the OMC, or through the ECJ decision in the Laval case which dealt with the freedom to provide services. In this respect, the specific Swedish model of labour market has played an important role. It is characterised by traditionally strong position of social partners and collective agreements as well as by the highly developed active labour market policy....

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to describe the influence of the European Union and especially the European employment strategy on the active employment policy in the Czech Republic. The thesis follows the development of the employment policy in both European Union and the Czech Republic. One part of the thesis is devoted to the pre-accession period and the other is concerned with the period after the Czech Republic has become a valid member of the EU. There were applied two theoretical concepts in the analysis of the European Union's influence on the Czech employment policy: social network theory and the concept of policy transfer. There are pointed out the changes that happened in both periods. The motivation of both parties to accept and implement the changes and to influence or to be influenced is described. The aim of this thesis is to prove that the Czech Republic has been influenced and to show the aspects of the influence: where, why and by whom.

Contrairement à ses homologues européens, le Royaume-Uni n'a pas adopté en 1989, le texte de la charte communautaire des droits sociaux fondamentaux des travailleurs abrégée charte sociale. Il s'est tenu, jusqu'en 1997, à l'écart des décisions européennes en matière sociale. Au lendemain de son arrivée au pouvoir, le gouvernement de Tony blair a mis fin à cette exception britannique. Le parti travailliste, fervent opposant à l'adhésion du royaume-uni au marché commun dans les années 1970, a pu rallier ses partisans au chapitre social de la construction européenne deux décennies plus tard grâce à cette charte. Depuis, le Royaume-Uni a su démontrer son engagement européen par rapport aux politiques sociales. Il a approuvé le traité d'Amsterdam qui a vu la mise en place de la Stratégie Européenne pour l'Emploi. Pour autant, il reste toujours celui qui incarne en Europe, le « modèle libéral anglo-saxon », en vigueur aux États-Unis. Il est vrai que malgré cette adhésion, les politiques thatchériennes n'ont pas été modifiées en profondeur par le New labour mais juste infléchies et il existe toujours en Europe, une spécificité britannique au niveau de la législation du travail et des relations sociales. Paradoxalement, malgré cette spécificité britannique, le Conseil européen, en 2002, a estimé que les programmes mis en place au Royaume-Uni sont compatibles avec les objectifs européens pour l‘emploi.Ce travail de recherche s'intéresse aux enjeux que représente la Stratégie Européenne pour l'Emploi au Royaume-Uni. Notre analyse nous amènera à mettre en évidence la situation britannique par rapport aux recommandations européennes en matière de politiques pour l'emploi. L'intérêt de ce travail de recherche est de souligner un paradoxe : à la fois comprendre les spécificités du marché du travail britannique, occupant une position unique en Europe mais aussi se rendre compte que les politiques de l'emploi menées au Royaume-Uni sont tout à fait compatibles avec les recommandations européennes et compatibles avec la Stratégie Européenne pour l‘Emploi. / Unlike her European counterparts, Britain did not sign the Social Charter in 1989 and benefited from an opt out of the social rights included in this Charter until 1997. When the first New Labour government came into office, Tony Blair put an end to this British opt out. The Labour Party, which had been against the British entry into the EEC in the seventies, managed to convince its members to change their views on the European Union two decades later thanks to this Charter. By signing the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997, the UK adopted the Social Charter and accepted the changes brought by the “Social Chapter” included in the Treaty. The Treaty of Amsterdam also introduced the European Employment Strategy. Since then, the UK has endorsed the Social Charter and implemented a range of UE social measures. Despite social policies, the UK compared to its European partners is considered as “the Anglo-Saxon model” available in the US because Margaret Thacher's economic policies have not been deeply modified and at the European level, there are British particularities as far as labour law and industrial relations are concerned. Yet despite such disparities, the European Council considered in 2002 that the employment policies carried out in the UK were in accordance with the European Employment Strategy. This thesis examines how the European Employment Strategy is operating in the UK. The analysis focuses on how the European guidelines are implemented in the UK labour market regulation. The aim is to shed light on a paradox: on the one hand, the UK labour market has its own specificities which are not similar to other European countries; and on the other, the employment policies pursued in the UK comply with the European guidelines within the European Employment Strategy.

L'objet de la présente thèse est d'analyser l'incidence des politiques menées dans le cadre des systèmes d'éducation et de formation grec et italien afin de se conformer aux exigences de la stratégie de Lisbonne 2000. Le niveau d'influence de la politique de l'UE sur les structures des deux pays et ses effets sur les réformes nationales sont liés à la relation, entre structures nationales et internationales en ce qui concerne les politiques d'éducation et de formation. Les réformes ne sont pas nécessairement le résultat de la politique de l'Union européenne ; elles peuvent également être le résultat de la voie nationale suivie et intervenir indépendamment des politiques européennes. Cela permet de se demander si le changement de la politique nationale est lié aux directives internationales ou s'il est le résultat indépendant de l'évolution de l'État. / The present thesis attempts a policy impact analysis through the Greek and Italian education and training policies undertaken to respond to the Lisbon's Strategy 2000 requirements. The level of influence of the EU policy within the domestic structure of both countries and its dynamic on national reforms is related to the relationship, - level of influence-, between national and international structure as concerns the educational and training policies. Reforms are not necessarily results of the European's Community policy, but they can be results of the national pathway and they would have taken place in any case. The above hypothesis leads to the query if national policy change is linked to the international directives or it is the independent result of the State's development.