This study discusses Open Access and scientific publication. That is, open access to scientific information via the internet. A network-based tool that can help enable and distribute published research globally. Research is considered a resource that should be free of restrictions such as copyright barriers or agreements among publishers. Colleges and University libraries suffer from high costs due to digital scientific publications, while increased profits fall on commercial publishers. Digitization and free access to scientific resources could contribute to socio-economic and environmental-related sustainable development in the society.

Conferencia presentada durante el Seminario Internacional "El Nuevo Orden Académico", llevado a cabo del 1-2 de septiembre de 2016 en las instalaciones de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Lima, Perú. / La ponencia aborda la importancia de abrir la ciencia y la promoción del acceso abierto para generar conocimiento, así como entender y reproducir las estructuras de poder que nos gobiernan en lo público y en lo privado. Se hace un recuento sucinto del avance de la ciencia en nuestro medio así como el rol de los organismos de gobierno. En segunda parte de la conferencia, detalla el modelo de gestión del conocimiento de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC).

The goal of this dissertation is to not only explain the informing system discipline, but to explore cases from the perspective of the basic tenants of informing systems. The first essay explains what informing science is, the need for a transdiscipline, the channels of the Informing Science Institute informing system, and describes the clients of the ISI. The first essay ends with an analysis of the authors, institutions, and countries of origin for every ISI paper published between 1998 and 2009, as well as reporting interviews with the Editor-In-Chiefs of each ISI journal. The second essay investigates a case study of a last mile broadband initiative. This essay seeks to identify when it is necessary and appropriate for government to intervene in a municipality and provide broadband services. The final essay is an exploration and analysis of The Joint Interagency Field Experimentation event. This event serves as an example of an informing system specifically designed to facilitate structured and unstructured communications between various parties. This research was conducted to assess the nature of participant-impact resulting from attending JIFX, and to consider the consistency of the findings with the predictions of various theoretical frameworks used in informing science.

<p>Chapter 1: Although there are widely accepted theoretical explanations for overexploitation of common-pool resources, empirically we have limited information about the micro-level mechanisms that cause individually efficient exploitation to result in macro inefficiency. This paper conducts the first empirical investigation of common-pool resource users' dynamic and strategic behavior at the micro level. With an application to the North Carolina shrimp fishery, we examine fishermen's strategies in a fully dynamic game that accounts for latent resource dynamics and other players' actions. Combining a simulation-based Conditional Choice Probability estimator and a Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator, we recover the profit structure of the fishery from fishermen's repeated choices. Using the estimated structural parameters, we compare the fishermen's actual exploitation path to the socially optimal one under a time-specific limited entry system with transferrable permits, and then quantify the dynamic efficiency costs of common-pool resource use. We find that individual fishermen respond to other users by exerting a higher level of exploitation effort than what is socially optimal. Based on our counterfactual experiments, we estimate the efficiency costs of this behavior to be 17.39\% of the annual revenues from the fishery, which translates into 31.4\% of the rent without deducting the cost of capital. </p><p>Chapter 2: Although hypoxia is a threat to coastal ecosystems, policy makers have limited information about the potential economic impacts on fisheries. Studies using spatially and temporally aggregated data generally fail to detect statistically significant fishery effects of hypoxia. Limited recent work using disaggregated fishing data (microdata) reports modest effects of hypoxia on catches of recreationally harvested species. These prior studies have not accounted for important spatial and temporal aspects of the system, however. For example, the effects of hypoxia on catches may not materialize instantaneously but instead may involve a lagged process with catches reflecting cumulative past exposure to environmental conditions. This paper develops a differenced bioeconomic model to account for the lagged effects of hypoxia on the North Carolina brown shrimp fishery. It integrates high-resolution oxygen monitoring data with fishery-dependent microdata from North Carolina's trip ticket program to investigate the detailed spatial and temporal relationships of hypoxia to commercial fishery harvest. The main finding is that hypoxia potentially resulted in a 12.9\% annual decrease in brown shrimp harvest from 1999-2005. The paper also develops two alternative models---a non-differenced model and a polynomial distributed lag model---and results are consistent with the main model.</p><p>Chapter 3: The emergence of ecosystem-based management suggests that traditional fisheries</p><p>management and protection of environmental quality are increasingly interrelated. Fishery managers, however, have limited control over most sources of marine and estuarine pollution and at best can only adapt to environmental conditions. We develop a bioeconomic model of optimal harvest of an annual species that is subject to an environmental disturbance. We parameterize the model to analyze the effect of hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen) on the optimal harvest path of brown shrimp, a commercially important species that is fished in hypoxic waters in the Gulf of Mexico and in estuaries in the southeastern United States. We find that hypoxia alters the qualitative pattern of optimal harvest and shifts the season opening earlier in the year; more severe hypoxia leads to even earlier season openings. However, the quantitative effects of adapting fishery management to hypoxia in terms of fishery rents are small. This suggests that it is critical for other regulatory agencies to control estuarine pollution, and fishery managers need to generate value from the fishery resources through other means such as rationalization.</p> / Dissertation

<p>This dissertation presents two essays on endogenous growth and renewable resources.</p><p>The first essay explores the role of renewable resources in a tractable</p><p>model of endogenous growth driven by horizontal and vertical innovation in the closed economy.</p><p>The model is tractable in that it yields a complete, analytical characterization</p><p>of the path of utility and the associated welfare level. This property</p><p>is exploited to compare two cases of renewable resource management:</p><p>open access and full property rights. The first case involves a common</p><p>property problem in which agents ignore the long-term resource viability;</p><p>the second fully internalizes the dynamics of the resource stock.</p><p>Analysis shows that if the natural regeneration rate of the renewable</p><p>resource is too low, the tragedy of the commons occurs. If, instead,</p><p>the natural regeneration rate is sufficiently high, the steady-state</p><p>growth rate of the economy is identical across the two management</p><p>regimes. The reason is because there is no scale effect; that is,</p><p>the steady-state growth rate of the economy does not depend on the</p><p>labor or the resource endowment. However, the development path on</p><p>which the economy transits from the developing stage (no R\&D activity)</p><p>to the developed stage (positive R\&D activity) depends on the resource</p><p>management regime. In particular, a developing economy under full</p><p>property rights will cross its development threshold prior to one</p><p>under open access. This threshold depends on the size of the manufacturing</p><p>firms. When it becomes sufficiently large as a result of the decline</p><p>in the number of firms over time, there will be an incentive for the</p><p>remaining firms to conduct R\&D. Given the same number of manufacturing</p><p>firms, the firm size is larger under full property rights than under</p><p>open access due to higher nominal expenditure per capita. Therefore,</p><p>the development threshold will be reached sooner under full property</p><p>rights. In other words, the economy will start engaging in R\&D activities</p><p>sooner and more quickly accumulate knowledge, which is the source</p><p>of long-run growth. Moreover, switching from full property rights</p><p>to open access is welfare reducing due to two effects. The first is</p><p>through the price of the harvest good. Although the economy initially</p><p>enjoys a lower price of harvest good, the price gradually increases</p><p>as the resource becomes scarcer. Secondly, the competitive household</p><p>instantaneously loses the resource income and thus spends less on</p><p>manufacturing goods. This decreases the incentive for manufacturing</p><p>firms to conduct R\&D and results in a temporary deceleration of the</p><p>growth rate of TFP relative to the baseline case of full property</p><p>rights. The economy therefore experiences a cumulative loss of TFP</p><p>relative to the baseline, which is the novel feature of our model</p><p>of endogenous innovation. This mechanism has interesting and wide-ranging</p><p>implications for the role of resources in development and growth</p><p>The second essay extends the model of endogenous growth and renewable </p><p>resources into the open economy framework. The paper examines the effect of trade liberalization on resource-rich</p><p>countries, based on a two-country model in which the difference in</p><p>endowment of a renewable resource leads to asymmetric trade. In this</p><p>model, the resource-rich economy trades its harvest good and final</p><p>good for the final good from the resource-poor economy. Furthermore,</p><p>the renewable resource is considered to be under open access, where</p><p>there is no clear ownership over the resource, leading to overexploitation.</p><p>Long-term productivity, in this case, stems from endogenously-determined</p><p>knowledge accumulation. Under these circumstances, analysis shows</p><p>that the resource-rich country will lose from trade due to two effects.</p><p>The first effect is the instantaneous loss of income. Higher demand</p><p>for the harvest good, from the combined domestic and international</p><p>demand, diverts labor away from the production of technological goods</p><p>to the harvest sector, where rent is zero. The second effect is a</p><p>scarcity effect, which becomes more severe when trade results in a</p><p>greater demand for the harvest good. Overexploitation of the renewable</p><p>resource today leads to falling resource stock in the future, which</p><p>is then reflected in the higher price of harvest good, other things</p><p>being constant. Since the harvest good is an essential input to produce</p><p>the final good, given the same amount of the other inputs, the amount</p><p>of final good produced will also fall in the long run.</p> / Dissertation

In this research, using the statistic catch data of northwest pacific Ommastrephes bartrami from the Overseas Fisheries Development council of The Republic of China between 1997 to 2007 and FAO between 1982 to 2007 to conduct and resource assessment on Ommastrephes bartrami. First of all, calculate and compare the equilibrium levels of open access fishery and present value maximization fishery, then evaluate the stock size of Ommastrephes bartrami and compare the equilibrium levels of two models with the statistic readings, the result shows the Ommastrephes bartrami has no sign of depletion. By using sensitivity analysis, we understand the changes on the effort and stock effected by varying different parameters. Finally, by simulating the stock size of open access fishery and present value maximization fishery, we find that unrestricted developing can end up the resources, but Ommastrephes bartrami will receive sustainable development, if it can be effectively managed. And expect that the results can be a management reference for the management of Ommastrephes bartrami fisheries.

This thesis is based on Gordon-Schaefer model, and assesses Argentine shortfin squid¡¦s stock by using the data of Southwest Atlantic from FAO between 1983 and 2009. First, estimate the equilibrium level of the open-access fishery and dynamic optimization fishery and compare to each other. Then estimate annual Argentine shortfin squid¡¦s stock size, comparing the stock size with the equilibrium level of the two fishery models. The result is that Argentine shortfin squid¡¦s stock size has no crisis of extinction now in Southwest Atlantic. In addition, simulate Argentine shortfin squid¡¦s stock size under management and no management status in the future. The result is that it will make the Argentine shortfin squid sustainable development under dynamic optimization fishery, and this fishery model will be a good management. Finally, this thesis based on the catch of Southwest Atlantic Argentine shortfin squid, which we figure out the fluctuation of catch by literatures, and do the sensitivity analysis.

Tong-Kong sakura shrimp is one of important fisheries in southwest coast. Tong-Kong sakura shrimp, blue fin tuna and mullet roe are called Three Treasures of Tong-Kong . It brings significant economic benefits for local residents. This research is based on Gordon-Schaefer Model theory that combines with fishery catch statistics and operational cost data. Also, we use these data to discuss open-access fishing ground and dynamically optimal fishing ground of balance status under equilibrium level. Next step is to do stimulation analysis that based on annual fishery catch statistics of sakura shrimp. After stimulation, we can make comparisons of equilibrium values of these two fishing grounds. From analysing fishery catch statistics and fishing resource we may know that it can shows that the management of sakura shrimp tends to dynamically optimal fishing ground, and also can state that the management mechanism of sakura shrimp is an ideal of sustainable management. Then, through the example, we can understand how each variation influences fishing resources and fishing effort of these two fishing grounds. Finally, we simulate fishing resources model of two fishing grounds to show the result. If we don¡¦t manage fishery of sakura shrimp well and keep uncontrolled fishing, not only the fishing ground will become an open-access fishery, but also fishing resources will become extinct. However, once we can manage fishing ground efficiently, it will become a dynamically optimal fishing ground and the fishery of sakura shrimp will develop sustainably.

The study is based on Gordon-Schaefer model, using statistic data from Western and Central Pacific Fishery Commission to estimate the resource stock of Albacore between 1960 and 2009. Compare the equilibrium levels of open access model and present value maximization model with the real data, and the result shows that the real stock is close to the equilibrium of present value maximization model. The thesis uses sensitivity analysis to understand the impact of the changed parameters on stock and effort, and by using real examples to understand the impact of the changed situation on stock and effort. Finally, by simulating the stock of open access fishery and present value maximization fishery and government management nowadays fishery. The result shows the stock of government management fishery is higher than the stock of the present value maximization fishery, and the stock both are closed. The management is conservative and effective, hence the management will make the profit maximize and the resource continue forever to develop.

This study used the Gordon-Schaefer model to discuss the equilibrium levels for bigeye tuna in the Western and Central Pacific of open access and present value maximization. And then to compare the catches and the stocks on the two model¡¦s equilibrium value, the result shows the management of bigeye tuna in the Western and Central Pacific tend to present value maximization model. Following that, this paper did sensitivity analysis to understand the impact of the changed parameters on stock size and effort. Finally, using simulation analysis on open access model and present value maximization model. In open access model, the result shows that resources will face extinction crisis if the fishery is not controlled well. In the present value maximization model, the bigeye tuna would be sustainable management. This result is valuable for the fishery management authorities to maintain the development of fishery and cherishing ocean resources at the same time.