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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / Deutsche Telekom has been operating different communication satellites for several years. The Satellite Control Center (SCC) of Deutsche Telekom is located near Usingen, about 50 km northwest of Frankfurt/Main. The system has been under operation since the launch of the first flight model DFS in June 1989. The entire computer system was based on Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX type computers. The maintenance costs of these old Complex Instruction Sets Computers (CISC) were increased significantly during the last years. Due to the high operational costs Deutsche Telekom decided to exchange the operational computer system. Present-day information technology world uses more and more powerful Reduced Instruction Set Computers (RISC). These new designs allow operational costs to be reduced appreciably. The VAX type computers will be replaced by DEC Alpha AXP Computers. This paper describes the transition process from CISC to RISC computers in an operational realtime environment.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de desempenho e a avaliação de custos econômicos do processo de desinfecção por radiação UV para efluente de lagoas de estabilização facultativas pós- tratado em alagado construído e para outros efluentes com características similares. O trabalho experimental consistiu de ensaios de desinfecção utilizando reator de desinfecção por radiação UV em batelada. Na pesquisa foram avaliadas as principais variáveis que interferem no rendimento e nos custos dos processos, de forma a adequar o par CT (concentração de desinfetante e tempo de contato) atendendo ao padrão ambiental microbiológico de 1.000 coliformes termotolerantes/100 mL, definido para corpos aquáticos enquadrados na classe 2 estabelecida pela Resolução 357/2005 CONAMA, uma vez que a maioria dos corpos receptores do Brasil estão enquadrados nessa classe. A avaliação econômica definiu custos unitários de implantação e de operação e manutenção do processo de desinfecção UV para um período de 20 anos, considerando valores pontuais e anuais de forma a se verificar o custo total a valor presente. Os dados obtidos indicaram que o efluente final das unidades de tratamento avaliadas apresentaram valores de turbidez, absorvância a 254 nm e ferro total superiores aos usuais recomendados para desinfecção UV, no entanto, não comprometendo a desinfecção. Por outro lado, a concentração de SS foi baixa e com diâmetro de partículas de pequenas dimensões. As várias combinações testadas (doses x altura de lâmina líquida- ALL) sugerem, para atendimento ao padrão microbiológico, doses de 8 Wh/\'M POT.3\' e ALL de 6 cm. A concentração remanescente dos indicadores microbiológicos testados mostrou ordem decrescente de inativação de Clostridium perfringens para coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. A análise da fotorreativação e da ausência de luz no recrescimento dos microrganismos indicadores (coliformes totais e Esherichia coli) foi mais perceptível na ausência de luz. Os custos de implantação das unidades de desinfecção UV projetadas nesta pesquisa foram significativamente menores que os dos modelos industriais comparados. Os custos de operação e manutenção para a desinfecção com radiação UV também foram baixos e equivalem a outros desinfetantes. Os custos médios globais obtidos variam de 14,3 a 20,5 R$/habitante, para garantir a desinfecção do esgoto por radiação UV durante 20 anos. / This work studied UV disinfection process performance and economic costs for facultative stabilization ponds effluent pos treated in constructed wetland and another effluents with similar characteristic. The experimental work consisted of batch disinfection tests using UV reactor, evaluating variables that may affect performance and process costs in order to adjust CT (disinfectant concentration and contact time) according to microbiological environmental standard of 1000/100 mL, set for class 2 water bodies established by 357/2005 CONAMA Resolution. Economic evaluation defined unit costs of deployment and operation and maintenance of the UV disinfection process for 20 years, considering point estimates and annual reports, in order to check total cost to present value. The final effluent from treatment units evaluated had values of turbidity, 254 nm absorbance and total iron above usual recommended for UV disinfection, however, not compromising disinfection process. On the other hand, SS concentration was low and particle size was of small diameter. Various combinations of dose x water height tested suggest, to attend microbiological standards, doses 8 wh/m³ and 6 cm water height. The remaining concentration of microbiological indicators showed descending order of inactivation from Clostridium perfringens to total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Photoreactivation and light absence regrowth of total coliforms and Esherichia coli was more noticeable in darkness. Building costs of UV disinfection units designed were significantly lower than those of industrial models compared. Operation and maintenance costs for UV radiation disinfection were also low and equivalent with other disinfectants. Average total costs obtained vary from R$ 14.3 to R$ 20.5/capita, to ensure UV radiation disinfection life time of 20 years.

Information technology (IT) managers worldwide have adopted cloud computing because of its potential to improve reliability, scalability, security, business agility, and cost savings; however, the rapid adoption of cloud computing has created challenges for IT managers, who have reported an estimated 30% wastage of cloud resources. The purpose of this single case study was to explore successful strategies and processes for managing infrastructure operations costs in cloud computing. The sociotechnical systems (STS) approach was the conceptual framework for the study. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 6 IT managers directly involved in cloud cost management. The data were analyzed using a qualitative data-analysis software to identify initial categories and emerging themes, which were refined in alignment with the STS framework. The key themes from the analysis indicated that successful cloud cost management began with assessing the current environment and architecting applications and systems to fit cloud services, using tools for monitoring and reporting, and actively managing costs in alignment with medium- and long-term goals. Findings also indicated that social considerations such as fostering collaboration among all stakeholders, employee training, and skills development were critical for success. The implications for positive social change that derive from effectively managing operational costs include improved financial posture, job stability, and environmental sustainability.

America's reliance on foreign oil has raised economic and national security issues, and in turn the U.S. has been active in reducing its dependence on foreign oil to mitigate these issues. Also, the U.S. Navy has been instrumental in driving bio-fuel research and production by setting an ambitious goal to purchase 336M gallons of bio-fuel by 2020. The production of microalgae biomass is a promising field which may be able to meet these demands. The utilization of microalgae for the production of bio-fuel requires the implementation of efficient culturing processes to maximize production and reduce costs. Therefore, three discrete rate event simulation models were developed to analyze different scaling scenarios and determine total costs associated with each scenario. Three scaling scenarios were identified by this analysis and included a stepwise, volume batching and intense culturing process. A base case and potential best case were considered in which the culturing duration, lipid content and lipid induction period were adjusted. A what-if analysis was conducted which identified and reduced capital and operational costs contributing greatly to total costs. An NPV analysis was performed for each scenario to identify the risk associated with future cash flows. The research findings indicate that the intense culturing scaling scenario yielded the greatest model throughput and least total cost for both the base case and potential best case. However, this increased productivity and cost reduction were not significantly greater than the productivity generated by the stepwise scaling scenario, suggesting that the implementation of flat plate bio-reactors in the intense culturing process may be non-advantageous given the increased operational costs of these devices. The volume batching scenario yielded the greatest total cost L^-1 of microalgae bio-oil for both, indicating an inefficient process. The scaling scenarios of the base case and potential best case yielded negative NPV's while the stepwise and intense culturing scenarios of the what-if analysis generated positive NPV's. The base case is based on current technological advances, biological limitations and costs of microalgae production therefore, a negative NPV suggests that utilizing microalgae for bio-fuel production is not an economically feasible project at this time.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de desempenho e a avaliação de custos econômicos do processo de desinfecção por radiação UV para efluente de lagoas de estabilização facultativas pós- tratado em alagado construído e para outros efluentes com características similares. O trabalho experimental consistiu de ensaios de desinfecção utilizando reator de desinfecção por radiação UV em batelada. Na pesquisa foram avaliadas as principais variáveis que interferem no rendimento e nos custos dos processos, de forma a adequar o par CT (concentração de desinfetante e tempo de contato) atendendo ao padrão ambiental microbiológico de 1.000 coliformes termotolerantes/100 mL, definido para corpos aquáticos enquadrados na classe 2 estabelecida pela Resolução 357/2005 CONAMA, uma vez que a maioria dos corpos receptores do Brasil estão enquadrados nessa classe. A avaliação econômica definiu custos unitários de implantação e de operação e manutenção do processo de desinfecção UV para um período de 20 anos, considerando valores pontuais e anuais de forma a se verificar o custo total a valor presente. Os dados obtidos indicaram que o efluente final das unidades de tratamento avaliadas apresentaram valores de turbidez, absorvância a 254 nm e ferro total superiores aos usuais recomendados para desinfecção UV, no entanto, não comprometendo a desinfecção. Por outro lado, a concentração de SS foi baixa e com diâmetro de partículas de pequenas dimensões. As várias combinações testadas (doses x altura de lâmina líquida- ALL) sugerem, para atendimento ao padrão microbiológico, doses de 8 Wh/\'M POT.3\' e ALL de 6 cm. A concentração remanescente dos indicadores microbiológicos testados mostrou ordem decrescente de inativação de Clostridium perfringens para coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. A análise da fotorreativação e da ausência de luz no recrescimento dos microrganismos indicadores (coliformes totais e Esherichia coli) foi mais perceptível na ausência de luz. Os custos de implantação das unidades de desinfecção UV projetadas nesta pesquisa foram significativamente menores que os dos modelos industriais comparados. Os custos de operação e manutenção para a desinfecção com radiação UV também foram baixos e equivalem a outros desinfetantes. Os custos médios globais obtidos variam de 14,3 a 20,5 R$/habitante, para garantir a desinfecção do esgoto por radiação UV durante 20 anos. / This work studied UV disinfection process performance and economic costs for facultative stabilization ponds effluent pos treated in constructed wetland and another effluents with similar characteristic. The experimental work consisted of batch disinfection tests using UV reactor, evaluating variables that may affect performance and process costs in order to adjust CT (disinfectant concentration and contact time) according to microbiological environmental standard of 1000/100 mL, set for class 2 water bodies established by 357/2005 CONAMA Resolution. Economic evaluation defined unit costs of deployment and operation and maintenance of the UV disinfection process for 20 years, considering point estimates and annual reports, in order to check total cost to present value. The final effluent from treatment units evaluated had values of turbidity, 254 nm absorbance and total iron above usual recommended for UV disinfection, however, not compromising disinfection process. On the other hand, SS concentration was low and particle size was of small diameter. Various combinations of dose x water height tested suggest, to attend microbiological standards, doses 8 wh/m³ and 6 cm water height. The remaining concentration of microbiological indicators showed descending order of inactivation from Clostridium perfringens to total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Photoreactivation and light absence regrowth of total coliforms and Esherichia coli was more noticeable in darkness. Building costs of UV disinfection units designed were significantly lower than those of industrial models compared. Operation and maintenance costs for UV radiation disinfection were also low and equivalent with other disinfectants. Average total costs obtained vary from R$ 14.3 to R$ 20.5/capita, to ensure UV radiation disinfection life time of 20 years.

The diploma thesis deals with design of a suitable heat source for heating and hot water. There are dealt with operational costs of different types of heat sources, which are compared with one another. The next part is the implementation of specific proposal of the heat source - heat pump ground/water with deep wells and measuring system. The last part describes measuring several operating modes of the heat pump.

Owner-operator lack of knowledge about financial and operation costs is a serious impediment to business survival. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between the knowledge of financial and operational costs among trucking owner-operators and their business performance. The theoretical framework for the study was the resource-based theory and knowledge gap theory. A convenience sample of 78 owner-operator truckers across the United States participated in this study. The response rate was 17% for a web-based survey that was distributed to owner-operators in Facebook, and 83% for the paper-based surveys from the owner-operators who were visiting more than 10 truck stops in Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The findings from multiple linear regression analysis indicated a significant relationship between the trucking owner-operators' financial knowledge, operational costs knowledge, and financial performance. A significant relationship also existed between the financial knowledge of trucking owner-operators, operational costs knowledge, and nonfinancial performance. The findings of this study provide the owner-operator with a better understanding of factors that relate to business performance, which may inform their reasons for successes and failures. The implications for social change will occur if the failure rate of owner-operators declines and the opportunities for sustainable businesses increase. Sustainable owner-operator performance could lead to higher employment by the trucking industry and contribute to a better economy

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:12:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2 / Nenhuma / A estrutura e a estratégia das organizações são afetadas pela competitividade, intensificada nas últimas décadas. Devido a isso, as entidades buscam estratégias para continuarem ou se tornarem competitivas no mercado, sendo uma delas a procura por alianças estratégicas com outras organizações, atuantes ou não no mesmo mercado. Esta é a razão que motivou a realização do presente estudo, cujo objetivo foi verificar os reflexos das alianças estratégicas nos resultados econômicos das empresas que a adotam, usando como referencial o caso TAM e VARIG durante sua duração. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa documental a partir das demonstrações contábeis de VARIG e TAM para descrever possíveis impactos oriundos do compartilhamento de vôos ocorridos entre os anos de 2003 a 2005. Verificou-se que a aliança estratégica produziu resultados positivos para ambas as empresas, contudo seus efeitos benéficos puderam ser colhidos em maior proporção pela VARIG, através de uma redução de custos e despesas mais representativas / The structure and the strategy of the organizations have being affected by the international competition intensified in the last decades. Because of this concurrency the entities have being searching strategies in order to remain competitive in the market being one of them to look for partnership with other companies. This is the reason that motivated the present study which general main aim is to verify the reflexes of strategic alliances in the economic income of the companies that adopted it, using as reference the case of TAM and VARIG during their partnership. The methodology of this present study is classified as for the technical proceedings like “documental” therefore financial statements of VARIG and TAM are used to describe possible impacts from the partaking of flights occurred from 2003 until 2005. The method of research used gave us the possibility to conclude that the strategic alliance probably influenced the reduction of operational costs and expenses of both companies during the period of tim