Denna rapport grundar sig i en genomgång av ett antal tunnelanläggningars ansökningar till Mark- och miljödomstolen vid Nacka Tingsrätt gällande bortledning av grundvatten, samt deras slutgiltiga domstolsbeslut i Stockholmsområdet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer i ansökan som domstolen lägger störst vikt vid inför domstolsbeslutet, samt hitta eventuella likheter eller skillnader mellan de fyra olika tunnelanläggningarna som beaktats. Vidare undersöks anledningarna bakom uppdelningen av en tunnel i olika delsträckor och hur dessa i sin tur påverkar de inläckagenivåer som ansökan yrkar på. Rapporten behandlar följande tunnelanläggningar: Nya Avloppstunneln, E4 Förbifart Stockholm, City Link etapp 2 samt Nya Tunnelbanan. Sammanfattningsvis blev resultatet av denna studie följande: de olika domstolsbesluten tar alla hänsyn till ungefär samma faktorer där yttranden från Länsstyrelsen och genomförandet av fältundersökningar anses betydande. Tunnelsträckornas indelning baseras på de olika geologiska förhållandena i området samt vart vattendelare och inströmningsområden är lokaliserade. Slutligen är det även tydligt att domstolen tar hänsyn till tidigare projekts domstolsbeslut, både gällande de inläckagevillkor som beviljas samt den tekniska lösningens utformning. / The following report analyses a number of tunnel-constructions applications to the Land and Environmental Court (Mark- och miljödomstolen), at Nacka district court in Stockholm regarding groundwater drainage. The study also covers the court decisions for each of the tunnel-constructions. The purpose of this study is to find common denominators in the court decisions in order to draw conclusions about which denominators are of more importance than others, when the court makes its final decision. Furthermore, the study also aims to find clarity in the decision-making behind the division of the tunnel into sections and how those impact the levels of groundwater-leakage requested in the application. The following tunnel- constructions have been analysed: Nya Avloppstunneln, E4 Förbifart Stockholm, City Link etapp 2 as well as Nya Tunnelbanan. The result showed that the different court decisions all regard some factors more important than others, where the claimant from the supervisory authority Country Administrative Board (Länsstyrelsen) and the implementation of field studies are deemed two of the most important factors. The division of the tunnels is based on the geological prerequisites and the location of the watersheds and inflow areas. Lastly, it is also clear that the court takes previous projects court decisions into account regarding the leakage-levels as well as the technical solution.

The aim of this thesis is to introduce the given topic " Cost analysis of the building and their coverage" and to show an analyze of selected the life cycle phases on a specific example. The paper also solved ways of financing options especially financing via grants. At the end of work I deal with the recommendations of choosing a suitable grant title for the financing of new construction or reconstruction nursery schools.

Background: The Digital Twin is an increasingly trending technology that utilizes many of the key technologies relevant to the digitalization of industries and Industry 4.0, such as AI, Big Data, and IoT, to bring a virtual asset and a physical asset together to perform analysis and execute real-time decision making backed up by data (Grieves & Vickers, 2017; Rasheed et al., 2020). Current research on the benefits and challenges of Digital Twins in process industries is sparse and under-developed, and the significance of Digital Twins in their operational lifecycle phase requires investigation (Perno et al., 2020; Schleich et al., 2019; Sjödin, 2013). Research Questions: RQ1: What are the benefits of industrial process plant Digital Twins for companies in process industries? RQ2: What are the challenges that companies will face with industrial process plant Digital Twins in process industries? Literature Review: A theoretical framework was developed based on the applications, challenges, and enablers researched in other industries which acted as a foundation for the data collection process. Research Method: The thesis follows a qualitative research approach. A single-case study was employed with a large equipment supplier in the mineral processing industry, where data was collected through 17 semi-structured interviews with people possessing in-depth knowledge about the needs of the mineral processing industry. Findings: Five main benefits of industrial process plant Digital Twins in process industries were identified, Process performance, Monitoring and control, Predictive maintenance and scheduling, Business opportunities, and Safety. Correspondingly, four main challenges were identified, Perception and presentation, Privacy and security, Data management and performance, and Mutual scope and focus. Conclusions: The thesis project's managerial and theoretical implications include providing equipment suppliers in process industries with what benefits there lie with industrial process plant Digital Twins and which challenges must be overcome. By providing these benefits and challenges to equipment suppliers, they can prioritize which of these are most important to consider in their situation. The thesis contributes to the research of Digital Twins and adds to the sparse existing knowledge of what the benefits and challenges are of industrial process plant Digital Twins in process industries. The main limitation is the absence of process plant companies during the data collection phase.

The aim of this thesis is to introduce the given topic "Construction cost over the life cycle of the building" and to show the overview of the development of the cost and price data on a specific example. The thesis is mainly focused on the valuation of the building in its phases. The theoretical part includes an elaboration of the life cycles of the building into various stages based on available information and documents, such as the budget of the building, operating expenses and real estate valuation issues.