Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2008. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-17T22:54:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Análise das Condições Operacionais do Porto do Rio Grande Utilizando a Técnica de Simulação.pdf: 5451021 bytes, checksum: 78ba3dcda195052c02b6be9168971e48 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-08T23:00:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Análise das Condições Operacionais do Porto do Rio Grande Utilizando a Técnica de Simulação.pdf: 5451021 bytes, checksum: 78ba3dcda195052c02b6be9168971e48 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-08T23:00:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Análise das Condições Operacionais do Porto do Rio Grande Utilizando a Técnica de Simulação.pdf: 5451021 bytes, checksum: 78ba3dcda195052c02b6be9168971e48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Este trabalho teve como propósito realizar uma análise da operação do Porto do Rio Grande, através da técnica de Simulação, com o auxílio dosoftwareArena. O estudo foi feito para o terminal público Porto Novo e para os terminais de iniciativa privada do Superporto, os quais são: Bianchini, Bunge Alimentos, Copesul, Petrobrás, Tecon, Tergrasa, Termasa e Trevo Operadora. Nos terminais que possuem mais de um local de atracação, foram efetuadas duas análises: para o sistema íntegro, e para cada berço separadamente. Esta dissertação apresentou ainda como objetivo, comparar os resultados obtidos pela técnica de Teoria de Filas com a técnica de Simulação, as quais são utilizadas em modelagem de sistemas. Para tal, utilizaram-se os resultados fornecidos por Duarte (2007), que em sua dissertação de mestrado, realizou a análise operacional do Porto do Rio Grande, através do método de Teoria de Filas. Primeiramente, foram averiguados os dados de movimentação de navios do porto, durante os anos de 2004, 2005 e 2006, os quais foram fornecidos pela Superintendência do Porto do Rio Grande (SUPRG). Em seguida, analisaram-se os intervalos entre as chegadas de navios, e os tempos de cada atendimento, com intuito de representar estes dados através de uma determinada distribuição estatística. Especificamente, para o terminal Tecon, foram realizadas análises mensais dos processos de chegada e de atendimento, com a finalidade de estimar a demanda para os próximos anos, pois este terminal passará a operar com mais um berço de atracação. Posteriormente, construíram-se fluxogramas de simulação, para cada situação, de acordo com o número de locais de atracação, onde foram aplicados os valores estatísticos corretos que representaram os dados de chegada e deatendimento. Para cada simulação, o programa Arena forneceu inúmeros resultados, entre eles, o índice de congestionamento. Como um dos principais resultados, constatou-se que o terminal Tecon apresentou consideráveis reduções em termos de congestionamento, nas simulações realizadas para o ano de 2009, em que este terminal contará com mais um local de atracação. / This work had as intention to carry through an analysis of the operation of the Port of Rio Grande, through the technique of Simulation, with the aid of software “Arena”. The study was made for the public terminal called Novo Porto and the terminals of private initiative of Superporto, which are: Bianchini, Bunge Alimentos, Copesul, Petrobrás, Tecon, Tergrasa, Termasa and Trevo Operadora. In the terminals that possess a mooring place more than, two analyses had been effected: for the complete system, and each cradle separately. This paper still presented as objective, to compare the results gotten for the technique of Theory of Lines with the technique of Simulation, which are used inmodeling of systems. For such, the results supplied for Duarte had been used (2007), that in its master’s paper, carried through the operational analysis of the Port of Rio Grande, through the method of Theory of Lines. First, the data of movement of ships of the port had been inquired, during the years of 2004, 2005 and 2006, which had been supplied by theSupervision of the Port of Rio Grande (SUPRG). After that, the intervals between the arrivals of ships, and the times of each ttendance had been analyzed, with intention to represent these data through one definitive distribution statistics. Specifically, for the Tecon terminal, monthlyanalyses of the processes of arrived and attendance had been carried through,with the purpose esteem the demand for the next years, therefore this terminal will start to operate with plus a cradle of mooring. Later, simulation flowcharts had been constructed, for each situation, in accordance with the number of mooring places, where the correct statistical values that had represented the data of fond and of attendance had been applied. For each simulation, the program “Arena” supplied innumerable resulted, between them, the index of congestion. As one of the main results, one evidenced that the Tecon terminal presented considerable reductions in congestion terms, in the simulations carried through for the year of 2009, where this terminal will count on plus a mooring place.

This thesis comprises three chapters with the patent litigation as a central theme. The first chapter develops a methodology to compare the quality of patent litigation systems in six major economies: United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Korea, China. Quality is defined as whether it provides a fair and just legal environment for nullifying weak patents and adjudicating infringement actions. Ultimately, this study presents heterogeneity in the quality of the sample systems. Litigation systems with rigorous and predictable adjudication have a low risk of opportunistic and anti-competitive filings.In the second paper (Chapter 2), I explore the relationship between technology ownership frag- mentation and the opposition filing in European Patent Office (EPO). I develop a two-stages game, in which opposition can be used for an ex ante negotiation (e.g. licensing). The framework presents that high litigation risk happens under two kinds of conditions: when the ownership to external technologies is highly concentrated, profit dissipation is over the licensing revenue for the potential licensee; when the ownership to external technologies is widely fragmented, transaction cost is high for the entrance. That is, the opposition, replacing the licensing, will be frequently used. To empirically test this hypothesis, we use a data set that covers patent opposition cases during the period 1985-2005, and construct application-based “fragmentation index”. Finally, regression results confirm that opposition likelihood displays an U-shape re- lationship with the number of potential technology suppliers. Besides, the effect of ownership patterns is stronger in discrete product industries. This analysis controls for differences in filing, granted rate and other technological observed characteristics. Results are robust to alternative estimation strategies that account for over-dispersion in the patent counts data and industry heterogeneity.The third paper proposes that system designs influence the incidence of patent litigation risk. I construct three one-to-one matching data sets by total 2748 European patents, which includes 916 patents without any challenge, 916 patents having been challenged in the opposition at the European Patent Office (EPO), and 916 having been challenged in Germany Federal Patent Court (BPatG). the EPO and the BPatG follow different procedures to reexamine, amend or revoke a granted decision. To explore different filing patterns in two litigation systems, I provide a much more rigorous definition to describe patent quality: Novelty, Unique, Impact, which has been operationalized and utilized in the technological radicalness literature. By comparing litigated cases to control groups, I find a high degree of significance between opposition risk and ex ante-identifiable factors - Novelty, while a high degree of significance between invalidation trials and ex post indicator of technological radicalness - Impact. Moreover, I also confirm that the filing in the opposition is less constrained with firm’s patent portfolios and technological conditions. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Research on bilingualism in a number of social science disciplines has reported an association between bilingualism, ethnic identity, and ethnic attitudes - causality has often been attributed to bilingualism. This research has been criticized on methodological grounds. There is a dearth of information concerning the relationship between bilingualism, ethnic identity, and ethnic attitudes in specific communities, regions, or societies since there have been very few studies of the social psychological aspects of bilingualism based on survey research methods. Yet another critique of previous research is that the theoretical framework in which reported findings have been couched has remained untested or that they have remained implicit. These theoretical underpinnings are explored and assessed. The data for the thesis came from a sample survey of greater Montreal conducted in 1973, from a survey of the Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area conducted by the York Survey Research Center in late 1974 and early 1975, and from a secondary analysis of the Ethnic Relations Study, carried out for the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1965. The analytic methods used are crosstabulation and partial correlation. It was found in the analysis of all three surveys, which were carried out at different points in time and which used slightly different measures of the independent and dependent variable, that the association between bilingualism and ethnic identity is not strong, and that it varies from one mother tongue group to the other. This indicates that causality cannot be attributed to bilingualism. The analysis of the Ethnic Relations Study revealed that with intergroup contact and demographic context held constant, the relationship between bilingualism and ethnic identity is extremely weak. Bilinguals, it emerged, tend to identify with both language groups mainly where they are in contact with the other group and in contexts where the other group constitutes the demographic majority. With regard to the relationship between bilingualism and ethnic attitudes, it was found that there were weak associations between bilingualism and social distance, and bilingualism and ethnic prejudice. However, these all but disappeared when intergroup contact and demographic context were controlled. The theoretical debate, which has continued over the past several decades, concerning whether or not causality of these relationships can be attributed to bilingualism may still continue; however, the evidence presented in the dissertation indicates that' causality cannot be attributed to bilingualism. Further, unicausal social psychological theories attributing such findings to the effects of the internalization of a second linguistic system would seem to be manifestly inadequate. Future theoretical efforts in this area of research ought to be of the kind which span disciplinary boundaries, assume multicausality, and lend themselves to operationalization. It ·is suggested that group membership theory may provide a fruitful point of departure. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Robert Mertons anomiteori har historiskt fått skarp kritik på grund av sitt svaga empiriska stöd och sina teoretiska antaganden. Vissa har dock menat att det svaga empiriska stödet beror på felaktiga operationaliseringar av Mertons teori. Den här studien syftar således till att studera operationaliseringar i tidigare forskning av Robert Mertons ursprungliga anomiteori som den presenterades år 1938 i Social Structure and Anomie. Först genomförs en noggrann genomgång och analys av artikeln Social Structure and Anomie och den teori som där presenteras. Genom en systematisk litteraturöversikt har sedan 13 artiklar som operationaliserat Mertons teori valts ut och sedan analyserats utifrån de centrala delarna av Robert Mertons paradigm. Resultaten visar att kulturellt definierade intressen nästan enbart har operationaliserats som akademiska och/eller ekonomiska mål och att de accepterade medlen operationaliserats i enlighet med de kulturellt definierade intressena. Vidare konstateras att varken anpassningsformer eller kulturperspektivet har någon framträdande plats i operationaliseringarna. / Historically, Robert Merton’s theory of anomie has suffered from harsh criticism on the basis of its weak empirical support and theoretical assumptions. Although, some have made the claim that the failing support is because of inadequate operationalization of Merton’s theory. The purpose of this study is therefore to analyze the operationalization in previous research of Robert Merton’s original theory of anomie, as it was presented in 1938 in Social Structure and Anomie. Firstly, a thorough examination and analysis is conducted on the article Social Structure and Anomie and the theory therein. Secondly, through a systematic review 13 articles that operationalize Merton’s theory were selected and then analyzed based on the core parts of Robert Merton’s paradigm. Results indicate that the culturally defined goals almost exclusively are operationalized as academic and/or economic goals and that the institutionalized means are operationalized in accord with the culturally defined goals. Furthermore, it is found that neither adaptations nor the cultural perspective have any significant place within operationalization.

Introduction: Despite rapid developments across multiple areas of research and practice, an organizational-level theory of Crowdsourcing has yet to emerge. Objectives: Therefore, this thesis has two major objectives; 1) specify the boundaries, constructs, and relationships of an organizational-level theory of Crowdsourcing, and 2) begin the theoretical validation process by operationalizing the theory for new exploratory, explanatory, and conceptual research. Methods: In respect to the first objective, an organizational-level theory of Crowdsourcing is created through inductive processes based upon observations of the real-world, and the extant organizational literature. In respect to the second objective, a mixed-methods research design is implemented to present three separate studies that use the theoretical perspective as a lens to operationalize new exploratory, explanatory, and conceptual Crowdsourcing research. Results: The Crowd Capital perspective is introduced, and defines three new constructs for the Crowdsourcing research; Dispersed Knowledge, Crowd Capability, and Crowd Capital. Crowd Capital theory is shown to be a valid theoretical contribution in the management research by illustrating the perspective’s incremental originality and scientific utility. Conclusion: The thesis develops and validates an organizational-level theory explaining how and why organizations implement Crowdsourcing, and through the exploratory and explanatory operationalizations of the Crowd Capital perspective, this work contributes to the empirical knowledge-base in the Crowdsourcing research. Further, this thesis contributes methodologically by illustrating and implementing a mixed-methods research design for theory validation in the Crowdsourcing research, while also supplying managers and executives with detailed guidance on the trade-offs inherent to the different modalities of Crowdsourcing. Thesis Organization: This thesis is organized in a monograph format comprised of eight chapters; 1) Introduction, 2) Literature review, 3) Theoretical model, 4) Methodology, 5) Exploratory research, 6) Explanatory research, 7) Conceptual research, and 8) Conclusion. As an outcome of this thesis, three journal articles and five conference proceedings have been accepted in peer-reviewed outlets1, and the author has been awarded a mini-track about Crowdsourcing at one of the most prestigious conferences in the field. The articles and the conference mini-track details are listed in Appendix A & B at the end of the dissertation.

La science et la pratique contemporaines en matière de gestion durable des ressources naturelles vivantes doivent prendre en compte la complexité des systèmes socio-écologiques et tirer profit des récentes avancées théoriques et appliquées réalisées dans diverses disciplines. Cela peut notamment être effectué en intégrant cette connaissance approfondie dans la gestion et la prise de décision par le biais de cadres intégratifs et opérationnels. Sur la base de cas d'études contrastés, mais complémentaires (pêche lagonaire récifale à Moorea, en Polynésie française; pêche benthique artisanale au Chili; et systèmes alimentaires globaux), et en s'appuyant sur le développement récent des sciences socio-écologiques, nous avons étendu l'utilisation du concept de vulnérabilité socio-écologique pour (1) cartographier les interdépendances entre l’Homme et la nature dans le contexte des interactions pêcheur-ressource, (2) intégrer la dimension temporelle, (3) tenir compte de multiples facteurs de changement et de (4) leur impact sur diverses entités du système considéré. Ce travail interdisciplinaire a servi de fondement à la représentation des liens clés dans les systèmes socio-écologiques, à la compréhension des sources sous-jacentes de non-durabilité et à l'établissement d'un ensemble de mesures de gestion ciblées et contextuelles. Cette thèse fournit une nouvelle perspective sur les liens entre l'homme et la nature et possède un certain nombre d'implications pratiques pour les gestionnaires, les planificateurs de la conservation et les décideurs qui cherchent à intégrer une perspective socio-écologique pour aborder les problèmes de gestion des ressources. / Contemporary sustainability science and practice must embrace the complexity of social-ecological systems and capitalize on the lessons learned from the recent theoretical and applied advances made in various disciplines. This can be accomplished in particular by incorporating this extensive knowledge into management and decision making through integrative and operational frameworks. Based on contrasting but complementary case studies (coral reef fishery in Moorea, French Polynesia; artisanal benthic fishery in Chile and global food systems), and drawing from the recent development in social-ecological science, we extended the use of the social-ecological vulnerability framework by (1) mapping human-nature dependencies in the context of resource-user interactions, (2) integrating the temporal dimension, (3) accounting for multiple drivers of change and (4) their impact on diverse entities of the system considered. This interdisciplinary work provided the foundation to represent key linkages in social-ecological systems, understand the underlying sources of unsustainability, and address these through a set of targeted and context-grounded management interventions and policy actions. This thesis provides a new perspective on human-nature linkages and has a number practical implications for managers, conservation planners, and policy-makers that seek to incorporate a social-ecological perspective to tackle sustainability issues from local to global scales.

The notion of Queensland as a ‘Smart State’ is the Queensland Beattie Government’s response to global conditions that require a new type of worker and citizen for a new knowledge economy. The role of education in the success of the ‘Smart State’ is clearly outlined in the Queensland Government’s vision statements and policies, identifying teachers as a key factor in the production of this new type of worker and citizen. In this study I explore the relationship between Queensland’s Smart State policy and the daily practices of teachers as they are implicated in the building of a ‘Smart State’. The study takes place during what is unquestionably the largest and most comprehensive reform effort to be imposed on Queensland schools and teachers, under the auspices of a ‘Smart State’. The research includes policy analysis of two key Smart State documents, and fieldwork involving semi-structured interviews, observations and artefact collection of the work of two primary school teachers. Using Fairclough’s theories regarding the relationship between discourse and social change, it is possible to show how changes occurring in contemporary organisations are related to changes in discourse, in particular, those surrounding the discourses of a ‘knowledge economy’ or ‘globalisation’. The ‘Smart State’ is conceptualised in this study as regimes of discourses that may produce new practices and new ways of acting and being (Fairclough, 2001a). The interdiscursive, linguistic and semiotic strategies used in Smart State policy are analysed to show how this discourse is emerging into a hegemonic position, while identifying the dominant discourses reiterated in the policy as necessary skills for a new type of worker. These discourses are mapped onto those identified through the fieldwork of teachers’ daily work practices to determine if Smart State discourses are becoming apparent in teachers’ work. This study is significant because it makes visible the current relationship between the discourses of the ‘Smart State’ and teachers’ daily work. In this current climate of rapid change and economic survival it is important that the operationalization of a ‘Smart State’ can be attributed to teachers’ work as new ways of acting and interacting become a part of their daily practices.

Corporate sustainable development is placed between simplified interpretations and an overabundance of complexity and requirements that hampers implementation. Stakeholder Relations Management is one approach for the operationalization of sustainable development on the corporate level, which enables the inclusion of aspects of sustainability into corporate decision-making in a pragmatic way. However, stakeholder pressure and economic constraints lead companies to adopt only a small segment of the concept of sustainable development. Therefore, a referential framework is needed in order to regard corporate initiatives within the wider context of sustainable development on the theoretical level. The framework of sustainable development presented here, which was developed during a research project funded by the "Austrian Science Fund", takes the wide range of notions of sustainable development into account. Like a map, the framework depicts approaches to sustainable development and provides an overview of the aspects of sustainable development (scope) as well as the different levels of complexity that are associated therewith (depth). This framework is conceived as a tool to classify approaches to sustainable development in a wider context. (author's abstract) / Series: Research Paper Series of the Research Focus Managing Sustainability

Children and adults with cerebral palsy (CP) perform reduced physical activity (PA) levels and increased sedentary behaviour (SB), which predisposes them to negative health outcomes. SB is characterized in the typically developing population by an energy expenditure component of ≤1.5 metabolic equivalents of task (METs) while sitting, reclining or lying. There is no consensus on an operationalized definition of SB for the CP population. Furthermore, there are no established outcomes to inform guidelines promoting PA in this population. I will address these two research gaps by investigating the operationalization of SB and by identifying important health outcomes of PA, through expert opinions, in individuals with CP. The first chapter is a scoping review of the operationalization of SB in individuals with CP. I found that, in individuals with CP, i) the definition for SB in the typically developing population of ≤1.5 METs generally applies to sitting and lying, and ii) sitting and lying are reported as operationalizations of SB. The second chapter was a conference-based survey to identify critical and important health outcomes for PA in individuals with CP. Clinicians and researchers (n=55) who attended a workshop on PA in CP rated nine pre-determined health outcomes on a 9-point Likert-type scale from the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Approach. The experts identified both the psychological aspects of health (i.e. anxiety and depression) as being critical. The physical health outcomes rated as critical were sleep, nutrition, and cardiorespiratory endurance, and those rated as important were body size, body composition, blood lipids and glucose, and blood pressure. Together, this research suggests that the operationalization of SB in individuals with CP is similar to that of the typically developing population, and that both the physical and mental aspects of health must be considered in future PA management. / Thesis / Master of Science Rehabilitation Science (MSc)

<p>Environmental goals are commonly set to guide work towards ecological sustainability. The aim of this thesis is to develop a precise terminology for the description of goals in terms of properties that are important in their practical use as decision-guides and to illustrate how it can be used in evaluations of environmental policy.</p><p>Essay I (written together with Sven Ove Hansson) identifies a set of rationality criteria for individual goals and discusses them in relation to the typical function of goals. For a goal to perform its typical function, i.e., to guide and induce action, it must be precise, evaluable, approachable (attainable), and motivating.</p><p>Essay II argues that for a goal system to be rational it must not only satisfy the criteria identified in Essay I but should also be coherent. The coherence of a goal system is made up of the relations that hold among the goals, most notably relations of support and conflict, but possibly also relations of operationalization. A major part of the essay consists in a conceptual analysis of the three relations.</p><p>Essay III contains an investigation into the rationality of five Swedish environmental objectives through an application of the rationality criteria identified in Essays I-II. The paper draws the conclusion that the objectives are not sufficiently rational according to the suggested criteria. It also briefly points at some of the difficulties that are associated with the use of goals in environmental policy and managemen</p>