<p>This thesis was performed at the research centre CINECA in Bologna, Italy. An interface with six degrees of freedom, 6DOF, to be used in a virtual environ- ment for the positioning of medical components was developed in co-operation with IOR, one of the most important orthopaedic hospitals in Italy. The main reason for doing this was to find out whether or not a virtual en-viron-ment and 6DOF interaction could make the pre-operative planning of an ope-ration more efficient compared to other techniques. Is it easy to posi-tion an object using stereovision and a 6DOF tracker tool? Further-more, the interface might also be used in other applications and areas in the future. </p><p>Described is the development of an interaction class especially constructed for the use of a tracking tool called a stylus pen. This tool takes advantage of all 6DOF, i.e. it recognises movements in the x, y and z directions and likewise the orientation of the tool around the three axis. Moreover, an application which uses the interaction class was created in order to evaluate its usefulness. The application enables the user to load, save and position objects within a virtual environment. The result of this evaluation is then described and discussed. </p><p>In the evaluations it was shown that the stylus pen with 6DOF is an intuitive in-ter-action tool which works well for positioning. The stereovision also seems to further improve the users ability to position objects. However, the created interaction class needs to be further developed before itcan be implemented in a pre-operative planning tool.</p>

Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As part of a growing trend in the medical industry of patient specific solutions, a need arises for means and methods that could grant surgeons the ability to improve their pre-operative planning, and help streamline their intra-operative proceedings relative to each individual patient. A suitable solution has emerged in the form of Additive Fabrication. Most of the traditional layer manufacturing technologies have been considered to be too expensive for medical application, and could not always be justified. However, more cost effective technologies, such as 3D Printing, have recently come to the scene and definitely require a fresh re-consideration for medical applications. In this report the research results are presented that look at the applications of 3D Printing in various fields of reconstructive surgery. Based on a variety of case studies the outcome strongly suggests that 3D Printing might become part of standard protocol in medical practice in the near future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tans beweeg die mediese veld al hoe meer in die rigting van pasiënt uniekheid. Dit beteken dat behandeling begin weg beweeg van standaard prosedures en soveel moontlik aagepas word om aan te pas by elke unieke pasiënt. As deel hiervan ontstaan die behoefte by chirurge om hul operasies ook beter te beplan spesifiek tot elke individu, en sodoende te verseker dat die prosedures in teater so glad moontlik verloop. Daar is reeds tegnologië in die vorm van Addidatiewe Vervaardiging wat hierdie probleem aanspreek. Tot op hede was die finansiële implikasies vir meeste van die onderskeie tegnologië ‘n struikelblok wanneer dit kom by mediese toepassings. Tog, danksy meer koste effektiewe tegnologie soos 3D Drukwerk, is dit die moeite werd om weer op nuut te kyk na die moontlikhede wat die tegnologie kan bied. In hierdie verslag word daar gekyk na die verskillende toepassings van 3D Drukwerk in die veld van rekonstruktiewe chirurgie. Op grond van die resultate verkry vanaf ‘n wye verskeidenheid gevalle studies word die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat bekostigbare tegnologie soos 3D Drukwerk ‘n baie goeie kans het om in die nabye toekoms deel te word van standaard prosedure in die mediese praktyk.

This thesis was performed at the research centre CINECA in Bologna, Italy. An interface with six degrees of freedom, 6DOF, to be used in a virtual environ- ment for the positioning of medical components was developed in co-operation with IOR, one of the most important orthopaedic hospitals in Italy. The main reason for doing this was to find out whether or not a virtual en-viron-ment and 6DOF interaction could make the pre-operative planning of an ope-ration more efficient compared to other techniques. Is it easy to posi-tion an object using stereovision and a 6DOF tracker tool? Further-more, the interface might also be used in other applications and areas in the future. Described is the development of an interaction class especially constructed for the use of a tracking tool called a stylus pen. This tool takes advantage of all 6DOF, i.e. it recognises movements in the x, y and z directions and likewise the orientation of the tool around the three axis. Moreover, an application which uses the interaction class was created in order to evaluate its usefulness. The application enables the user to load, save and position objects within a virtual environment. The result of this evaluation is then described and discussed. In the evaluations it was shown that the stylus pen with 6DOF is an intuitive in-ter-action tool which works well for positioning. The stereovision also seems to further improve the users ability to position objects. However, the created interaction class needs to be further developed before itcan be implemented in a pre-operative planning tool.

The master's thesis deals with application of Management Control System methods, described in theoretical part of the thesis. In analytical part, those methods are used for comparison of planned performance of individual trucks in the transport company with real performance of those trucks in year 2017. Detected deviations from the plan are further analysed, in order to identify their sources and to formulate corrective measures to eliminate them. This knowledge is put to use in the proposal part, in order to create plan for year 2018, which takes into account established facts and corrective measures from previous year. Finally, part of the plan for year 2018 is compared with real data collected by the company in that period, in order to assess the plan’s accuracy, identify deviations from the plan and their sources.

The master´s thesis is focused on application of Management Control System in a company especially on operative planning and devations analysis. The first part of the master´s thesis is theoretical with basic terms and used continualy in the analytical part. In analytical part the company ABC s.r.o. will be described and analyzed its currently used planning method for 2018. Then will be used deviation analysis. In the proposal part i will try to propose corrective actions, to improve the current situation in the form of a plan using the cover margin contribution.

This master's thesis deals with the analysis of the requirements placed on the technical support information system which should be used in the software developing company, lying emphasis on the improvement of the processes inside an organization. The basic functions of this system are the collecting of information about all kinds of work which the company employees concentrate on and the possibility of statistics generating. Moreover, it is also possible to implement further extensions to the system which will not only enable other functions that are not related to the primary goal of the system to be integrated; but also to define new user roles for which various limited parts of the system will be accessible.

This master thesis deals with the analysis of current system of control and state of control in company PREMO Ltd. The SWOT analysis is processed in strategic planning, followed by Porter's Five Forces Model. To assess the economic situation there are selected indicators used of operational planning for the last 3 years, then evaluate the processes of Marketing and Sales and Altman Index and Du Pont Analysis. The result of controlling will be the implementation of the controller, defining his obligations and responsibilities. The second proposal is dealt with improving the internal processing of information using the reporting.

This master's thesis deals with the analysis of the requirements placed on the technical support information system which should be used in the software developing company. The basic functions of this system are the collecting of information about all kinds of work which the company employees concentrate on and the possibility of statistics generating. Moreover, it is also possible to implement further extensions to the system which will not only enable other functions, that are not related to the primary goal of the system, to be integrated; but also to define new user roles, for which various limited parts of the system will be accessible.

[ES] Los Sistemas de Distribución de Calor Urbanos (SDCU) son una tecnología madura para el suministro eficiente de calor en las ciudades. En el contexto de la crisis climática y del objetivo de descarbonizar el sector de la calefacción, estos sistemas pueden desempeñar un papel muy importante. En principio, los SDCU existentes actualmente están basados principalmente en el uso de combustibles fósiles, por lo que forman parte del problema. Sin embargo, mediante la integración de plantas de generación de calor renovables, los SDCU pueden ofrecer un gran potencial para apoyar la transición hacia un suministro de calor sin combustibles fósiles. Esta transición se ve dificultada por diversas barreras. Por ejemplo, la necesidad de bajas temperaturas de suministro para que la integración de las plantas renovables de generación de calor sea rentable. Sin embargo, dado que las plantas de generación de calor fósiles existentes no se benefician de una reducción de la temperatura, existe un efecto de bloqueo en los modelos de negocio establecidos. En la investigación actual, la resolución de las barreras se centra en soluciones individuales para cuestiones específicas y en estrategias de calor para un nivel general. Como las barreras están fuertemente interrelacionadas, las empresas de distribución de calor urbano requieren una metodología de transición sistémica para sus actividades específicas en los diferentes ámbitos de planificación y operación. Tras constatar su ausencia en la bibliografía, la presente tesis pretende desarrollar una metodología integral que facilite dicha transición de forma rentable. Para la realización de esta tarea, esta tesis introduce un enfoque de marco que combina conceptos independientes nuevos y existentes, construyéndose sobre una estructura diseñada en los ocho «ámbitos» de interés de los SDCU. Estos ámbitos de los SDCU clasifican las actividades en los diferentes campos de las problemáticas de este tipo de sistemas. Para abordar las actividades de planificación y operación en las empresas de distribución de calor urbano, estas actividades se integran en el nuevo «marco» que se clasifica según los tres ámbitos de los SDCU: «diseño», «planificación operativa» y «operación». Dicho marco resume las actividades relacionadas según los procesos y las vincula mediante mecanismos técnicos y económicos. Estos mecanismos se plantean de forma que todas las actividades se incentiven para facilitar la transición. Se propone una nueva estructura organizativa que permita la introducción de la competencia, al mismo tiempo que el marco asegura la llamada suboptimización, la prevención del abuso de poder en el mercado y la restricción de las inversiones. Además, permite a los productores de calor independientes integrarse en el sistema. Complementariamente, el marco integra las tecnologías más relevantes que ofrecen flexibilidad al sistema para compensar las fluctuaciones de la producción. En esta tesis se ha desarrollado un marco adecuado para aplicar un «paradigma de transición» global a los SDCU existentes o futuros. Además, puede ser utilizado por los responsables políticos o municipales para mejorar las condiciones legales existentes y las estrategias locales de calor en relación con un sistema global. La tesis recomienda seguir investigando para la implementación del marco y una evaluación cuantitativa de la introducción de la competencia en los SDCU. / [CA] Els Sistemes de Distribució de Calor Urbans (SDCU) són una tecnologia madura per a la provisió eficient de calor a les ciutats. En el context de la crisi climàtica i de l'objectiu de descarbonitzar el sector de la calefacció, aquests sistemes poden exercir un paper molt important. En principi, els SDCU existents actualment estan basats principalment en l'ús de combustibles fòssils, per la qual cosa formen part del problema. No obstant això, mitjançant la integració de plantes de generació de calor renovables, els SDCU poden oferir un gran potencial per a donar suport a la transició cap a una provisió de calor sense combustibles fòssils. Aquesta transició es veu dificultada per diverses barreres. Per exemple, la necessitat de baixes temperatures de subministrament perquè la integració de les plantes renovables de generació de calor siga fructífera. No obstant això, atés que les plantes de generació de calor fòssils existents no es beneficien d'una reducció de la temperatura, existeix un efecte de bloqueig en els models de negoci establits. En la investigació actual, la resolució de les barreres se centra en solucions individuals per a qüestions específiques i en estratègies de calor per a un nivell general. Com les barreres estan fortament interrelacionades, les empreses de distribució de calor urbana requereixen una metodologia de transició sistèmica per a les seues activitats específiques en els diferents àmbits de planificació i operació. Després de constatar la seua absència en la bibliografia, la present tesi pretén desenvolupar una metodologia integral que facilite aquesta transició de manera profitosa. Per a la realització d'aquesta tasca, aquesta tesi introdueix un enfocament de marc que combina conceptes independents nous i existents, construint-se sobre una estructura dissenyada en els huit «àmbits» d'interés dels SDCU. Aquests àmbits dels SDCU classifiquen les activitats en els diferents camps de les problemàtiques d'aquest tipus de sistemes. Per a abordar les activitats de planificació i operació en les empreses de distribució de calor urbana, aquestes activitats s'integren en el nou «marc» que es classifica segons els tres àmbits dels SDCU: «disseny», «planificació operativa» i «operació». Aquest marc resumeix les activitats relacionades segons els processos i les vincula mitjançant mecanismes tècnics i econòmics. Aquests mecanismes es plantegen de manera que totes les activitats s'incentiven per a facilitar la transició. Es proposa una nova estructura organitzativa que permeta la introducció de la competència, al mateix temps que el marc assegura l'anomenada suboptimització, la prevenció de l'abús de poder en el mercat i la restricció de les inversions. A més, permet als productors de calor independents integrar-se en el sistema. Complementàriament, el marc integra les tecnologies més rellevants que ofereixen flexibilitat al sistema per a compensar les fluctuacions de la producció. En aquesta tesi s'ha desenvolupat un marc adequat per a aplicar un «paradigma de transició» global als SDCU existents o futurs. A més, pot ser utilitzat pels responsables polítics o municipals per a millorar les condicions legals existents i les estratègies locals de calor en relació amb un sistema global. La tesi recomana continuar investigant per a la implementació del marc i una avaluació quantitativa de la introducció de la competència en els SDCU. / [EN] District heating systems (DHSs) are a mature technology for an efficient heat supply in cities. In the context of the climate crisis and the related goal of a decarbonized heating sector, DHSs play an ambivalent role. As existing DHSs are mostly based on fossil fuels, they are part of the problem. However, as they can also integrate renewable heating plants, DHSs offer a great potential to support the transition towards a fossil-free heat supply. This transition is hindered by several barriers. For example, low supply temperatures are needed for the economically efficient integration of renewable heating plants. However, since existing fossil heating plants marginally benefit from a reduction of the temperature, a lock-in effect to the established business models exists. In the current research, resolving the barriers is focused either on individual solutions for specific issues or on heat strategies for a general level. Since the barriers are strongly interrelated, district heating (DH) companies require a systemic transition methodology for their specific activities in the different fields of planning and operation. Since such a transition methodology is identified as lacking in the literature, this thesis aims to develop a comprehensive methodology that facilitates the transition in an economically efficient way. To develop such a transition methodology, this thesis introduces a framework approach that combines new and existing independent concepts and that is built on a newly developed structure of eight "DH scopes." These DH scopes classify the activities in the different fields of DH concerns. To address the planning and operation activities in DH companies, these activities are integrated into the new "framework" that is classified according to the three DH scopes "design," "operative planning," and "operation." The framework summarizes the related activities according to processes and links them using technical and economic mechanisms. These mechanisms are considered in such a way that all activities are incentivized to facilitate the transition. A new organizational structure is proposed that allows for the introduction of competition while the framework secures so-called suboptimization, abuse of market power, or investment restraint. Independent heat producers are integrated in a system-serving way. The framework integrates the relevant technologies that offer flexibility to the system to compensate for fluctuation in production. In this thesis, a framework is devised that is suitable for implementing a comprehensive "transition paradigm" to existing or future DHSs. Further, it can be used by policymakers or municipalities to improve existing legal conditions and local heat strategies in relation to a comprehensive overall system. The thesis recommends further investigation for the implementation of the framework and a quantitative evaluation of the introduction of competition to DHSs. / Lorenzen, P. (2022). A Comprehensive Framework and Associated Methodology for the Design, Operative Planning, and Operation of District Heating Systems to Facilitate the Transition Towards a Fully Renewable Heat Supply [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185882