Optical fibre communication is very much preferred for the communication of signals over bandwidth of a gigabits per second over distances more than hundreds of kilometres. For a long period of time optical fibre communication has been about how to provide higher bandwidths with reduced cost per bit transmitted. However, this trend has changed from optical transmission to optical networking. By exploiting the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology, optical networks have expanded from backbone networks to metropolitan and access networks to deliver high bandwidth services to the users in a seamless fashion with reduced cost. The ultimate evolution of the optical access network involves fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) technologies, which can potentially offer every kind of information and communication related services. Out of all FTTH technologies, the passive optical network (PON) can potentially offer the most cost-effective solution as the optical network is shared between a number of end users. PONs have significant advantage over competing access technologies as the fibre infrastructure can be effectively future-proofed for upgrades. A number of demonstrations have been carried out for the cost effective deployment of the PONs. However, as these networks evolve, advanced functionalities have to be added over the existing end to end transmissions between the service providers and end users.

Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo sistemático da transmissão da radiação eletromagnética em um conjunto de fendas metálicas individuais depositadas em substratos de vidro BK7 com larguras abaixo do comprimento de onda da luz incidente. As fendas foram obtidas através da evaporação térmica de prata e ouro sobre um substrato dielétrico (vidro BK7). A fabricação das fendas foi feita de forma direta através de um equipamento de feixe de íons de Gálio (FEI Quanta 3D). A transmissão óptica das fendas foi estudada com radiação laser para os comprimentos de onda de 488 nm e 632.8 nm. Observouse uma oscilação de intensidade na transmissão devido ao efeito de interferência dos surface plasmon polariton (SPP) gerados na superfície metálica como função da espessura do filme metálico. Os resultados experimentais obtidos foram confrontados com simulações computacionais, via método de elementos finitos, a partir das quais pode se compreender os mecanismos de propagação da radiação na estrutura em questão, e compará-los com detalhes da fabricação de fendas. Procedimento similar foi realizado ao variar a largura das mesmas. Também foi feita a análise da transmissão óptica em fendas fabricadas em filmes constituídos por camadas alternadas de prata e ouro, a fim de comparar como tal mudança na configuração da estrutura afeta os resultados anteriores. O trabalho serviu para mostrar que as dimensões dos filmes metálicos, assim como das fendas, apresentavam grande influência nas propriedades de transmissão e, além do que foi possível conferir diversos conceitos básicos da teoria eletromagnética num sistema relativamente simples. A compreensão dessas propriedades é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de futuros dispositivos que utilizam efeitos plasmônicos. / This work presents a systematic study of the transmission of electromagnetic radiation on a set of single metallic slits metallic with widths below the wavelength of incident light, deposited on BK7 glass substrates. The slits were obtained by thermal evaporation of silver and gold on a dielectric (BK7 glass). The fabrication of the slits was performed directly through a gallium ion beam equipment (FEI Quanta 3D). The optical transmission of the slits was studied by laser radiation for the wavelengths of 488 nm and 632.8 nm. An oscillation in the transmission intensity was observed due to the interference effect of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) generated on the metallic surface as a function of the metal film thickness. The experimental results were compared with computational simulations, via finite element method, in order to comprehend the mechanisms of radiation propagation in the structure and compare them with details of slits fabrication. A similar procedure was performed by varying the width of the slits. An analagous analysis of the optical transmission in slits fabricated in films consisting of alternating layers of silver and gold was performed in order to compare how this change in structure configuration affects the previous results. The work served to show that the dimensions of the metal films, as well as of the slits, have a significant influence on the properties of transmission, and, moreover it was possible to confer different basic concepts of electromagnetic theory in a relatively simple system. Understanding these properties is fundamental for the development of future devices that make use of plasmonics effects.

This Thesis investigates and develops novel bidirectional and reconfigurable optical access architectures based on WDM technology with the aim of solving the problem of cost and complexity associated to the WDM-PON transceivers. In particular, depending on the capacity requirements of the network, the investigation and development deal with two specific environments of application. In case of low capacity access platforms, we propose and validate new dispersion tolerant optical transmission systems based on the employment of optical broadband sources operating in the third transmission band and whose adaptability to the transport of RoF signals is realized, for the first time, by means of Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer structures. The optical bandpass filtering feature of the Mach-Zehnder device is key to overcome the chromatic dispersion-induced limitations arising from the spectral width of the source and, thus, significantly increase the system operative bandwidth to several tens of GHz. The incorporation of a Mach-Zehnder structure has a relatively low degree of implementation complexity and opens the possibility to transmit RoF signals using cost-effective optical broadband sources in optical access platforms being, at the same time, a viable alternative to other dispersion compensation techniques under certain scenarios. Good RoF transmission performance is experimentally achieved over single mode and multi mode fiber links employing optical amplitude and optical phase modulation. The SCM technique is also used for the generation of down- and up-stream signals to improve the link bandwidth utilization and allow converging transport of wired and wireless services. Service flexibility is demonstrated by means of different types of codification concerning the transmitted binary information. In spectrum sliced optical broadband source multichannel applications, the dynamical assignment of capacity is realized by means of a compact routing scheme based on optical switching and validated over different routing scenarios. Moreover, two extra functionalities offered by the Mach-Zehnder device, such as the photonic suppression of harmonic and intermodulation distortion and the all-optical microwaves generation and up-conversion, are demonstrated. For optical access platforms requiring high capacity transport we propose and validate light sources-centralized optical transmission systems where the PolMUX technique is employed for the first time in the access platform as a novel strategy to minimize the cost and complexity of the terminal units in accordance with the centralization concept. The PolMUX principle uses light polarization as a degree of freedom to efficiently multiplex two orthogonal optical fields at the same wavelength into the same optical channel. Under this principle, the optical carriers required for the down- and uplink transmission can be provided by a single and centralized coherent source. It means that the terminal unit can be kept source-free and operative wavelength-independent. This concept is firstly validated over a single-channel full-duplex optical transmission system adopting RoF and SCM techniques for the generation and transport of the down- and upstream signals. Apart of fulfilling the requirements of quality of transmission after the polarization demultiplexing process, we demonstrate that the tracking and control of polarization can be also centralized at the central office for further minimization of the terminal unit complexity. Finally, the effectiveness of the PolMUX technique is exploited in the access network in order to perform full-duplex multichannel communications where reconfiguration of capacity depending on the actual demand and service convergence, required in RoF, are also demonstrated. / Grassi Marangione, F. (2013). Centralized transmission techniques for full-duplex reconfigurable WDM optical access networks [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34507 / TESIS

The submitted work deals with issues of optical transmissions and its security. We will become familiar with a variety of transferability of information, based on which we can assess the advantages and disadvantages of each technology as compared to optical information transmission. Based on acquired information we will try to implement interception of optical communication of cable TV provider.

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At a time where almost 1.75 billion people around the world use the Internet on a regular basis, optical communication over optical fibers that is used in long distance and high demand applications has to be capable of providing higher communication speed and re-liability. In recent years, strong demand is driving the dense wavelength division multip-lexing network upgrade from 10 Gb/s per channel to more spectrally-efficient 40 Gb/s or 100 Gb/s per wavelength channel, and beyond. The 100 Gb/s Ethernet is currently under standardization, and in a couple of years 1 Tb/s Ethernet is going to be standardized as well for different applications, such as the local area networks (LANs) and the wide area networks (WANs). The major concern about such high data rates is the degradation in the signal quality due to linear and non-linear impairments, in particular polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and intrachannel nonlinearities. Moreover, the higher speed transceivers are expensive, so the alternative approaches of achieving the required rates is preferably done using commercially available components operating at lower speeds.In this dissertation, different LDPC-coded modulation techniques are presented to offer a higher spectral efficiency and/or power efficiency, in addition to offering aggregate rates that can go up to 1Tb/s per wavelength. These modulation formats are based on the bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) and include: (i) three-dimensional LDPC-coded modulation using hybrid direct and coherent detection, (ii) multidimensional LDPC-coded modulation, (iii) subcarrier-multiplexed four-dimensional LDPC-coded modulation, (iv) hybrid subcarrier/amplitude/phase/polarization LDPC-coded modulation, and (v) iterative polar quantization based LDPC-coded modulation.

Currently deployed optical transmission systems use coherent detection for data rates of 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation using four phase levels in combination with polarization division multiplexing (PDM) allows transmitting four bits per symbol. The use of more complex modulation formats, such as 16 level quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) allows increasing the data rate. However, this method reduces dramatically the transmission reach. For example, when passing from 100 Gb/s PDM-QPSK to 200 Gb/s PDM-16QAM, the reach is reduced by a factor of five. A new and disruptive approach in order to increase the capacity is mode division multiplexing (MDM), and this approach is investigated in the frame of my thesis. I start my thesis with some generalities on optical transmission systems followed by a presentation of their historical evolution against the background of the increasing capacity demand in the worldwide telecommunication networks. Afterwards I show some ways to continue the capacity growth in optical transmission systems before focusing on MDM. I describe the new key elements, notably the few-mode fiber and the few-mode amplifier, the mode-multiplexer / -demultiplexer and the new receiver system. I finish with a presentation of some experiments using entire MDM systems, which allowed us to be among the first research teams worldwide to realize a successful MDM transmission

This dissertation presents subwavelength optics with focus on the theory and applications of subwavelength apertures in a metal film. Two main issues regarding the optics with subwavelength apertures are investigated. As the first issue, the extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through a single hole in a metallic waveguide is presented. A total transmission through a single subwavelength aperture is theoretically predicted for a perfect electric conductor regardless of the aperture size, without relying on aperture arrays and surface corrugations as presented in previous works. The waveguide EOT is then applied to boost the optical throughput of an apertured near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) probe. Using a new structure for the apertured NSOM probe which allows for waveguide EOT, the optical throughput and the damage threshold are boosted by 100× and 40× as compared to a conventional structure, and the experimental findings are backed-up by comprehensive finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. Single fluorescent molecules are scanned using the EOT apertured NSOM probe, and a spatial resolution of 62 nm is achieved. As the second issue, subwavelength apertures are found useful for optical trapping. A small dielectric particle can significantly change the optical transmission through an aperture by dielectric loading, and subsequently, a large optical force is induced which favors trapping. A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trap is designed using a circular nanohole in a gold film. Trapping of 50 nm polystyrene particle is experimentally achieved, which is not possible using a conventional single beam optical tweezers. The circular nanohole SIBA trap works beyond the perturbative regime, as proven by FDTD simulations and a Maxwell stress tensor analysis. We further improve the nanohole trapping using a double-nanohole, which is more sensitive for small dielectric changes due to the intense local field enhancement between its two sharp tips. A single 12 nm silica sphere is experimentally trapped using the double-nanohole, as the smallest trapped dielectric particle reported. We also achieve the trapping of a single protein – a bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein with a hydrodynamic radius of 3.4 nm in the folded form. The trapped BSA is also unfolded by the large optical force, as confirmed by experiments with changing optical power and changing pH. The high signal-to-noise ratio of 33 in monitoring single protein trapping and unfolding shows a tremendous potential for using the double-nanohole as a sensor for protein binding events at a single molecule level. / Graduate

Ce travail est une contribution à la compréhension de la structure à courte et moyenne distance des verres à base de TeO₂ via de nouveaux verres au sein des systèmes TeO₂-TiO₂-WO₃ (TTxWy) et TeO₂-NbO₂ ̩₅-WO₃ (TNxWy). De pertinentes corrélations sont révélées entre leurs propriétés structurales (en utilisant la spectroscopie Raman) et optiques. Globalement, l’ajout de TiO₂, WO₃ ou NbO₂ ̩₅ n’engendre aucune évolution structurale brutale. L’ajout de TiO2 induit une séparation de phases entre les régions amorphes riches en TiO2 et le réseau riche en TeO2. Cette interprétation est en accord avec le comportement structural prédit par la théorie de Dietzel sur la force de champ cationique. L’ajout de WO3 entraîne l’apparition (i) d’octaèdres WO₆ uniformément dispersés à travers le réseau des ponts Te–O–Te (pour de faibles teneurs en WO₃) et (ii) de régions riches en WO3 (pour des teneurs plus importantes en WO₃). L’ajout de NbO₂ ̩₅ engendre (i) une faible dépolymérisation structurale du réseau Te–O–Te et (ii) l’apparition des régions riches en NbO₂ ̩₅. Les verres étudiés sont dotés de forts indices de réfraction linéaires (2.19 dans TTxWy et 2.13 dans TNxWy en moyenne) et de remarquables susceptibilités non linéaires χ(3) (7.03 *10-13 esu dans TTxWy et 5.48 *10-13 esu dans TNxWy en moyenne, i.e., ~47 et ~37 fois plus élevées que la valeur de χ(3) du verre SiO₂). / In this work, we present a contribution to the understanding of the short- to medium-range structure of TeO₂-based glasses via new glasses within the TeO₂-TiO₂-WO₃ (TTxWy) and TeO₂-NbO₂ ̩₅-WO₃ (TNxWy) systems. Consistent correlations are revealed between their structural (using Raman spectroscopy) and optical properties. Globally, no striking structural evolutions take place upon adding TiO₂, WO₃ or NbO₂ ̩₅. Adding TiO2 results in a phase-separation between amorphous TiO₂-rich regions and TeO2-rich network, in harmony with the predicted structural behavior on the basis of Dietzel’s cationic field strength theory. Adding WO₃ leads to (i) uniformly dispersed WO₆ octahedra throughout the Te–O–Te network (at low WO₃ contents) and (ii) amorphous WO₃-rich regions (at higher WO₃ contents). Adding NbO₂ ̩₅ engenders (i) a weak structural depolymerization of the Te–O–Te network and (ii) occurrence of NbO₂ ̩₅-rich regions. The investigated glasses exhibit high linear refractive indices (averages of 2.19 in TTxWy and 2.13 in TNxWy) and remarkable nonlinear susceptibilities χ(3) (averages of 7.03 *10-13 esu in TTxWy and 5.48 *10-13 esu in TNxWy, i.e., ~47 and ~37 times higher than χ(3) of SiO₂ glass).