O crescimento do tráfego de serviços de telecomunicações tem aumentado o consumo de energia e, em consequência, aumentado as emissões de CO2 que tem efeitos nocivos sobre o meio ambiente. É assim que a economia de energia torna-se um fator chave no planejamento de redes de telecomunicações. Para garantir a disponibilidade e confiabilidade, as redes possuem arquitetura redundante e são projetadas para suportar a demanda de pico de tráfego. Redes com mecanismos de proteção como proteção dedicada de caminhos (DPP), proveem caminhos alternativos para cada demanda de conexão. Os elementos da rede que suportam esses caminhos estão em estado ativo (consumindo energia), apesar de, na maior parte do tempo, não transportarem tráfego efetivo. Um método para diminuir o gasto de energia é utilizar roteamento adaptado à carga real de tráfego baseado em modo suspenso (estado de baixo consumo de energia que pode passar a estado ativo rapidamente). Assim, o tráfego é roteado com vistas à maximizar a quantidade de componentes que são parte de caminhos de proteção, que podem ser postos em modo suspenso. Neste trabalho, as redes usadas para os testes são a rede europeia Cost239, a rede estadunidense UsNet e a rede brasileira Ipê. Abordamos o problema de economia de energia em redes WDM com DPP através de quatro estratégias de roteamento. Cada uma tem objetivos diferentes, a Shortest Path-DPP (SP-DPP) faz o roteamento por caminho mais curto, a Energy Aware-DPP (EA-DPP) aloca as demandas por enlaces que estejam ativos, a Energy Aware-DPP with Mixing (EA-DPP-MixS) evita que caminhos principais sejam roteados por enlaces que já são parte de caminhos de proteção e a Energy Aware-DPP with Differentation (EA-DPP-Dif) evita a mistura de caminhos por um mesmo enlace. Em nossas simulações computacionais observamos que a EA-DPP-Dif economiza energia de maneira eficiente, mas a probabilidade de bloqueio aumenta. A EA-DPP-MixS diminui o bloqueio em detrimento da energia economizada. Já a SP-DPP e a EA-DPP são menos eficientes na diminuição da energia consumida. É assim que propomos um roteamento com busca de recursos mais ampla, usando cada uma das estratégias. A proposta será chamada de roteamento intensivo. A EA-DPP-Dif-Intensivo diminui a probabilidade de bloqueio e economiza energia mediante modo suspenso. Neste trabalho, analisamos o desempenho das estratégias para cada uma das redes e avaliamos o impacto da energia economizada sobre a probabilidade de bloqueio. A proposta de roteamento i>intensivo diminui a energia consumida em até 50%, diminuindo a probabilidade de bloqueio. Porém, os resultados estão diretamente relacionados com a carga de rede e as características particulares da topologia de cada rede. / The growth of data traffic in telecommunication networks has increased energy consumption and hence increased CO2 emissions, with harmful effects on the environment. Thus, energy saving becomes a key and a differential factor when planning telecommunication networks. In order to guarantee availability and reliability, core networks have redundant architecture and are designed to support peak-hour traffic demand. Networks with dedicated path protection (DPP) mechanisms provide alternative paths for each connection request. Network elements supporting these paths are in active state (consuming energy), although most of the time they dont carry traffic. One technique to decrease energy waste is by adaptive real traffic routing using sleep mode (a low energy consumption state which is able to rapidly change to an active state). Thus, traffic is routed in order to maximize the amount of network components used by protection paths, which can be set in sleep mode. In this work, European Cost239, American UsNet and Brazilian Ipê networks were used in computational simulations. We addressed the energy saving problem in WDM networks with DPP through four routing strategies, each with different goals. The Shorthest Path-Dedicated Path Protection (SP-DPP) technique uses shortest path for routing, Energy Aware-Dedicated Path Protection (EA-DPP) allocates demands in active links, Energy Aware-Dedicated Path Protection with Mixing (EA-DPP-MixS) prevents primary paths to be formed by links that are already part of the protection paths and Energy Aware-Dedicated Path Protection with Differentation (EA-DPP-Dif) prevents mixing primary and protection paths through the same link. We observe that EA-DPP-Dif efficiently saved energy, however blocking probability has increased. EA-DPP-MixS reduced blocking rather than saved energy. At least, SP-DPP and EA-DPP are less efficient in reducing energy consumption. Hence, we propose a wider resource search routing, the in-depth routing, using each of these strategies. Thus, EA-DPP-Dif-In-depth decreased blocking probability while maintaining energy saving through sleep mode. In this work, we analyze the strategies performance for each network and evaluate the impact of energy saved on the blocking probability. Our in-depth routing strategy reduced the energy consumption up to 50%, decreasing blocking probability. However, the results are directly related with the network load and the specific properties of each network topology.

Les systèmes de communication FSO sont des candidats potentiels pour de solutions de transmission spatiale à large bande. C’est pourquoi la présente thèse s’inscrit dans une contribution d’une nouvelle architecture de réseau FSO dans le cas d’une liaison de communication entre un satellite géostationnaire et une station terrienne. Elle traite aussi de l’influence de l’angle zénithal sur la qualité de la liaison optique en raison de la variation de la scintillation due à la complexité de l’atmosphère. Nous avons établi un nouveau canal de communication tenant compte de la subdivision de l’atmosphère en deux grandes zones de turbulence. Pour améliorer la performance de la liaison, nous avons d’abord placé un relais AF optiques ente le satellite et la station terrienne, ensuite nous avons introduit un paramètre construit `a partir de valeurs : p et 1-p. Le paramètre p correspond au ratio de la distance entre la station terrienne et le relais sur la distance de 36 000 Km correspondant a` l’orbite GEO. Dans notre cas, le relais est placé a 1000 Km a l’exosphère, le paramètre p = 1/36 et enfin la technique de diversité spatiale est appliquée en réception. Les résultats de simulation ont confirmé que les architectures des systèmes proposés sont meilleures que les performances de liaisons optiques directes. / Free space optical systems are potential candidates of large band spatial transmission solutions. In this thesis, FSO network architecture in the case of geo- stationary satellite to earth communication link is investigated and the influence of zenith angle on the quality of the link has been evaluated. Because of the variation of scintillation due to the complexity of the atmosphere, the optical space to earth communication link channel model has been developped. In order to overcome the main limitations of the prop- agation, optical relays with low earth orbit satellites and spatial diversity on earth could improve the link performance. To improve the link performance, an aggregated simulation model turbulence has been built based on parameters ”p” and ”1-p” introduced in the combined model a↵ecting the considered channels. The parameter ” p ” corresponds to the ratio of the distance from the earth to the relay over the total distance of 36 000Km. In the case of 1000 Km for a relay in the exosphere, p = 1/36. Simulation results show that the proposed network system architecture has outperformed the direct link performance

El constante incremento en la demanda de servicios de banda ancha y el consecuente aumento del volumen de tráfico que se genera en nuestras redes de comunicaciones, han motivado la necesidad de implementar redes de nueva generación en nuestros territorios. El presente proyecto final de carrera tiene como objetivo explicar el diseno y la planificación de una red pasiva de fibra óptica (PON). La idea principal de este proyecto es construir un entorno ficticio que nos permitirá profundizar en detalle en las redes FTTx y decidir cuál es la opción más optima para este entorno. Para hacer esto posible, en primer lugar se va a hablar sobre el elemento principal de estas redes, la fibra óptica, para conocer con detalle sus principios de funcionamiento y sus características más importantes. La parte teórica seguirá con la definición de las redes FTTx y las configuraciones punto a punto y punto a multipunto, para pasar a hablar detenidamente sobre las redes PON y concluir cual de sus tecnologías será la más optima hoy en día. Por último, entraremos en la parte práctica en la que se elegirá un software de simulación que se ajuste a los requisitos de diseno, se realizará el diseno de la red óptica pasiva y se obtendrán los resultados de simulación que justifiquen que la red es viable y puede ser implementada en un caso real.

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Currently a growing number of users depend on the Edge Cloud Computing Paradigm in a Metro Optical Network (MON). This has led to increased competition among the Cloud Service Providers (CPs) to supply incentives for the user through guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS). If the CP fails to guarantee the QoS for the accepted request, then the user will move to another CP. Making an informed decision dynamically in such a sensitive situation demands that the CP knows the user's application requirements. The Software Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm enabled the CP to achieve such desired requirement. Therefore, a framework called Virtual Network Embedding on SDN-based Metro Optical Network (VNE-MON) is proposed in this Thesis. The use of SDN paradigm in the framework guarantees profit to the CP as well as QoS to the user.\par The design concept of the SDN control plane, raises concerns regarding its scalability, reliability and performance compared to a traditionally distributed network. To justify concerns regarding the SDN, the performance of VNE-MON and its possible dependancy on the controller location is investigated. Several strategies are proposed and formulated using Integer Linear Programming to determine the controller location in a MON. Performance results from the assessment of the VNE-MON illustrates that it is more stable compare to GMPLS-based network. It is evident that the controller location's attributes have a significant effect on the efficacy of the accepted VN request.

This thesis deals with an optimization of Triple play services and security in optical access networks. The first chapter provides theory basics which are necessary for results evaluation. The second chapter describes optical access networks with their parameters such as transmission speed, split ratio, line code, bit error rate etc. defined by ITU. Next chapter summaries the current state in optical networks construction field according to the European Union developing plan. The practical part of this thesis is divided into several subchapters. The significant part of the thesis is dedicated to the security of passive optical networks and design of proper security model for current networks. For this purpose, the unique parameter time propagation Tprop, with the novel security model was developed. Next part of the thesis provides an analysis of control traffic and data traffic in the gigabit passive optical networks. For a novel algorithm in activation process in gigabit passive optical networks the measurement results were used. The novel algorithm decreases the total time needed for this process. The last but one subchapter deals with an ILP model for Triple Play services. The last subchapter contains the own implementation of the transmission converge layer in VPIphotonics simulation tool.

The main topic of this master thesis is a FTTH measurement methodology of optical networks and its specific features 9 compared with other measurement methodologies. Also, the use of the FTTH measurement methodology: an example of measurements of a passive network with splitter 1:8 and analysis of the results of these experimental measurements. The first part of the thesis concerns itself with the description of optical networks and characteristics and features of the FTTH networks. A detailed description of the passive optical networks is provided: e.g. the optical network unit ONU, the optical line termination OLT, and, most importantly, the passive optical splitter. The wavelength division multiplex 9 WDM 9 which is used in passive optical networks is also described in detail. The chapter on measurement methodologies focuses in detail and provides many examples of currently used measurement methodologies of these networks. The best results are currently achieved with the OTDR methodology. The second part of the thesis concentrates on the description of the measurement of a passive optical network with splitter 1:8 using the methods described in previous chapters. As conclusion, a detailed analysis, assessment of the results and their usefulness when put into practice is provided.

La fibre optique demeure le support de transmission le plus utilisé, portant le trafic à une énergie par bit relativement faible. Cependant, à cause de l’absence de mémoire toutoptique pratique, la commutation de paquets est toujours exécutée électriquement. Les conversions Optiques Électriques Optiques (O-E-O) nécessaires font de la commutation l’un des domaines les plus consommateurs d’énergie. Ce problème est de plus en plus important spécialement avec la croissance exponentielle du trafic dans les réseaux optiques. Un défi majeur à prendre en considération dans la conception de futurs réseaux optiques est la restriction de leur consommation énergétique. De ce fait, dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous étudions un commutateur hybride opto-électronique qui consiste en une matrice de commutation optique complétée par une mémoire électronique partagée. L’analyse de performance prenant en compte différentes classes de service, distributions de paquets et méthodes de connectivité du commutateur (canaux WDMet/ou SDM), montre que, grâce aux stratégies de commutation établies, le commutateur hybride répond aux besoins de toutes les classes de service en termes de taux de perte de paquets, la charge durable du système et la latence. De plus, il réduit significativement les conversions O-E-O par rapport aux commutateurs électriques commercialisés, puisqu’ils n’auront lieu que pour les paquets mis en mémoire d’attente. Nous défendons que le commutateur de paquets hybride opto-électronique satisfait les exigences en qualité de service et pourrait être une solution prometteuse pour réduire la consommation d’énergie des réseaux optiques. / Most transmission systems are based on optical fibers, carrying the traffic at a relatively low energy per bit. However, due to the lack of mature optical buffers, packet switching is still performed electrically. The required Optical-Electrical-Optical (O-E-O) conversions make the switching one of the areas with the fastest-growing energy consumption. A major challenge that must be met in designing future optical networks is curbing their energy consumption. Therefore, within this thesis, we investigate a hybrid optoelectronic switch which consists of an optical switching matrix supplemented with a shared electronic buffer. Performance analysis taking into account different classes of service, packet classifications and switch connectivity methods (WDM and/or SDM channels), shows that, thanks to the established switching strategies, the hybrid switch satisfies the requirements of all the different classes of service in terms of Packet Loss Rate, sustainable system load and latency. Moreover, it significantly reduces the O-E-O conversions compared to commercial off-the-shelf electrical switches, since they occur only for buffered packets. We defend that the hybrid opto-electronic packet switch meets the requirements on quality of service and could be a promising solution to reduce the energy consumption of optical networks.

The main subject of this diploma thesis is to make a proposal to improve the optical access network for the transmission of Triple play services. I would here to the reader clarify method of proposal of optical network. There are described the kinds of optical access networks with parameters, for which we must look by their construction. There are described the modern methods of construction optical network too. In the theoretical part are discussed used architecture of networks too. I met here known standards, which I compared for big importance by their choice. A reason of construction of optical network are services known like Triple play. These services together with their problems and parameters are here discussed too. At the end of theoretical part I listed here measuring method for getting negative attribute distorting the led signal. In practical part the locality witch use the optical signal as the source of information is ordered. These network use unfit connections and has less possibilities than usual and this is the reason, why is the network not able to supply Triple play in requested quality. At first the analysis of ordered network was needed. Situation was complicated by the fact, that it has been prohibited entrance to me. The structure of network and network parts was known and documented by me. I made the proposals to improve this network in practical part. By the first proposal remained original kind of access network FTTB, but used new parts with higher performance. By the second proposal I made the network FTTH, by which it was possible to use the last haul optical cables with treatment and using new elements. It was needed to create solution by flat units. The resulting proposals are here evaluated, compared and cost evaluated. For rejection of access to optical network I did not make measuring, so I made simulation for variant FTTH for getting some parameters negative acting transmission.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第21216号 / 情博第669号 / 新制||情||115(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科通信情報システム専攻 / (主査)教授 守倉 正博, 教授 大木 英司, 教授 梅野 健 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM