The ever increasing demands of Internet users caused by the introduction of new high bandwidth applications and online services as well as the growing number of users and devices connected to the Internet, bring many challenges for the operators, especially in the last mile section of the network. Next generation access architectures are expected to offer high sustainable bandwidth per user. They also need to support a much larger service areas to decrease number of current central offices and hence potentially save the network expenditures in the future. Obviously, it requires high capacity and low loss transmission and optical fiber technology is the only future proof candidates for broadband access. Although this technology has already been widely deployed in the core networks, it is hard to use the same expensive devices made for core segment to solve the last mile bottlenecks, due to the low number of users sharing the network resources (and deployment cost). Therefore, the next generation optical access (NGOA) networks need to be designed with consideration of cost efficiency in the first place.   Network reliability is also turning to be an important aspect for the NGOA networks as a consequence of long reach, high client count and new services requiring uninterrupted access. Consequently, new architectures not only need to be cost efficient but also they should fulfill the increasing reliability requirements.   Although several NGOA alternatives have been proposed in the literatures, there is not yet an agreement on a single architecture. As described earlier, network expenditure and reliability performance are the two main factors to be considered. Therefore, this thesis concentrates on finding a suitable alternative for future broadband access by evaluating the reliability performance and total cost of ownership for several NGOA candidates. In particular, in this thesis we analyze the tradeoff between the cost needed to deploy backup resources and the reliability performance improvement obtained by the provided survivability mechanism.   First, we identified the suitable NGOA candidates by comparing two main groups of optical access networks, namely passive optical networks (PONs) and active optical networks (AONs), in terms of cost, reliability performance and power consumption. The initial results have shown that wavelength division multiplexing PON (WDM PON) is the most promising alternative for the NGOA networks because of its high potential capacity, low cost and power consumption. So we continued our studies by investigating two WDM-based PON architectures regarding their cost and reliability performance. The study has also included a proposed fiber layout compatible with these two candidates aiming to minimize the required investment needed to offer protection. Our primary results confirmed that hybrid PON (HPON) is the best alternative for the NGOA networks. Therefore we further analyzed this candidate considering several variants of HPON. The most important components and sections of the HPON, which need to be protected to decrease the impact of each failure in the network have been identified. Based on these outcomes, two resilience architectures protecting the shared part of the HPON were proposed and their reliability performance parameters as well as cost of protection were evaluated. According to the results, using our proposed protection schemes a considerable improvement in reliability performance of the HPON variants can be provided at minor extra investment. We also introduced a cost efficient HPON architecture with different levels of protection for users with various reliability requirements, i.e. the protection of shared parts of the access network for all the connected users and end-to-end resilience scheme for some selected ones (e.g., business users). To gain an overall view on the cost efficiency of the proposed architecture, we evaluated the investment required for deploying these schemes considering several network upgrading paths towards a protected network. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis investigating the influence of network deployments time and the density of the users with higher availability requirements was presented.   In summary, we have shown that HPON is able to fulfill the main NGOA requirements such as high bandwidth per-user, large coverage and client count. The work carried out in the thesis has proved that HPON can also offer high reliability performance while keeping the network expenditures at an acceptable level. Moreover, low power consumption and high flexibility in resource allocation of this architecture, makes it a winning candidate for the NGOA networks. Therefore, HPON is a promising architecture to be deployed as NGOA network in the near future considering the fact that components are soon to be available in the market. / <p>QC 20130530</p> / FP7 EU project, Optical Access Seamless Evolution(OASE)

A tecnologia WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) e a introdução de OXCs (Optical Cross Connect) e OADMs (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) puramente ópticos podem dotar as redes ópticas da função de networking, ou seja, da capacidade de manipular comprimentos de onda de forma a implementar o roteamento destes. Esta possibilidade implica em uma nova forma de relacionamento das aplicações com a camada física, sendo a arquitetura GMPLS candidata a estabelecer tal relacionamento. Soluções eficientes para o problema de alocação de recursos e roteamento de tráfego tornam-se uma necessidade imperiosa em projeto, expansão e gerenciamento de redes ópticas. A contribuição desta tese consiste em relacionar funcionalidades tais como: agregação (grooming) de tráfego, mecanismo de controle de admissão de chamadas (CAC), mecanismos de restauração e alocação de conversores em redes ópticas heterogêneas, avaliando-se as métricas de probabilidade de bloqueio, probabilidade do tráfego bloqueado e imparcialidade (fairness). Tais funcionalidades são tratadas separadamente na literatura. Com este objetivo em mente modela-se a rede com duas camadas: a camada física e a camada virtual. Estabelecem-se duas políticas de agregação de tráfego MrTV (minimização da rota na topologia virtual) e MrTF (minimização da rota na topologia física) e analisa-se o desempenho destas em relação à porcentagem de tráfego bloqueado. Em seguida um mecanismo de controle de admissão de chamadas (CAC) é implementado e sua influência em termos de imparcialidade (fairness) e probabilidade de bloqueio é analisada. A simulação e análise de redes ópticas, como a Rede NSFnet e a Rede Nacional Italiana são executadas por meio da implementação de um grafo baseado em Zhu e Mukherjee [28]. Como resultado, a política MrTF apresenta menor porcentagem de tráfego bloqueado do que a política MrTV para as redes simuladas e a implementação de um mecanismo de janela deslizante (rolling window) tornou o mecanismo de CAC mais otimizado. A utilidade de se implantar conversores de comprimento de onda apenas em alguns nós da rede (conversão esparsa) é estudada e uma análise sobre a probabilidade de bloqueio e a imparcialidade da rede desta distribuição de conversores é apresentada. Finalmente, técnicas de restauração na camada física e virtual são implementadas e uma análise da influência destes sobre a probabilidade de bloqueio e a imparcialidade da rede é executada. / The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology as well as both the introduction of all optical OXCs (Optical Cross Connect) and OADMs (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) may provide the optical network with the networking function, i.e, the capacity to manipulate wavelengths in order to implement their routing. This possibility implies a new type of relationship between applications and the physical layer. The likely candidate to establish such relationships is GMPLS architecture. Efficient solutions to both the problems of allocating resources and traffic routing become an enhanced requirement in the design, expansion and management of optical networking. The present study focus at the relationship between functionalities such as traffic grooming, network fairness improvement, protection/restoring mechanisms and wavelength conversion in heterogeneous optical networks, evaluating the metrics of blocking probability, probability of traffic blocked and fairness. These functionalities are separately treated in literature. With this goal in mind, a two-layer representation is used in order to model the network: the physical and virtual layers, respectively. Two policies on traffic grooming are set up, as follows: MrTV (route minimizing on virtual topology) and MrTF (route minimizing on physical topology). The performance of such policies is analyzed regarding the percentage of blocked traffic. Next, a mechanism for call admission control (CAC) is implemented and its influence in terms of fairness and blocking probability is discussed. The simulations of optical networks such as NSFnet and the Italian National Network are carried out through a graph based in Zhu and Mukherjee [28]. As a result, MrTF policy presents a smaller percentage of blocked traffic than the MrTV for the simulated networks and the rolling window mechanism has allowed the optimization of the call admission control (CAC) mechanism. The usefulness of placing wavelength converters in a few networks nodes (spare conversion) is studied and an analysis on the blocking probability is presented. Next, the network fairness for this distribution of wavelength converters is presented. Finally, techniques for restoring both physical and virtual layers are also implemented and an analysis regarding their influence on the blocking probability and the network fairness is carried out.

We are currently experiencing a rapid development of quantum information, a new branch of science, being an interdisciplinary of quantum physics, information theory, telecommunications, computer science, and many others. This new science branch was born in the middle of the eighties, developed rapidly during the nineties, and in the current decade has brought a technological breakthrough in creating secure quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum secret sharing, and exciting promises in diverse technological fields. Recent QKD experiments have achieved high rate QKD at 200 km distance in optical fiber. Significant QKD results have also been achieved in free-space. Due to the rapid broadband access deployment in many industrialized countries and the standing increasing transmission security treats, the natural development awaiting quantum communications, being a part of quantum information, is its migration into commercial switched telecom networks. Such a migration concerns both multiuser quantum key distribution and multiparty quantum secret sharing that have been the main goal of my PhD studies. They are also the main concern of the thesis. Our research efforts in multiuser QKD has led to a development of the five-user setup for transmissions over switched fiber networks in a star and in a tree configuration. We have achieved longer secure quantum information distances and implemented more nodes than other multi-user QKD experiments. The measurements have shown feasibility of multiuser QKD over switched fiber networks, using standard fiber telecom components. Since circular architecture networks are important parts of both intranets and the Internet, Sagnac QKD has also been a subject of our research efforts. The published experiments in this area have been very few and results were not encouraging, mainly due to the single mode fiber (SMF) birefringence. Our research has led to a development of a computer controlled birefringence compensation in Sagnac that open the door to both classical and quantum Sagnac applications. On the quantum secret sharing side, we have achieved the first quantum secret sharing experiment over telecom fiber in a five-party implementation using the "plug &amp; play" setup and in a four-party implementation using Sagnac configuration. The setup measurements have shown feasibility and scalability of multiparty quantum communication over commercial telecom fiber networks.

Η επιθυμία του ανθρώπου για ποιοτική και αδιάκοπη επικοινωνία, έχει ωθήσει την τεχνολογία να κάνει άλματα εξέλιξης. Η συνεχής ανάπτυξη των απαιτήσεων των χρηστών των τηλεπικοινωνιακών δικτύων, καθιστά αναγκαία την ανανέωση των τεχνολογιών και ιδιαίτερα την αύξηση του παρεχόμενου εύρους ζώνης, ώστε να συμβαδίζει με τις ανάγκες τους. Γι’αυτό το λόγο τα τελευταία χρόνια έχουν εμφανιστεί οι οπτικές ίνες, που με τα πλεονεκτήματα που παρουσιάζουν, κερδίζουν ολοένα και περισσότερο τις αγορές και τους καταναλωτές. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική παρουσιάζονται τα πλεονεκτήματα και οι τεχνολογίες που χρησιμοποιεί ένα δίκτυο βασισμένο σε οπτικές ίνες (παθητικό οπτικό δίκτυο – PON). Εξετάζεται τόσο η τεχνολογία TDMA, όσο και η WDMA στα PONs. Η μελέτη γίνεται πάνω στο πρότυπο ΕΡΟΝ (Ethernet-PON), που ορίστηκε ως το καταλληλότερο συγκριτικά με άλλα παρόμοιά του. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, εξετάζεται η διάθεση εύρους ζώνης στο ανοδικό κανάλι (από τον χρήστη προς το τηλεπικοινωνιακό κέντρο) στα συστήματα ΕΡΟΝ και τι αποτελέσματα και συμπεράσματα μπορούν να ληφθούν. Αρχικά, αναφέρεται μια προηγούμενη μελέτη ενός ΕΡΟΝ η οποία κάνει χρήση του αλγορίθμου IPACT, της περιορισμένης υπηρεσίας (limited service) του αλγορίθμου και υποστηρίζει μονοδιάστατη ανοδική κίνηση δεδομένων. Το δίκτυο ΕΡΟΝ μοντελοποιείται και προσφέρει αποτελέσματα ύστερα από μαθηματική ανάλυση με χρήση της γλώσσας προγραμματισμού C, καθώς και αποτελέσματα με τη χρήση της γλώσσας προσομοίωσης SIMSCRIPT II.5. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφεται και μοντελοποιείται ένα δίκτυο ΕΡΟΝ που κάνει χρήση της σταθερής υπηρεσίας (fixed service) του αλγορίθμου IPACT και υποστηρίζει πολλαπλές κατηγορίες υπηρεσιών ανοδικής κίνησης δεδομένων με διαφορετικές προτεραιότητες. Και σε αυτή την περίπτωση, το δίκτυο ΕΡΟΝ προσφέρει αποτελέσματα τόσο από ένα αναλυτικό μοντέλο, όσο και από ένα μοντέλο προσομοίωσης. Τέλος, περιγράφεται και μοντελοποιείται ένα δίκτυο όμοιο με το προηγούμενο δίκτυο ΕΡΟΝ, με τη διαφορά να έγκειται στη χρήση της τεχνολογίας WDM στο ΕΡΟΝ. Η μελέτη σε αυτό το τμήμα της εργασίας γίνεται με χρήση επίσης της σταθερής υπηρεσίας (fixed service) του αλγορίθμου IPACT και υποστηρίζει πολλαπλές κατηγορίες υπηρεσιών ανοδικής κίνησης δεδομένων με διαφορετικές προτεραιότητες. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο επιτυγχάνεται μια σημαντική αύξηση του διαθέσιμου εύρους ζώνης του ανοδικού καναλιού που προσφέρεται στους χρήστες. Για άλλη μια φορά παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα ύστερα από ανάλυση και προσομοίωση του μοντέλου, με χρήση, όπως και προηγουμένως, της γλώσσας προγραμματισμού C και της γλώσσας προσομοίωσης SIMSCRIPT II.5. Τα συμπεράσματα που εξάγονται, ύστερα από τις παραπάνω μελέτες, είναι άξια προσοχής. / In the past few years technology, in the communication field, has made great progress due to the fact that people desire more and more good quality of service. The continuous demand for development of the subscribers using the telecommunication services, necessitates the technological renewal and especially the increase of the available bandwidth. For this reason, optical fibers have appeared in the networking field and they are becoming more known by the users and in the market every day. In this dissertation the advantages and the technologies a network, based on optical fiber uses, are presented. An optical fiber network it is also called Passive Optical Network (PON). The TDMA (Time Division Multiplexing Access) and WDMA (Wavelength Division Multiplexing Access) technologies are examined. The study is based on an EPON (Ethernet-PON) standard, which was chosen as the most suitable among others. More specifically, the available upstream (from the users to the Central Office) bandwidth in an EPON model and the results that can be deduced are examined. In the beginning, a previous study of an EPON which uses the IPACT (Interleaved Polling with Cycle Time) algorithm is reported. The EPON network uses the limited service of the IPACT algorithm and supports a single rate. A specific model of an EPON network is studied and results using the C programming language and the simulation language SIMSCRIPT II.5 are given. Moreover, an EPON network which uses the fixed service of the IPACT algorithm which supports a multi-rate upstream with different priorities is described and modeled. In this case as well, the EPON model network gives results based on analysis and simulation. In the end, a same EPON network, as the one described before, is studied and modeled having as a difference that a WDM technology is used. The fixed service of the IPACT algorithm is used and a multi-rate upstream with different priorities are supported again. With this different technology, an important increase in the available upstream bandwidth which is provided to the users is accomplished. Once again, the results are presented after an analysis and a simulation of the model, using the programming language C and the simulation language SIMISCRIPT II.5. The extracted results which the models can offer are worthy of attention.

La consommation d'énergie des centres de données est un enjeu majeur. Leurs communications internes représentent près du quart de cette consommation. Les technologies de commutation optique ont en principe une meilleure efficacité énergétique que les solutions actuelles. Ce travail porte sur les réseaux optiques en mode paquet pour des centres de données de petite et moyenne taille. Il s'est déroulé dans le cadre du projet EPOC (Energy Proportional and Opportunistic Computing) qui s'intéresse à la réduction de la consommation d'énergie d'un centre de données alimenté partiellement par des sources renouvelables. Une hypothèse clé est l'absence d'un réseau de stockage dédié réduisant ainsi la consommation des interconnexions. Par contre, afin de pouvoir éteindre certains serveurs selon la charge de travail et l'énergie disponible, le débit doit être de l'ordre de 100 Gbit/s. Après un état de l'art des réseaux optiques pour centre de données nous choisissons une solution reposant sur une infrastructure entièrement passive et des émetteurs rapidement accordables en longueur d'onde, proposée récemment dans la littérature (POPI).Nous étudions les limitations dues aux composants (pertes d'insertion, plage d'accord et espacement des canaux). Nous proposons une extension (E-POPI) qui permet d'augmenter le nombre de serveurs connectés en utilisant plusieurs plages de longueurs d'onde. Pour les centres de données de plus grande taille nous proposons un réseau à deux étages (intra- et inter-racks) opérant respectivement dans les bandes C et L, POPI+. La connexion entre étages se fait via une passerelle transparente dans un sens et opaque dans l'autre. Différentes solutions de contrôle des deux étages sont détaillées.Un des éléments essentiels de faisabilité de ces architectures est de concilier la montée en débit avec les pertes du réseau passif d'interconnexion. Les techniques cohérentes des transmissions longue distance ne sont pas actuellement envisageables pour un centre de données. Nous avons donc étudié les formats PAM 4 et 8, par simulation avec différents débits (jusqu'à 112 Gbit/s et récepteurs (PIN, APD et SOA-PIN) et aussi, expérimentalement, à 12 et 18 Gbit/s. Nous avons développé une méthode de compensation des distorsions générées par les différents composants qui procure un compromis entre précision de correction et temps de calcul.Ces résultats nous permettent de déterminer les pertes d'insertion tolérables. Nous les combinons avec les limitations liées à la plage d'accord des émetteurs et à l'encombrement spectral des canaux occupant des fenêtres multiples de 12,5 GHz pour dimensionner les différentes architectures. Les réseaux POPI, E-POPI et POPI+ permettent respectivement la connexion de 48, 99 et 2352 entités à 112 Gbit/s. Nos évaluations tiennent compte d'une possible dispersion des caractéristiques des principaux composants. / Data-center energy consumption is nowadays a major issue. Intra-data-center networking accounts almost for a quarter of the data-center total power consumption. Optical switching technologies could provide higher power efficiency than current solutions based on electrical-packet switching. This work focuses on optical-packet-switched networks for small- and medium-size data centers. It takes part of the EPOC (Energy-Proportional and Opportunistic Computing) project, which main interest consists on reducing the overall power consumption of a data center partially powered by renewable sources. A key assumption is that our data center does not rely on a dedicated storage network, in order to reduce the consumption of those interconnections. In addition, with the aim of being able to turn off some servers according to the workload and the available energy, the bit rate must be close to 100 Gbit/s. We have chosen, after studying the state of the art of data-center interconnects, a purely passive network architecture based on fast-wavelength-tunable transmitters under the name of POPI.We study POPI's limitations due to its components (insertion loss, tuning range and channel spacing). We then propose an extension called E-POPI that allows to increase the number of connected servers by using several transmission bands. For larger data centers, we propose POPI+, a two-stage infrastructure for intra- and inter-rack communications operating in the C and L bands, respectively. The connection between both stages is done via a transparent gateway in one direction and an opaque one in the other. We discuss different control solutions for both stages.The feasibility of these architectures depends on, among other factors, dealing with bit-rate increasing and power losses of a passive interconnect. Coherent long-distance-transmission techniques are not currently suited to data centers. We therefore studied PAM 4 and 8 modulation formats with direct detection. On one hand, by simulation, with different bit rates (up to 112 Gbit/s) and receivers (PIN, APD and SOA-PIN) and, on the other hand, experimentally, at 12 and 18 Gbit/s. We have developed a method for compensating the distortions generated by the different network components. Our method takes into account a good tradeoff between correction accuracy and computation time.Simulation results allow us to determine the amount of insertion loss that may be supported. We then combine these results with the limitations of transmitters-tuning range and channel spacing using multiple of 12.5 GHz slots for dimensioning the proposed architectures. POPI, E-POPI and POPI+ interconnects allow the connection of 48, 99 and 2352 entities, respectively, at 112 Gbit/s. Our assessments take into account a potential dispersion of the characteristics of the main architecture components.

A tecnologia WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) e a introdução de OXCs (Optical Cross Connect) e OADMs (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) puramente ópticos podem dotar as redes ópticas da função de networking, ou seja, da capacidade de manipular comprimentos de onda de forma a implementar o roteamento destes. Esta possibilidade implica em uma nova forma de relacionamento das aplicações com a camada física, sendo a arquitetura GMPLS candidata a estabelecer tal relacionamento. Soluções eficientes para o problema de alocação de recursos e roteamento de tráfego tornam-se uma necessidade imperiosa em projeto, expansão e gerenciamento de redes ópticas. A contribuição desta tese consiste em relacionar funcionalidades tais como: agregação (grooming) de tráfego, mecanismo de controle de admissão de chamadas (CAC), mecanismos de restauração e alocação de conversores em redes ópticas heterogêneas, avaliando-se as métricas de probabilidade de bloqueio, probabilidade do tráfego bloqueado e imparcialidade (fairness). Tais funcionalidades são tratadas separadamente na literatura. Com este objetivo em mente modela-se a rede com duas camadas: a camada física e a camada virtual. Estabelecem-se duas políticas de agregação de tráfego MrTV (minimização da rota na topologia virtual) e MrTF (minimização da rota na topologia física) e analisa-se o desempenho destas em relação à porcentagem de tráfego bloqueado. Em seguida um mecanismo de controle de admissão de chamadas (CAC) é implementado e sua influência em termos de imparcialidade (fairness) e probabilidade de bloqueio é analisada. A simulação e análise de redes ópticas, como a Rede NSFnet e a Rede Nacional Italiana são executadas por meio da implementação de um grafo baseado em Zhu e Mukherjee [28]. Como resultado, a política MrTF apresenta menor porcentagem de tráfego bloqueado do que a política MrTV para as redes simuladas e a implementação de um mecanismo de janela deslizante (rolling window) tornou o mecanismo de CAC mais otimizado. A utilidade de se implantar conversores de comprimento de onda apenas em alguns nós da rede (conversão esparsa) é estudada e uma análise sobre a probabilidade de bloqueio e a imparcialidade da rede desta distribuição de conversores é apresentada. Finalmente, técnicas de restauração na camada física e virtual são implementadas e uma análise da influência destes sobre a probabilidade de bloqueio e a imparcialidade da rede é executada. / The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology as well as both the introduction of all optical OXCs (Optical Cross Connect) and OADMs (Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) may provide the optical network with the networking function, i.e, the capacity to manipulate wavelengths in order to implement their routing. This possibility implies a new type of relationship between applications and the physical layer. The likely candidate to establish such relationships is GMPLS architecture. Efficient solutions to both the problems of allocating resources and traffic routing become an enhanced requirement in the design, expansion and management of optical networking. The present study focus at the relationship between functionalities such as traffic grooming, network fairness improvement, protection/restoring mechanisms and wavelength conversion in heterogeneous optical networks, evaluating the metrics of blocking probability, probability of traffic blocked and fairness. These functionalities are separately treated in literature. With this goal in mind, a two-layer representation is used in order to model the network: the physical and virtual layers, respectively. Two policies on traffic grooming are set up, as follows: MrTV (route minimizing on virtual topology) and MrTF (route minimizing on physical topology). The performance of such policies is analyzed regarding the percentage of blocked traffic. Next, a mechanism for call admission control (CAC) is implemented and its influence in terms of fairness and blocking probability is discussed. The simulations of optical networks such as NSFnet and the Italian National Network are carried out through a graph based in Zhu and Mukherjee [28]. As a result, MrTF policy presents a smaller percentage of blocked traffic than the MrTV for the simulated networks and the rolling window mechanism has allowed the optimization of the call admission control (CAC) mechanism. The usefulness of placing wavelength converters in a few networks nodes (spare conversion) is studied and an analysis on the blocking probability is presented. Next, the network fairness for this distribution of wavelength converters is presented. Finally, techniques for restoring both physical and virtual layers are also implemented and an analysis regarding their influence on the blocking probability and the network fairness is carried out.

Orientador: Mauricio Ferreira Magalhães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T01:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duarte_RafaelLuiz_M.pdf: 1020338 bytes, checksum: 55a286156672abedc8e5b20a444d8a7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Para o provisionamento de conexões fim-a-fim em domínios ópticos é desejável uma solução de arquitetura que permita o estabelecimento automático destas conexões: A tecnologia GMPLS ofe­rece um plano de controle que especifica mecanismos que estendem o roteamento e a sinalização do mundo IP contribuindo para a configuração automática de conexões em domínios ópticos. Este traba­lho propõe uma arquitetura para o provisionamento de conexões fim-a-fim em redes ápticas GMPLS. Tal arquitetura é baseada na tecnologia Web services e permite o estabelecimento de dois tipos de conexões. A primeira, conhecida como SPC (Soft Permanent Connection), é utilizada pelo gerente do domínio óptico. O SPC conecta dois elementos de rede pertencentes ao mesmo domínio. A se­gunda, é uma conexão fim-a-fim na qual um usuário cliente pode enviar dados através de múltiplos domínios. Neste último caso, o cliente precisa negociar com cada domínio para verificar a disponibi­lidade de recursos. Para tal arquitetura foram criados módulos responsáveis pelo provisionamento e gerenciamento das conexões além da utilização do simulador GLASS para validação da arquitetura proposta / Abstract: For the provisioning of end-to-end connections in optical domains it is desirable to have an archi­tecture that supports the automatic establishment of such connections. The GMPLS technology offers a control plan that specifies mechanisms which extend the routing and the signalling of IP world con­tributing for the automatic configuration of end-to-end connections in optical domains. This work proposes an architecture for the provisioning of end-to-end connections in GMPLS optical networks. Such architecture is based on the Web services technology and allows the establishment of two kinds of connections. The first one, known as SPC (Soft Permanent Connection), is used by the manager of the optical domain. The SPC connects two network elements belonging to the same domain. The se­cond one is an end-to-end connection by which a given client can send data across multiple domains. In this last case the client needs to negotiate with each domain to verify the availability of resources. For such architecture we defined modules responsibIe for the provisioning and management of the connections. The GLASS simulator was used for validation ofthe proposed architecture / Mestrado / Engenharia de Computação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the factors that influence the design of wide-area wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. Wide-area networks are presented as communication networks capable of transporting voice and data communication over large geographical areas. These networks typically span a whole country, region or even continent.The rapid development and maturation of WDM technology over the last decade have been well-received commercially and warrants the development of skills in the field of optical network design.The fundamental purpose of all communication networks and technologies is to satisfy the demand of end-users through the provisioning of capacity over shared and limited physical infrastructure. Consideration of the business aspects related to communications traffic and the grooming thereof are crucial to developing an understanding of customer requirements in terms of the selection and quality of services and applications. Extensive communication networks require complex management techniques that aim to ensure high levels of reliability and revenue generation.An integrated methodology is presented for the design of wide-area WDM optical networks. The methodology harnesses physical, logical, and virtual topologies together with routing and channel assignment (RCA) and clustering processes to enhance objectivity of the design process. A novel approach, based on statistical clustering using the Ward linkage as similarity metric, is introduced for solving the problem of determining the number and positions of the backbone nodes of a wide-area network, otherwise defined as the top level hub nodes of the multi-level network model. The influence of the geographic distribution of network traffic, and the intra/inter-cluster traffic ratios are taken into consideration through utilisation of modified gravity models and novel network node weighting. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

The diploma thesis describes the elaboration of a program for the simulation of an optical transmission path. The work introduces the basic parameters of optical transmission, such as attenuation, dispersion and bandwidth. Furthermore, the techniques of line code and error detection are described in the work, especially a cyclic redundancy sum. The key parameter of this thesis is dispersion of the optical signal. The work includes the characteristics of the eye diagram and its analysis. The resulting program can also be used to measure the real transmission route and its parameters.

The main goal of the master’s thesis was to familiarize with optical networks dilemma and its measuring during fabrication. The whole thesis is divided into several parts where the first part deals with optic fiber dilemma. It describes its kinds, properties and also suggests a basic principle of optic signal dispersion using these fibers. It describes also optical network FTTx architecture (Fiber To The x). The second part of the thesis focuses on methods of measuring key parameters of optical networks. Is brings out the methods of measuring optical loss and dispersive influences. The last and final part in focused on creating a methodical manual for measuring these networks during its fabrication and verifying measuring methods stated in the theoretical part inside a real network. Measuring was implemented on an optical network of Masaryk University in Brno.