了解表面等子體和外部環境之間的相互作用對表面等子體應用的開發非常重要。我們的研究集中在表面等子體與遠場的耦合，以及表面等子體模之間的耦合。 / 首先，我們研究由表面等子體模式耦合所產生的射衰變的變化。我們以角分辨反射光譜測同孔大小的納米孔陣上的簡併表面等子體模的衰減。對於每個孔的大小，我們觀察到在發生共振耦合的光譜區，衰減速有很大的改變，顯示出暗模和模的形成。耦合模很好地解釋衰變的變化。推導出的耦合常隨著孔直徑的增加而增加。我們也對耦合模一些有趣的特性及衰減變化的微觀起源進探討。 / 第二，我們以偏振分辨反射光譜從二維屬陣射散射。我們發現，反射光譜遵循的法模型可以由耦合模和瓊斯矩陣演算推導出。通過用正交方向的偏光器和分析器，反射光譜上的谷翻轉成峰，從以能夠測定出射散射效。我們發現，射散射效與波長和孔直徑的依賴關係和單孔的瑞散射相符合。 / 最後，我們開發一個新的方法，以偏振分辨光譜在實驗中測射衰變。這方法的有效性通過時域有限差分計算得到證明。我們還將此方法應用在實驗據上作為示範。 / Understanding the interaction between surface plasmon and outer environment is crucial in development of plasmonic applications. Our study is focused on the coupling between surface plasmons and far field, and also the coupling between surface plasmon modes. / First, we studied the change in radiative decay rate due to coupling of degenerate surface plasmon modes. We measured the decay rates of two degenerate surface plasmon modes in Au nanohole arrays with different hole sizes by angle-resolved reflectivity spectroscopy. For each hole size, at the spectral region where resonant coupling occurs, we observed a large modification in decay rates, leading to the formation of dark and bright modes. The change in decay rates is well explained by coupled-mode theory. The deduced coupling constant is found to increase with increasing hole diameter. Interesting properties of the coupled modes and microscopic origin of the change in decay rate is also discussed. / Second, we measured the radiative scattering from two-dimensional metallic arrays by using polarization-resolved reflectivity spectroscopy. We found that the reflectivity spectra follow the Fano-like model which can be derived from coupled-mode theory and Jones matrix calculus. By orthogonally orienting the incident polarizer and the detection analyzer, reflectivity dips flip into peaks and the radiative scattering efficiency can be determined accordingly. The dependence of total radiative scattering efficiency on wavelength and hole diameter is found to agree well with Rayleigh scattering by single hole. / Finally, we developed a new method to measure radiative decay rates experimentally by polarization-resolved reflectivity spectroscopy. The validity of this method is proved by finite-difference time-domain simulation. We also applied this method on experimental data as a demonstration. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lo, Hau Yung = 表面等離子體在金屬納米孔陣列的輻射衰減及耦合 / 羅孝勇. / "December 2012." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-92). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Lo, Hau Yung = Biao mian deng li zi ti zai jin shu na mi kong zhen lie de fu she shuai jian ji ou he / Luo Xiaoyong. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Basic Theory and Techniques --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Macroscopic Maxwell Equations and Boundary Conditions --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- Symmetries and Band Structure --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3 --- Coupled-mode Theory --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4 --- Finite-difference Time-domain Simulation --- p.12 / Chapter 2.5 --- Preparation of Metallic Nano-hole Arrays --- p.14 / Chapter 3 --- Fundamentals of Surface Plasmons on Metallic Nanohole Array --- p.18 / Chapter 3.1 --- Confinement and Propagation Nature of SPs --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2 --- Skin Depth and Propagation Length --- p.19 / Chapter 3.3 --- Dispersion Relation and Phase-matching Conditions --- p.21 / Chapter 3.4 --- Measurement of Band Structure: Angle-resolved Reflectivity Mapping --- p.23 / Chapter 3.5 --- Red Shift of Band Structure --- p.26 / Chapter 3.6 --- Comparison of Two Presentations of Band Structure: "ω against k" versus "λ against θ" --- p.28 / Chapter 3.7 --- Resonance Peak Shape: FanoModel and Wood's Anomalus --- p.30 / Chapter 3.8 --- Resonance Peak Shape: "Fano-like" Model --- p.34 / Chapter 3.9 --- Appendix A: Derivation of Eq(3.1) --- p.36 / Chapter 4 --- Decay Rates Modification though Coupling of Degenerate Surface Plasmon modes --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2 --- Measurements of Degenerate Surface Plasmon Modes --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3 --- Decay rates of Coupled Modes --- p.45 / Chapter 4.4 --- Hole Diameter Dependence of Coupling Constants --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5 --- Understanding the S-polarized Surface Plasmon Modes --- p.50 / Chapter 4.6 --- TE-like Surface Plasmon Modes --- p.53 / Chapter 4.7 --- Microscopic Origin of the Modification in Decay Rate --- p.54 / Chapter 4.8 --- Summary --- p.60 / Chapter 5 --- Direct Measurement of Radiative Scattering of Surface Plasmon Resonance from Metallic Arrays by Polarization-resolved Reflectivity Spectroscopy --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 5.2 --- Theory of Direct Measurement of Radiative Scattering --- p.62 / Chapter 5.3 --- Comparison with Experiment --- p.65 / Chapter 5.4 --- Comparison with Rayleigh Scattering Model --- p.71 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.74 / Chapter 6 --- A Method of Obtaining Radiative Decay Rates From Experiment --- p.76 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.76 / Chapter 6.2 --- Method --- p.77 / Chapter 6.3 --- Prove of Validity --- p.78 / Chapter 6.4 --- Experimental Demonstration --- p.82 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.85 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.86 / Chapter 8 --- Bibliography --- p.88 / Chapter 9 --- Curriculum Vitae --- p.93

High-order terahertz sideband generation (HSG), recently discovered experimentally in semiconductors, is an extreme nonlinear optical phenomenon with physics similar to high-order harmonic generation (HHG) but in a much lower frequency regime. A key concept in understanding the HSG and HHG is the quantum trajectories, where the quantum evolution of particles under strong fields can be essentially captured by a small number of quantum trajectories that satisfy the stationary phase condition of the Dirac-Feynmann path integral. However, in contrast to HHG in atoms and molecules, HSG in semiconductors can have interesting effects due to nontrivial “vacuum” states of band materials. A rich structure of the Bloch states in condensed matter systems would lead to a variety of phase effects in extreme nonlinear optics. / In this thesis, we show that in semiconductors with nontrivial gauge structures in the energy bands, the curved quantum trajectory of an electron-hole pair under a strong elliptically polarized terahertz field can accumulate a geometric phase. In particular, the geometric phase becomes the famous gauge invariant Berry phase for a cyclic trajectory. Taking monolayer MoS₂ as a model system, we show that the Berry phase appears as the Faraday rotation angle in the pulse emission from the material under short-pulse excitation. This finding reveals the Berry phase effect in the extreme nonlinear optics regime for the first time. / We further apply the Berry phase dependent quantum trajectory theory to biased bilayer graphene under strong elliptically polarized terahertz fields. The biased bilayer graphene with Bernal stacking has similar Bloch band features and optical properties to the monolayer MoS₂, such as the time-reversal related valleys and valley contrasting optical selection rule. However, the biased bilayer graphene has much larger Berry curvature than that in monolayer MoS₂, which leads to a large Berry phase of the quantum trajectory and in turn a giant Faraday rotation of the optical emission (∼ 1 rad for a THz field with frequency 1 THz and strength 8 kV/cm). This surprisingly big angle shows that the Faraday rotation can be induced more efficiently by the Berry curvature in momentum space than by the magnetic field in real space. It provides opportunities to use bilayer graphene and THz lasers for ultrafast electro-optical devices. / Finally, we study the geometric phase of a quantum wavepacket driven adiabatically along a trajectory in a parameterized state space. Inherent to quantum evolutions, the wavepacket can not only accumulate a quantum phase but may also experience dephasing, or quantum diffusion. We show that the diffusion of quantum trajectories can also be of geometric nature as characterized by the imaginary part of the geometric phase. Such an imaginary geometric phase results from the interference of geometric phase dependent fluctuations around the quantum trajectory. As a specific example, we again study the quantum trajectories of HSG in monolayer MoS₂. We find that while the real part of the geometric phase leads to the Faraday rotation of the linearly polarized light that excites the electron-hole pair, the imaginary part manifests itself as the polarization ellipticity of the terahertz sidebands which can be measured experimentally. The discovery of the geometric quantum diffusion extends the concept of geometric phases. / 最近，在實驗上發現了半導體中的一個極端非線性光學現象，即高次太赫茲邊帶產生(HSG)。它是原子与分子系统里的高次谐波产生(HHG)在太赫茲頻域的一個推广。HSG与HHG的關鍵物理過程均可用量子轨道理论解释，其中粒子的路徑積分描述的量子演化由若干滿足穩相近似條件的量子軌道主導。但是HHG与HSG之間存在着本質區別，即半導體的“真空態”可以具備一些非平凡的拓撲結構，從而給極端非線性光學领域帶來許多有趣的物理效應。 / 在這篇論文中，我們發現在強橢圓偏振太赫茲場作用下的具有非平凡规范結構的半導體中，電子空穴對的量子軌道可以積累一個非零的幾何相。特別地，如果我們考慮週期量子軌道，這個幾何相便成為著名的規範不變的Berry相。我們取單層MoS₂為模型系統，發現在光脉衝激勵下的材料中的光信號經歷一個法拉第旋轉，而且轉角由量子軌道的Berry相給出。這個發現首次揭示了極端非線性光學領域內的Berry相效應。 / 我們進一步將含Berry相效應的量子軌道理論應用于強橢圓偏振太赫茲場作用下的雙層石墨烯中。Bernal堆疊的雙層石墨烯与單層MoS₂具有某些相似的能帶結構与光學性質，例如兩者都具有兩個時間反演對稱的谷，且兩個谷內具有不同的躍遷選擇定則。但是雙層石墨烯有遠遠大於單層MoS₂的Berry曲率，從而其內的量子軌道也會積累一個遠遠大於單層MoS₂的Berry相。這個Berry相可以導致光信號巨大的法拉第旋轉（在頻率1THz以及場強8kV/cm的太赫茲場下約為1rad）。這個傳統方法下所無法產生的巨大法拉第旋轉說明比起實空間內的磁場，動量空間內的Berry曲率可以更加有效地誘發光信號的法拉第旋轉。我們的結果可以促使雙層石墨烯以及太赫茲激光在超快光電設備中的應用。 / 最後，我們考慮具有非平凡規範結構的參數空間內的量子波包在絕熱驅動下的量子演化。在演化過程中，這個波包不僅可以獲得一個量子相位，而且會經歷退相干（即量子擴散）。我們發現波包的一部分量子擴散具有幾何性質，而且這部分量子擴散可以表示為一個复幾何相的虛部。這個复幾何相可以通過量子軌道附近的帶有幾何相的量子路徑的相干來解釋。作為例子，我們研究了強橢圓偏振太赫茲場作用下的單層MoS₂中的量子軌道的复幾何相。我們發現此幾何相的實部誘發光的法拉第旋轉，而虛部則表現為邊帶光信號的橢圓偏振度，並且進而可以從實驗上進行測量。我們關於虛幾何相的研究拓展了幾何相這一概念的新領域。 / Yang, Fan = 強太赫茲場下半導體中的量子軌道的Berry相 / 楊帆. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-75). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 13, September, 2016). / Yang, Fan = Qiang tai he zi chang xia ban dao ti zhong de liang zi gui dao de Berry xiang / Yang Fan. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

by Tong Ka Wing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-62). / by Tong Ka Wing. / Abstract --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.2 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Scattering Intensities and Depolarization Ratios --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Raman Microprobe Experimental Set-up --- p.11 / Chapter 3.1 --- Optical Design of the Raman Microprobe --- p.11 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Construction of the Olympus BHSM-313U Microscope --- p.11 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Numerical Aperture of Objectives --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Design of the Raman Microprobe --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Design of Signal Collection Optics --- p.16 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Design of Epi-illuminator --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2 --- Performance of the Raman Microprobe --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection Efficiencies of Objectives --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Spatial Resolution of the Raman Microprobe --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Rejection of Rayleigh Scattering Light --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Polarization Effect of the Raman Microprobe --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- "Sample Preparation, Morphology and Measurements of Spectra" --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results and Discussion --- p.31 / Chapter 5.1 --- Micro-Photoluminescence of Diamond Films --- p.31 / Chapter 5.2 --- Curve Fitting of Micro-Raman Spectra --- p.34 / Chapter 5.3 --- Part I Micro-Raman of Unoriented Diamond Crystallites --- p.41 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Diamond Peaks --- p.41 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- D- and G- Peaks --- p.43 / Chapter 5.4 --- Part II Micro-Raman of Oriented Diamond Crystallites --- p.43 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Diamond Peaks --- p.45 / Chapter 5.4.1.1 --- Depolarization Ratios --- p.45 / Chapter 5.4.1.2 --- Peak Shifts --- p.47 / Chapter 5.4.1.3 --- Peak Widths --- p.48 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- D- and G- Peaks --- p.48 / Chapter 5.4.2.1 --- Depolarization Ratios --- p.48 / Chapter 5.4.2.2 --- Peak Shifts and Widths --- p.48 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Relation Between Line Width of Diamond Peaks and Intensity Ratios of Diamond Peak to G-Peak --- p.50 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Internal Stress due to Substrate and Other Growth Defects --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.54 / Appendix A --- p.56 / Chapter A.1 --- Scattering Intensities of Diamond --- p.56 / Chapter A.2 --- Scattering Intensities of Graphite --- p.58 / Appendix B --- p.59 / References --- p.60

by Cheung Ka Wing = 由有機物質發放的超瑞利散射的光譜性硏究 / 張家榮. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-95). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Cheung Ka Wing = You you ji wu zhi fa fang de chao rui li san she de guang pu xing yan jiu / Zhang Jiarong. / Title Page --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Chinese Abstract --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Nonlinear Optics --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Tensor Properties of the Polarizability --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Inversion Symmetry --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Second Harmonic Generation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Measurement of the First Hyperpolarizability β --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Scattering by a Single Small Particle --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Rayleigh Scattering --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Fluctuation --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4 --- Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5 --- Coherent and Incoherent Optical Processes --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6 --- Difference between Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) and Hyper Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) --- p.17 / Chapter 2.7 --- Measurement of the First Hyperpolarizability β by Electric Field Induced Second harmonic Generation (EFISHG) --- p.20 / Chapter 2.8 --- Measurement of the First Hyperpolarizability β by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) --- p.22 / Chapter 2.9 --- Two-Component System ´ؤ´ؤInternal Reference Method (IRM) and External Reference Method (ERM) --- p.23 / Chapter 2.10 --- Orientation Average of β --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Experimental Setup --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- Detail Description of the Main Components --- p.29 / Chapter A). --- Laser System --- p.29 / Chapter B). --- Monochromator --- p.33 / Chapter C). --- Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT) --- p.36 / Chapter D). --- Photon Counter --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Layout of the Optical Design and Alignment Procedures --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- Difficulties in the Experiment --- p.42 / Chapter A). --- Alignment --- p.42 / Chapter B). --- Temporal Stability of the Apparatus --- p.43 / Chapter C). --- The Effects of Using Different Sample Cells --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4 --- Sample Preparation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5 --- Special Interest on the Organic Compounds --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Measurement on p-nitroaniline --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Spectrum of Light Signal from pNA --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Concentration Dependence Measurement --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Measurement of the Hyperpolarizability of a Fluorescence Dye --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Spectrum of Light Signal from DANS --- p.58 / Chapter 5.2 --- Design of an Experimental Technique to Measure β of Fluorescence Dyes that is Absorptive at the Second Harmonic --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Result of the Measurement on DANS --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Studies of the First Hyperpolarizability β of Two New Compounds --- p.74 / Chapter 6.1 --- The New Compounds --- p.74 / Chapter 6.2 --- Measurement on NC1 --- p.75 / Chapter 6.3 --- Measurement on NC2 --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Probing the Molecular Interaction in a Liquid Using HRS --- p.84 / Chapter 7.1 --- The Spectrum of Light Signal from Nitrobenzene --- p.85 / Chapter 7.2 --- The Signal Depolarization Ratio --- p.86 / Chapter 7.3 --- Results of the Depolarization Ratio Measurement on pNA --- p.87 / Chapter 7.4 --- Results of the Depolarization Ratio Measurement on Nitrobenzene --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusions --- p.91 / References --- p.94

Law, Man Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-86). / Text in English; abstract also in Chinese. / Law, Man Fai. / Contents --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Spectral Representation of Composite Materials --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Spectral method --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- General properties --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Duality --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Dilute limit --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5 --- Effective-medium approximation (EMA) --- p.15 / Chapter 2.6 --- Moment expansions --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Local Field Effect and Depolarization Factor --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- Isotropic homogeneous media --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2 --- Linear anisotropic homogeneous media --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3 --- Inhomogeneous anisotropic media --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Simulation on Correlated Microstructures --- p.26 / Chapter 4.1 --- Solving the nonlinear impedance networks --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2 --- Models of correlated microstructure --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Two-site correlated microstruture --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Environment correlated microstructure --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusions --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Simulation on Anisotropic Microstructure --- p.46 / Chapter 5.1 --- Solving anisotropic impedance networks --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2 --- Simulation and results --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Parallel response --- p.51 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Perpendicular response --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Unpolarized response --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Conclusions --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.66 / Appendix A. Symbolic Simulation --- p.67 / Chapter A.1 --- Formalism --- p.67 / Chapter A.2 --- Scaling Properties --- p.69 / Chapter A.3 --- The simulation --- p.71 / Appendix B. Fluctuation of Local Field in Composite Materials --- p.74 / Chapter B.l --- Simulations and Results --- p.74 / Appendix C. Lattice Animals in Correlated Network --- p.82 / Bibliography --- p.84

Shao, Lei = 基於金納米棒組裝的寡聚體及陣列的表面等離子體共振特性研究 / 邵磊. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Shao, Lei = Ji yu jin na mi bang zu zhuang de gua ju ti ji zhen lie de biao mian deng li zi ti gong zhen te xing yan jiu / Shao Lei.

To Chi Wing = 具非線性光學性質客體-主體聚合物系統的極化動力學研究 / 杜志榮. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-104). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by To Chi Wing = Ju fei xian xing guang xue xing zhi ke ti-zhu ti ju he wu xi tong de ji hua dong li xue yan jiu / Du Zhirong. / Table of contents / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Chinese Abstract --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Fundamental of nonlinear optics --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Centrosymmetry and even-order nonlinear susceptibilities --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Generation of second harmonic radiation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Tensor properties of the nonlinear susceptibilities --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Relationship between macroscopic and microscopic nonlinear susceptibility for a poled polymer --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Outline of the thesis --- p.12 / Figures --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Poling and Relaxation of Guest-host Polymeric System --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Guest-host nonlinear optical polymeric systems --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Photoisomerization of Azobenzene --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Disperse Red-1 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Poly (methyl methacrylate) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Poling techniques --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Thermal Assisted Electric-field Poling --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Photo-assisted Electric-field poling --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- All-Optical Poling --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Relaxation of poled nonlinear optical polymers --- p.27 / Figures --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Experimental Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1 --- Sample Preparation --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental Setup --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Laser system --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The reference arm --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The sample arm --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Data acquisition (DAQ) system --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Temperature control --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- Poling and the erasing of thermal history --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- All Optical Poling --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Eecteic Poling --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Erasure of thermal history --- p.45 / Figures --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Experimental results and discussions --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1 --- Reliability and reproducibility --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2 --- Features of different poling techniques --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sub-Tg electric Poling --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Thermal assisted electric Poling --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Photo assisted electric Poling --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Relaxation of poling induced x(2) --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of physical aging on the relaxation of PAP induced x{2) --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Origin of physical aging and its effect on relaxation --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of aging on the relaxation of a PAP sample --- p.59 / Chapter 4.5 --- Onset studies of photo-induced free volume --- p.61 / Chapter 4.6 --- Comparative studies of TAP and PAP induced x{2) --- p.62 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Secondary Poling --- p.63 / Chapter 4.6.1.1 --- Model for describing the temporal behavior of secondary poling --- p.65 / Chapter 4.6.1.2 --- Experimental details of the secondary poling measurement --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6.1.3 --- Results and Discussion on secondary poling of sample poled by TAP or PAP --- p.69 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Onset of second harmonic signal during electric poling --- p.71 / Chapter 4.7 --- Charge injection studies --- p.73 / Figures --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.98 / References --- p.101

表面等離子共振 (SPR) 是受激發的電子的總體振動，一般在金屬、電介質界面上發生。我們能以振盪的電場去激發SPR。由於表面等離子共振時會產生巨大的增強電場，這令他在近場光學與納米光學中有著廣泛的應用。例如：微流控芯片、等離子波導、隱形裝置等等。 / 在這論文中，我們會研究納米金屬體之間的作用力。基於以下原因，這在納米技術中是一個重要課題。第一，當了解到物體之間的作用力後，我們可以以此開發出把納米尺寸的物體移動與放置的方法，有助於用自下而上式的方法製作納米器件。第二，物體之間的作用力會改變器件中納米顆粒的位置，因而會影響器件的特性。 / 在一般情況下，納米尺寸的物體的作用力都可以略去不理的，因為作用力是與體積成正比。但是，當表面等離子共振發生時，相互作用力會急速地增強。這增強是由於金屬顆粒的電偶會急速地增強的原故。我們稱這現象為「表面等離子共振增強光泳」 (SPREP). / 這論文由三個主要部份組成。第一部份，我們研究一帶梯度的金屬納米球與一振盪及旋進電偶之間的相互作用。我們以第一原理進路去解決這問題，並作了長波長假設。我們的解析解能夠處理多極效應，這效應在外場不均勻時是不可忽略的。我們探討了作用力、力矩、電場分佈。更發現了，當金屬納米球的梯度很高時，電偶與金屬納米球之間與有一穩定的力平衡。這研究有助於開發新型的光學鑷子。 / 第二部份，我們探討兩個金屬納米球之間的 SPREP，我們介紹了不同的計算方法。Bergman-Milton譜表示以及多重鏡象法。 兩個金屬納米球之間也有著穩定的平衡， 這表示在一群納米球中，可能有著穩定結構。這穩定的平衡，是由於表面等離子共振的頻率與相互距離有關，這是一種多體效應。這研究有助於了解納米簇的結構形成。 / 最後，我們以離散偶極子近似法(DDA)研究多體問題，雖然DDA並不是精確解，但當顆粒之間相距不太接近時，這依然是一個良好的近似。當顆粒的數量太多時，我們以等效介質理論去著手，不再考慮每一顆粒各自的位置，而只考慮顆粒的濃度。 / Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is the collective electrons excitations, which occurred at the metal-dielectric interfaces and can be induced by an oscillating electric field. Because of the large field enhancement, SPR has a wide range of applications in near field optics and nano-optics, such as biosensors, lab-ona- chip devices, plasmonic waveguides, and cloaking devices. / In this thesis, we study the interparticle forces between metallic nanosized objects. It is an important topic in nanotechnology for at least two reasons. Firstly, the study of the interparticle forces may provide methods to control the motion and position of nano-size objects, which can be used to fabricate artificial nano-structure by bottom up approach. Secondly, the force can change the arrangement of the particles in the nanodevices and hence affecting the property of the devices. / The interparticle forces of nano-sized dielectric particles are negligible, since the force is proportional to the volume of the objects. However, the interparticle forces of metallic particles will be greatly enhanced when SPR occurs, which is able to compensate the volume effect. This phenomenon is called surface plasmon resonance enhanced photophoresis (SPREP), which is one of the consequences of the rapid increase in the dipole moment in the particles. / This thesis is consisted of three main parts. In the first part, we study the SPREP between a graded metallic nanosphere and a point dipole which is undergo oscillation and precession. A first principle approach is applied to handle this problem. Our analytic solutions are able to capture the multipole effect, which cannot be neglected in highly non-uniform fields. We have analyzed three important physical quantities: the induced force, the induced torque, and the field distribution. Furthermore, we find that there is a binding between the nanoparticle and the dipole source, when the gradation of the graded particles is large enough. This study has a potential application in developing a novel kind optical tweezers. / In the second part, we study the SPREP between two metallic nanoparticles. The force spectra are calculated by two different methods: Bergman- Milton spectral representation and multiple image method. The binding between two nanoparticles is observed, which indicates a possible stable structure among the metallic clusters. The binding is caused by the excitation of collective plasmon modes, and the consequence that the resonance poles sℓ are the functions of separation distances. This study may provide a better understanding in the structure formation of colloidal clusters in nano-scales. / Finally, we consider a many-particle system by the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) and effective medium theory. Although, the DDA is not an exact formalism, it is a suitable approximation for considering finite number of particles, if the distances among particles are not too close. When the number of particles in the host solution is large, we can use the effective medium theory to handle the problem. Instead of considering all discrete particles individually, we will consider the interaction between a single particle and a new effective host solution, where the dielectric function of the effective host solution is determined by the concentration of nanoparticles in the host solution. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Kin Lok = 納米金屬顆粒中的表面等離子共振增強光泳 / 陳建樂. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-94). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chan, Kin Lok = Na mi jin shu ke li zhong de biao mian deng li zi gong zhen zeng qiang guang yong / Chen Jianle. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Nanoparticles and nanotechnology --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The history of nanoparticles and nano-optics --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Applications of nanoparticles --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Optical applications --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Biological and medical applications --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Electrokinetics of nanoparticles --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Review on recent work on electrokinetics --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives of the thesis --- p.6 / Chapter 2 --- Basic Principles --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Drude model --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Complex dielectric function --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Electric field in an imperfect conductor --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Effective medium theory --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Maxwell-Garnett approximation --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Bruggeman approximation --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Bergman-Milton spectral representation (BMSR) --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Effective dielectric function of shelled sphere --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.5 --- Surface plasmon resonance enhanced photophoresis (SPREP) --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6 --- Justification of long wavelength limit --- p.23 / Chapter 3 --- Manipulation of Nanoparticles by a Single Dipole Source --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Formalism --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Electrostatic potential of a dipole --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Electrostatic potential of a dipole in terms of multipole expansion --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Laplace's equation of graded sphere --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Boundary value problem --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Force --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Torque --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- Result and discussion --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Force --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Torque --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Electric field distribution --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.48 / Chapter 4 --- Interaction between Two Objects --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- Interaction between two particles --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Dipole approximation --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Multiple images method --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Bergman-Milton spectral representation for collection of grains --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Equation of motion --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Result and discussion --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3 --- Particle near a conducting plane --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Dipole approximation --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Multiple image method --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Result and discussion --- p.70 / Chapter 5 --- Many-particle Systems --- p.72 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discrete dipole approximation --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 2-particle system --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 4-particle system --- p.74 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Result and discussion --- p.75 / Chapter 6 --- Concentration Effect --- p.80 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.80 / Chapter 6.2 --- Formalism --- p.81 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Result and discussion --- p.83 / Chapter 7 --- Summary --- p.88 / Bibliography --- p.90 / Chapter A --- Eigenfunctions, Eigenvalues, and Green's function --- p.95 / Chapter A.1 --- Isolated sphere --- p.95 / Chapter A.1.1 --- Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues --- p.96 / Chapter A.1.2 --- Green's function --- p.98 / Chapter A.2 --- Planar interface --- p.98 / Chapter A.2.1 --- Eigenfunctions and eigenvalues --- p.99 / Chapter A.2.2 --- Green's function --- p.100 / Chapter B --- Property of Spherical Harmonics and Associated Legendre Polynomials --- p.101 / Chapter B.1 --- Complex conjugate of Yℓm(Ω): --- p.102 / Chapter B.2 --- Differential Property --- p.102 / Chapter B.3 --- Limiting value --- p.102

表面等離子體激元和熒光分子之間的電磁相互作用已因廣泛應用於量子運算中的量子信息處理和分子生物技術的分子檢測而得到相當大的關注。雖然通過把熒光分子放置在電漿系統旁來改善熒光分子的發光度和方向性已被廣泛接受，但是了解表面等離子體激元和熒光材料之間的相互作用的物理亦是很重要的。 / 在這篇論文中，我們將研究在二維納米銀洞陣列上有機染料帶方向性的發光特性。通過量度在每個角度的反射和熒光發光光譜，我們可以繪製出二維納米銀洞陣列所產生的電磁共振模式的色散關係及熒光材料發光度與方向的關係。此外，在陣列上以不同方向行走的表面等離子體激元的衰變壽命亦被找出。我們亦將反射率和熒光發光光譜進行比較，從而發現熒光發光的加強跟表面等離子體激元的光譜位置、衰變後傳播的方向、它的衰變壽命和它的耦合效率有十分密切的關係。為了解背後的物理，我們建立了一個理論模型去區分能量從有機染料轉移到表面等離子體激元的過程與表面等離子體激元衰變過程對表面等離子體激元改變熒光材料發光度的影響。因此，我們可以對能量從有機染料轉移到表面等離子體激元的過程與方向的關係進行定量分析。最後，我們的研究結果與由有限差分時域模擬計算所得的結果吻合。結論得出在二維納米銀洞陣列上所實現的表面等離子體激元増加有機染料光提取效率與三維空間中方向的關係是源於電漿帶隙的產生所引致的態密度重整及分配。 / The electromagnetic interaction between surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and fluorescent molecules has been capturing considerable attention for a wide variety of applications ranging from quantum information processing in quantum computing to molecule detection in biotechnology. Although it is widely accepted that the light emission efficiency and directionality are improved by placing the fluorescent molecules in close proximity to a plasmonic system, the understanding of the physics on how SPPs interact with the fluorescent materials is of importance. / In this thesis, the directional emission properties of LDS organic dyes supported on two-dimensional Ag nanohole array is studied. Angle-resolved reflectivity and photoluminescence spectroscopy have been employed to map out the dispersion relations of electromagnetic resonance modes arising from the array and the dependence of plasmonic emission on emission angle. In addition, the decay lifetimes of SPP modes in different propagation directions in array have been determined. By comparing the reflectivity and photoluminescence mappings, we find that the emission enhancement is strongly correlated with the spectral and angular positions of SPP modes together with their lifetimes and coupling efficiencies. To understand the underlying physics, we have developed an analytical model to differentiate the surface plasmon mediated emission (SPME) into energy transfer from LDS to SPPs and the radiative decay of surface plasmons. As a result, the directional dependence of the energy transfer process can then be analyzed quantitatively. Finally, our results are compared with the finite-difference-time-domain simulations with good agreement. It is concluded that the directional dependence of the surface plasmon mediated emission is attributed to the redistribution of the density of states in the periodic nanohole array due to the opening of the plasmonic gaps. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Kay Fung = 表面等離子體激元改變納米金屬洞陣列上發光材料的光提取效率 / 陳其鋒. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-123). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chan, Kay Fung = Biao mian deng li zi ti ji yuan gai bian na mi jin shu dong zhen lie shang fa guang cai liao de guang ti qu xiao lu / Chen Qifeng. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and surface plasmon mediated emission (SPME) --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Directional surface plasmon mediated emission (SPME) on metallic nanohole array --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Our analytical model of surface plasmon mediated emission --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Formalism of rate equations --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Determination of the directional dependence of the coupling efficiency from decay rates of the SPP and the fluorescent material --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Theory of surface plasmon polaritons --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Maxwell’s equations and the boundary conditions for electromagnetic waves --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Dielectric constant of metal --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Master equation for electromagnetic waves, the Bloch form of SPPs and the dispersion relation of SPPs at the interface between dielectric and metal --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Excitation of surface plasmon polaritons by grating coupling --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5 --- Decay of surface plasmon polaritons --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Non-radiative decay --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Radiative decay --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Experimentation and Simulation --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Interference lithography [2.2, 3.7, 3.8] --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- E-beam evaporation --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Spin coating of florescence material --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2 --- Measurements --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Angle-resolved specular reflection measurement [3.10] --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Angle-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy [3.11] --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- K-space (Fourier space) imaging [3.12, 3.13, 3.14] --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- FDTD --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Theory of FDTD --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Simulation of the reflectivity of plane wave --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Simulation of the field pattern with a dipole source --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Near-to-far field projection --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Near field pattern in k-space --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Analysis --- p.62 / Chapter 4.1 --- Angle-resolved reflectivity measurement --- p.62 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- SPP mode identification --- p.62 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Wavelength dependence of uncoupled SPPs decay rates --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Directional dependence of uncoupled SPPs decay rates --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- Angle-resolved PL spectroscopy --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Comparison with the angle-resolved reflectivity --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Differentiation of the resonance and off-resonance positions on the PL mapping --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3 --- K-space imaging --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Reflectivity and the comparison with the phase - matching equation --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- k-space imaging of the PL emission --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4 --- Directional dependence of the emission factor --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5 --- Directional dependence of the coupling rate of the LDS emission to the SPP mode --- p.94 / Chapter 4.6 --- Near field in k-space from the FDTD method --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.113 / Bibliography --- p.115

Silicon photonics is the study and application of photonic systems, which use silicon as an optical medium. Data is transferred in the systems by optical rays. This technology is seen as the substitutions of electric computer chips in the future and the means to keep tack on the Moore’s law. Cavity optomechanics is a rising field of silicon photonics. It focuses on the interaction between light and mechanical objects. Although it is currently at its early stage of growth, this field has attracted rising attention. Here, we present highly sensitive optical detection of acceleration using an optomechanical accelerometer. The core part of this accelerometer is a slot-type photonic crystal cavity with strong optomechanical interactions. We first discuss theoretically the optomechanical coupling in the air-slot mode-gap photonic crystal cavity. The dispersive coupling gom is numerically calculated. Dynamical parametric oscillations for both cooling and amplification, in the resolved and unresolved sideband limit, are examined numerically, along with the displacement spectral density and cooling rates for the various operating parameters. Experimental results also demonstrated that the cavity has a large optomechanical coupling rate. The optically induced spring effect, damping and amplification of the mechanical modes are observed with measurements both in air and in vacuum. Then, we propose and demonstrate our optomechanical accelerometer. It can operate with a resolution of 730 ng/Hz¹/² (or equivalently 40.1 aN/Hz¹/²) and with a transduction bandwidth of ≈ 85 kHz. We also demonstrate an integrated photonics device, an on-chip spectroscopy, in the last part of this thesis. This new type of on-chip microspectrometer is based on the Vernier effect of two cascaded micro-ring cavities. It can measure optical spectrum with a bandwidth of 74nm and a resolution of 0.22 nm in a small footprint of 1.5 mm².