No description available.

Dental caries is the most common oral disease in the world, and in developed nations, it affects almost everyone. Worldwide, large variations in the trends with regard to the prevalence and the severity of dental caries have been reported. In South Africa, numerous studies to determine the caries prevalence and severity of different population groups have been carried out in the past. However, only three studies were conducted on a national scale; Williams in 19842 reported on the dental health status of 12-year-old children representing the whole country, the National Department of Health conducted a National Oral Health Survey in 1988/19893 to determine the oral health status of adults and children in the five major metropolitan areas in South Africa, and the most recent National Oral Health Survey was conducted during the period July 1999 to June 20024 and was restricted to 4- to 5- year-, 6-year-, 12-year and 15-year-old children in South Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the trends in dental caries prevalence and severity amongst South African children over a period of time by comparing the results obtained from the 1982/1983 National Oral Health Survey with results obtained from the 1988/1989 National Oral Health Survey and/or with results obtained from the 1999/2002 National Oral Health Survey. The statistical methods employed, appeared to be useful to determine the trends in dental caries prevalence and severity amongst South African children, over the period 1982 to 2002, in selected (identified) geographical locations and also in terms of age, race and gender. Although it became evident, through this research, that there is a decline in the prevalence of dental caries amongst all the population groups, from 1982 to 2002, Coloured children presented with a relatively higher prevalence and severity of dental caries when compared with Asian, Black and White children in South Africa. The results mainly showed a higher prevalence and severity of dental caries in the primary than permanent dentition amongst 6-year-old children; and there was also a significant increase in the prevalence and severity of dental caries from the 12-year-old to the 15-year-old group. Through this research, it became evident that there is higher dental caries prevalence and severity rates in the coastal regions (Metro Cape, Port Elizabeth and Durban) as compared to an interior region (Bloemfontein). It was also observed that although the severity (dmft/DMFT) of dental caries decreased during the past 20 years; the percentage of untreated caries in 12-year and 15-year-old children increased; however, at the same time the percentage of untreated caries in 6-year-old children decreased. It was found that the number of filled teeth (FT) contributes the most to the caries experience amongst 12-year- and 15-year-old White children. However, more than 70 percent of dental caries, in 6-year-, 12-year- and 15-year-old children, go untreated. These results obtained from this study entitled: Trends in dental caries prevalence and severity in South Africa; can be useful in attempting to design intervention strategies to address dental caries in South Africa. / Dissertation (MSc (Odont))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Community Dentistry / MSc (Odont) / unrestricted

Este levantamento retrospectivo teve por objetivos verificar quais animais de companhia foram levados para atendimento odontológico, avaliar quais foram as afecções mais freqüentes na cavidade oral destes animais, avaliar o grau de conscientização dos proprietários e a metodologia de preenchimento dos prontuários. As 3055 fichas cadastradas em um período de 44 meses foram analisadas de forma seqüencial. Os dados coletados foram espécie, raça, sexo, idade, peso, realização de consulta prévia ao tratamento, afecção presente, realização ou não de tratamento após consulta e retorno após um ano. As moléstias foram divididas em doença periodontal grave, moderada e leve, gengivite, fratura dental e qual dente foi acometido, presença de pelo menos um dente com lesão de reabsorção odontoclástica dos felinos, presença de complexo gengivite-estomatite-faringite nos felinos, fraturas em mandíbula e maxila, neoplasias benignas e malignas, persistência de dentes decíduos e alterações específicas dos sagüis, roedores e lagomorfos domésticos. Após o levantamento, as informações obtidas foram analisadas estatisticamente pelo teste de Qui-quadrado para avaliar a correlação de cada afecção com variáveis como faixa etária, sexo, e tamanho do animal. Das 3055 fichas avaliadas, 2300 foram de caninos, 588 de felinos, 99 de chinchilas, 41 de sagüis, 17 de porquinhos da índia, 9 de coelhos e uma de hamster. Para os cães e gatos, a afecção periodontal foi a de maior freqüência, acometendo 71,4% dos cães e 74% dos gatos. Observou-se correlação estatisticamente significante entre a doença periodontal e tamanho e idade do animal. A doença periodontal é mais freqüente em animais de mais idade (acima de 7 anos) e de porte pequeno (abaixo de 10 quilogramas), enquanto a gengivite ocorre mais em animais mais jovens ou com mais de trinta quilogramas. A persistência de dentes decíduos esteve freqüente em 11,6% dos cães, acometendo de forma estatisticamente significante os animais com menos de dez quilogramas. As fraturas dentais estavam presentes em 20,4% dos cães e 30,6% dos gatos, sendo que em ambas as espécies, os caninos foram os dentes que mais fraturaram. Entre os felinos, 41% apresentaram pelo menos um dente com lesão de reabsorção odontoclástica e 11,7%, complexo gengivite-estomatite-faringite. As neoplasias benignas e malignas acometeram 11,05% dos cães e 9,18% dos felinos, sendo que o melanoma, o carcinoma e os epúlides foram os mais freqüentes no cão e o carcinoma foi a principal neoformação nos felinos. Para os roedores e lagomorfos, as pontas dentárias e o desalinhamento oclusal foram as alterações mais vistas. Nos sagüis, a doença periodontal e as fraturas de dentes caninos estiveram presentes em 43,9% e 56,1% dos casos, respectivamente. Dos cães e gatos que fizeram consulta, 79% realizaram tratamento e apenas 5% retornaram após um ano de tratamento. Pôde-se concluir que além dos cães e gatos, outras espécies são encaminhadas ao atendimento odontológico; que existem outras afecções, além da doença periodontal, que acometem a cavidade oral dos animais domésticos; que a saúde oral ainda não é prioridade para os proprietários e que as anotações realizadas durante a rotina de atendimento podem apresentar falhas / The aim of this retrospective survey was to evaluate which pet had been taken for dental consultation, to evaluate which had been the most frequent disease, to try to perceive the degree of awareness of the owners and to evaluate the fulfilling of the dental charts. The 3055 files registered during a period of 44 months were analyzed of sequential form. The collected data were species, race, sex, age, weight, accomplishment of previous consultation to the treatment, present disease, accomplishment or not of treatment after consultation and return after one year. The diseases were divided in severe, moderate or slight periodontitis, gengivitis, dental fracture, presence of at least one tooth with resorptive lesion, presence of gingivitis stomatitis faringitis complex, benign and malignant tumors, jaws fractures, deciduous tooth persistence, presence of carie and specific alterations of the marmosets, rodents and domestic lagomorfs. After the survey, the informations were analyzed statistical by Qui-square test in order to evaluate the correlation of each ilness with variable as age, sex and size of the animal. From the 3055 evaluated files, 2300 were dogs, 588 were cats, 99 were chinchillas, 41 were marmosets, 17 were Indian pig, 9 were rabbits and one was hamster., The prevalence of periodontitis in dogs and cats was 71,4% of dogs and 74% of the cats, occurring significant correlation between size and age of the animal. The periodontal disease is more frequent in older and smaller animals, while the gengivitis occurs more in younger animals or with more than thirty kilograms. The persistence of deciduous was frequent in 11,6% of the dogs been significant for the animals with less than ten kilograms. The dental fractures were present in 20,4% of the dogs and 30,6% of the cats, the canine teeth had been the more fractured. Between the cats, 41% had presented at least a tooth with resorptive lesion and 11.7% with gengivitis-estomatitis-faringitis complex The benign and malignant tumors were present in 11.05% of the dogs and 9.18% of the cats. The melanoma, the carcinoma and epulides were most frequent in the dog and carcinoma was the main tumor in cats. For the rodents and lagomorfos, the dental tips and malocclusions were the more frequent diseases. In the marmoset, the periodontal illness and the fractures tooth had prevalence of 43,9% and 56,1% of the cases, respectively. Dogs and cats that had made consultation, 79% had carried through treatment and only 5% returned for treatment after one year. It can be concluded that beyond the dogs and cats, other species are referred to a dental clinic; that other diseases exist, beyond the periodontal illness, that occurred in the domestic animals; that the oral health is priority to the owners yet and that the charts of the attendance may have imperfections

No description available.

Este levantamento retrospectivo teve por objetivos verificar quais animais de companhia foram levados para atendimento odontológico, avaliar quais foram as afecções mais freqüentes na cavidade oral destes animais, avaliar o grau de conscientização dos proprietários e a metodologia de preenchimento dos prontuários. As 3055 fichas cadastradas em um período de 44 meses foram analisadas de forma seqüencial. Os dados coletados foram espécie, raça, sexo, idade, peso, realização de consulta prévia ao tratamento, afecção presente, realização ou não de tratamento após consulta e retorno após um ano. As moléstias foram divididas em doença periodontal grave, moderada e leve, gengivite, fratura dental e qual dente foi acometido, presença de pelo menos um dente com lesão de reabsorção odontoclástica dos felinos, presença de complexo gengivite-estomatite-faringite nos felinos, fraturas em mandíbula e maxila, neoplasias benignas e malignas, persistência de dentes decíduos e alterações específicas dos sagüis, roedores e lagomorfos domésticos. Após o levantamento, as informações obtidas foram analisadas estatisticamente pelo teste de Qui-quadrado para avaliar a correlação de cada afecção com variáveis como faixa etária, sexo, e tamanho do animal. Das 3055 fichas avaliadas, 2300 foram de caninos, 588 de felinos, 99 de chinchilas, 41 de sagüis, 17 de porquinhos da índia, 9 de coelhos e uma de hamster. Para os cães e gatos, a afecção periodontal foi a de maior freqüência, acometendo 71,4% dos cães e 74% dos gatos. Observou-se correlação estatisticamente significante entre a doença periodontal e tamanho e idade do animal. A doença periodontal é mais freqüente em animais de mais idade (acima de 7 anos) e de porte pequeno (abaixo de 10 quilogramas), enquanto a gengivite ocorre mais em animais mais jovens ou com mais de trinta quilogramas. A persistência de dentes decíduos esteve freqüente em 11,6% dos cães, acometendo de forma estatisticamente significante os animais com menos de dez quilogramas. As fraturas dentais estavam presentes em 20,4% dos cães e 30,6% dos gatos, sendo que em ambas as espécies, os caninos foram os dentes que mais fraturaram. Entre os felinos, 41% apresentaram pelo menos um dente com lesão de reabsorção odontoclástica e 11,7%, complexo gengivite-estomatite-faringite. As neoplasias benignas e malignas acometeram 11,05% dos cães e 9,18% dos felinos, sendo que o melanoma, o carcinoma e os epúlides foram os mais freqüentes no cão e o carcinoma foi a principal neoformação nos felinos. Para os roedores e lagomorfos, as pontas dentárias e o desalinhamento oclusal foram as alterações mais vistas. Nos sagüis, a doença periodontal e as fraturas de dentes caninos estiveram presentes em 43,9% e 56,1% dos casos, respectivamente. Dos cães e gatos que fizeram consulta, 79% realizaram tratamento e apenas 5% retornaram após um ano de tratamento. Pôde-se concluir que além dos cães e gatos, outras espécies são encaminhadas ao atendimento odontológico; que existem outras afecções, além da doença periodontal, que acometem a cavidade oral dos animais domésticos; que a saúde oral ainda não é prioridade para os proprietários e que as anotações realizadas durante a rotina de atendimento podem apresentar falhas / The aim of this retrospective survey was to evaluate which pet had been taken for dental consultation, to evaluate which had been the most frequent disease, to try to perceive the degree of awareness of the owners and to evaluate the fulfilling of the dental charts. The 3055 files registered during a period of 44 months were analyzed of sequential form. The collected data were species, race, sex, age, weight, accomplishment of previous consultation to the treatment, present disease, accomplishment or not of treatment after consultation and return after one year. The diseases were divided in severe, moderate or slight periodontitis, gengivitis, dental fracture, presence of at least one tooth with resorptive lesion, presence of gingivitis stomatitis faringitis complex, benign and malignant tumors, jaws fractures, deciduous tooth persistence, presence of carie and specific alterations of the marmosets, rodents and domestic lagomorfs. After the survey, the informations were analyzed statistical by Qui-square test in order to evaluate the correlation of each ilness with variable as age, sex and size of the animal. From the 3055 evaluated files, 2300 were dogs, 588 were cats, 99 were chinchillas, 41 were marmosets, 17 were Indian pig, 9 were rabbits and one was hamster., The prevalence of periodontitis in dogs and cats was 71,4% of dogs and 74% of the cats, occurring significant correlation between size and age of the animal. The periodontal disease is more frequent in older and smaller animals, while the gengivitis occurs more in younger animals or with more than thirty kilograms. The persistence of deciduous was frequent in 11,6% of the dogs been significant for the animals with less than ten kilograms. The dental fractures were present in 20,4% of the dogs and 30,6% of the cats, the canine teeth had been the more fractured. Between the cats, 41% had presented at least a tooth with resorptive lesion and 11.7% with gengivitis-estomatitis-faringitis complex The benign and malignant tumors were present in 11.05% of the dogs and 9.18% of the cats. The melanoma, the carcinoma and epulides were most frequent in the dog and carcinoma was the main tumor in cats. For the rodents and lagomorfos, the dental tips and malocclusions were the more frequent diseases. In the marmoset, the periodontal illness and the fractures tooth had prevalence of 43,9% and 56,1% of the cases, respectively. Dogs and cats that had made consultation, 79% had carried through treatment and only 5% returned for treatment after one year. It can be concluded that beyond the dogs and cats, other species are referred to a dental clinic; that other diseases exist, beyond the periodontal illness, that occurred in the domestic animals; that the oral health is priority to the owners yet and that the charts of the attendance may have imperfections

The purpose of this research was to examine potential sustainable delivery methods for Oral Health Promotion (OHP) in developing populations in India, utilising non-dental rural community development groups, specifically those led by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) involved in community development. The focus of this research was based on a longitudinal cohort study experimental design for exploratory purposes conducted over a period of one year, using a randomised cluster sampling of community developmental projects within the rural-tribal villages of Ambernath, Maharashtra, India. The study was measured in 4 phases: oral health knowledge of village parents through a questionnaire, dental screenings of children, and integration of a ‘train-the-trainer’ type of Oral Health Awareness Programme (OHAP) for three test groups, followed by one-year comparison follow-up data. Findings show evidence of comprehension and dissemination of the information in the OHAP course. Screening data also showed a reduction in decay in primary and permanent teeth in the children, after one year, and a positive change in oral hygiene behaviours. The collaboration and utilisation of non-dental NGO teams and local participatory groups from a ‘grass-roots’ level was proven to be effective for disseminating information and activities for oral health awareness and promotional programmes within these populations. Evidence supports a collaboration of these groups can be recommended for introducing a structured and understandable oral health programme utilising non-dental NGO and local participatory groups.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-caries effects of two plant extracts. The first chapter dealt with a review of the literature whose objective was to discuss the antimicrobial potential of Brazilian natural agents on the biofilm related to dental caries and gingivitis/periodontal disease. The research of the articles was carried out using PubMed. We found a total of 23 papers. Most of the studies were performed using planktonic microorganisms or under clinical trials. Nineteen articles were focused on cariogenic bacteria. From these nineteen articles, eleven were also about periodontopathogenic bacteria. Four studies addressed only periodontopathogenic bacteria. The most tested Brazilian natural agents were green propolis, essential oils of Lippia sidoides and Copaifera sp. Most of the tested agents showed similar results when compared to positive control (essential oils and extracts) or better effect than negative control (green propolis). More studies involving protocols closer to the clinical condition and the use of response variables that allows understanding the mechanism of action of natural agents are necessary before the incorporation of these natural agents into dental products. The second chapter aimed to test the effect of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Myracrodruon urundeuva All. and Qualea grandiflora Mart. leaves on the viability of the microcosm biofilm and on the prevention of enamel demineralization. The microcosm biofilm was produced on bovine enamel, using human saliva pool mixed with McBain saliva (0.2% sucrose) for 14 days. The biofilm was treated daily with the extracts for 1 min. M. urundeuva at 100, 10 and 0.1 g/ml and Q. grandiflora at 100 and 0.1 g/ml reduced cell viability similarly to the positive control and significantly more than negative control. M. urundeuva at 1000, 100 and 0.1 g/ml were able to reduce the counting formation unit-CFU counting of lactobacilli sp. and Streptococcus mutans, while Q. grandiflora at 1000 and 1.0 g/ml significantly reduced the S. mutans CFU counting. On the other hand, the natural extracts did not reduce the production of extracellular polyssacharides, lactic acid and the development of enamel caries lesions. The third chapter aimed to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of M. urundeuva and Q. grandiflora (alone or combined) on the viability of S. mutans biofilm and the prevention of enamel demineralization. S. mutans strain (ATCC 21175) was reactivated in BHI broth. Minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm eradication concentration were determined to choose the concentrations to be tested under the biofilm model. S. mutans biofilm (5x105 CFU/ml) was produced on bovine enamel using McBain saliva with 0.2% sucrose for 3 days. The biofilm was treated daily with the extracts for 1 min. M. urundeuva (isolated or combined) at concentrations equal or higher than 0.625 mg/ml was able to reduce the bacteria viability, whereas Q. grandiflora extract alone showed antimicrobial effect at 5 mg/ml only (p<0.05). On the other hand, none of the extracts was able to reduce the development of enamel caries lesions. Despite the tested natural extracts have antimicrobial effect; they are unable to prevent caries in enamel. / O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos antimicrobiano e anti-cárie de dois extratos de plantas. O primeiro capítulo se referiu a uma revisão da literatura cujo objetivo foi discutir o potencial antimicrobiano dos agentes naturais brasileiros sobre o biofilme relacionado à cárie dentária e à gengivite/doença periodontal. A pesquisa dos artigos foi realizada usando o PubMed. Foram encontrados 23 trabalhos. A maioria dos estudos foi realizada utilizando microorganismos na fase planctônica ou ensaios clínicos. Dezenove artigos foram focados em bactérias cariogênicas. Dos dezenove artigos, onze também eram sobre bactérias periodontopatogênicas. Quatro estudos abordaram apenas bactérias periodontopatogênicas. Os agentes naturais brasileiros mais testados foram própolis verde, óleos essenciais de Lippia sidoides e Copaifera sp. Os agentes testados apresentaram resultados similares quando comparados ao controle positivo (óleos essenciais e extratos) ou melhor efeito que o controle negativo (própolis verde). Mais estudos próximos da condição clínica e o uso de variáveis de resposta que permitam entender o mecanismo de ação são necessários, para permitir a incorporação desses agentes naturais em produtos odontológicos. O segundo capítulo teve como objetivo testar o efeito dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de Myracrodruon urundeuva All. e Qualea grandiflora Mart. sobre a viabilidade do biofilme microcosmo e na prevenção da desmineralização do esmalte. O biofilme microcosmo foi produzido em esmalte bovino, utilizando pool de saliva humana misturada à saliva de McBain (0,2% de sacarose) durante 14 dias. O biofilme foi tratado diariamente com os extratos durante 1 min. M. urundeuva a 100, 10 e 0,1 g/ml e Q. grandiflora a 100 e 0,1 g/ml reduziram a viabilidade dos microrganismos de forma semelhante ao controle positivo e significativamente maior do que o controle negativo. M. urundeuva a 1000, 100 e 0,1 g/ml foi capaz de reduzir a contagem de Unidade formadora de colônia-UFC para Lactobacilos totais e Streptococcus mutans, enquanto a Q. grandiflora a 1000 e 1,0 g/ml reduziu significativamente a contagem de UFC para S. mutans. Os extratos naturais não conseguiram reduzir a produção de polissacarídeos extracelulares-PEC, ácido lático e o desenvolvimento da lesão cariosa em esmalte. O terceiro capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de M. urundeuva. e Q. grandiflora (sozinhos ou combinados) sobre a viabilidade do biofilme de S. mutans e na prevenção da desmineralização do esmalte. Cepa de S. mutans (ATCC 21175) foi reativada em caldo BHI. Concentração inibitória mínima, concentração bactericida mínima, concentração inibitória mínima de biofilme e concentração de erradicação mínima de biofilme foram determinadas para escolher as concentrações a serem testadas sob o modelo de biofilme. O biofilme de S. mutans (5x105 CFU/ml) foi produzido em esmalte bovino, utilizando saliva de McBain com 0,2% de sacarose durante 3 dias. O biofilme foi tratado diariamente com os extratos durante 1 min. M. urundeuva (isolada ou combinada) nas concentrações iguais ou superiores a 0,625 mg/ml foi capaz de reduzir a viabilidade das bactérias, enquanto que o extrato da Q. grandflora apresentou efeito antimicrobiano somente a 5 mg/ml (p<0,05). Nenhum dos extratos reduziu o desenvolvimento da lesão da cárie. Apesar dos extratos naturais terem efeito antimicrobiano, são incapazes de prevenir o desenvolvimento da lesão cariosa em esmalte.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-caries effects of two plant extracts. The first chapter dealt with a review of the literature whose objective was to discuss the antimicrobial potential of Brazilian natural agents on the biofilm related to dental caries and gingivitis/periodontal disease. The research of the articles was carried out using PubMed. We found a total of 23 papers. Most of the studies were performed using planktonic microorganisms or under clinical trials. Nineteen articles were focused on cariogenic bacteria. From these nineteen articles, eleven were also about periodontopathogenic bacteria. Four studies addressed only periodontopathogenic bacteria. The most tested Brazilian natural agents were green propolis, essential oils of Lippia sidoides and Copaifera sp. Most of the tested agents showed similar results when compared to positive control (essential oils and extracts) or better effect than negative control (green propolis). More studies involving protocols closer to the clinical condition and the use of response variables that allows understanding the mechanism of action of natural agents are necessary before the incorporation of these natural agents into dental products. The second chapter aimed to test the effect of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Myracrodruon urundeuva All. and Qualea grandiflora Mart. leaves on the viability of the microcosm biofilm and on the prevention of enamel demineralization. The microcosm biofilm was produced on bovine enamel, using human saliva pool mixed with McBain saliva (0.2% sucrose) for 14 days. The biofilm was treated daily with the extracts for 1 min. M. urundeuva at 100, 10 and 0.1 g/ml and Q. grandiflora at 100 and 0.1 g/ml reduced cell viability similarly to the positive control and significantly more than negative control. M. urundeuva at 1000, 100 and 0.1 g/ml were able to reduce the counting formation unit-CFU counting of lactobacilli sp. and Streptococcus mutans, while Q. grandiflora at 1000 and 1.0 g/ml significantly reduced the S. mutans CFU counting. On the other hand, the natural extracts did not reduce the production of extracellular polyssacharides, lactic acid and the development of enamel caries lesions. The third chapter aimed to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of M. urundeuva and Q. grandiflora (alone or combined) on the viability of S. mutans biofilm and the prevention of enamel demineralization. S. mutans strain (ATCC 21175) was reactivated in BHI broth. Minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm eradication concentration were determined to choose the concentrations to be tested under the biofilm model. S. mutans biofilm (5x105 CFU/ml) was produced on bovine enamel using McBain saliva with 0.2% sucrose for 3 days. The biofilm was treated daily with the extracts for 1 min. M. urundeuva (isolated or combined) at concentrations equal or higher than 0.625 mg/ml was able to reduce the bacteria viability, whereas Q. grandiflora extract alone showed antimicrobial effect at 5 mg/ml only (p<0.05). On the other hand, none of the extracts was able to reduce the development of enamel caries lesions. Despite the tested natural extracts have antimicrobial effect; they are unable to prevent caries in enamel. / O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos antimicrobiano e anti-cárie de dois extratos de plantas. O primeiro capítulo se referiu a uma revisão da literatura cujo objetivo foi discutir o potencial antimicrobiano dos agentes naturais brasileiros sobre o biofilme relacionado à cárie dentária e à gengivite/doença periodontal. A pesquisa dos artigos foi realizada usando o PubMed. Foram encontrados 23 trabalhos. A maioria dos estudos foi realizada utilizando microorganismos na fase planctônica ou ensaios clínicos. Dezenove artigos foram focados em bactérias cariogênicas. Dos dezenove artigos, onze também eram sobre bactérias periodontopatogênicas. Quatro estudos abordaram apenas bactérias periodontopatogênicas. Os agentes naturais brasileiros mais testados foram própolis verde, óleos essenciais de Lippia sidoides e Copaifera sp. Os agentes testados apresentaram resultados similares quando comparados ao controle positivo (óleos essenciais e extratos) ou melhor efeito que o controle negativo (própolis verde). Mais estudos próximos da condição clínica e o uso de variáveis de resposta que permitam entender o mecanismo de ação são necessários, para permitir a incorporação desses agentes naturais em produtos odontológicos. O segundo capítulo teve como objetivo testar o efeito dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de Myracrodruon urundeuva All. e Qualea grandiflora Mart. sobre a viabilidade do biofilme microcosmo e na prevenção da desmineralização do esmalte. O biofilme microcosmo foi produzido em esmalte bovino, utilizando pool de saliva humana misturada à saliva de McBain (0,2% de sacarose) durante 14 dias. O biofilme foi tratado diariamente com os extratos durante 1 min. M. urundeuva a 100, 10 e 0,1 g/ml e Q. grandiflora a 100 e 0,1 g/ml reduziram a viabilidade dos microrganismos de forma semelhante ao controle positivo e significativamente maior do que o controle negativo. M. urundeuva a 1000, 100 e 0,1 g/ml foi capaz de reduzir a contagem de Unidade formadora de colônia-UFC para Lactobacilos totais e Streptococcus mutans, enquanto a Q. grandiflora a 1000 e 1,0 g/ml reduziu significativamente a contagem de UFC para S. mutans. Os extratos naturais não conseguiram reduzir a produção de polissacarídeos extracelulares-PEC, ácido lático e o desenvolvimento da lesão cariosa em esmalte. O terceiro capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de M. urundeuva. e Q. grandiflora (sozinhos ou combinados) sobre a viabilidade do biofilme de S. mutans e na prevenção da desmineralização do esmalte. Cepa de S. mutans (ATCC 21175) foi reativada em caldo BHI. Concentração inibitória mínima, concentração bactericida mínima, concentração inibitória mínima de biofilme e concentração de erradicação mínima de biofilme foram determinadas para escolher as concentrações a serem testadas sob o modelo de biofilme. O biofilme de S. mutans (5x105 CFU/ml) foi produzido em esmalte bovino, utilizando saliva de McBain com 0,2% de sacarose durante 3 dias. O biofilme foi tratado diariamente com os extratos durante 1 min. M. urundeuva (isolada ou combinada) nas concentrações iguais ou superiores a 0,625 mg/ml foi capaz de reduzir a viabilidade das bactérias, enquanto que o extrato da Q. grandflora apresentou efeito antimicrobiano somente a 5 mg/ml (p<0,05). Nenhum dos extratos reduziu o desenvolvimento da lesão da cárie. Apesar dos extratos naturais terem efeito antimicrobiano, são incapazes de prevenir o desenvolvimento da lesão cariosa em esmalte.

The elderly population in Sweden is growing and as a result of that, society is facing different types of challenges. Oral hygiene is important for preventing oral disease but also for the general health (GH). A goal for the Swedish dental society is that every inhabitant should have an equal right to dental-care and oral health (OH) under the same conditions. This is not only a challenge for dental staff but also for medical and healthcare personnel. Our hypothesis is that nursing staff do not possess the education needed regarding oral hygiene, especially not in relation to GH. The opinions regarding support for nursing staff differ between nursing staff and managers. This study was conducted through questionnaire interviews with managers and nursing staff at geriatric homes in three municipalities in the county of Västerbotten. Questions were asked about education and routines, performance of oral care, and OH linked to GH. Response frequencies were compared between municipalities, professions, and response options. A significant lower part (p &lt;0.001) of nursing staff found that non-existing oral care could cause suffering in the form of general disease than in the form of oral disease. The opinion differs between managers and staff in questions about established routines (p &lt;0.05). This study indicates that knowledge about relationships between oral and general health might be inadequate and that education is both wanted and needed among nursing staff. More extensive studies, and studies about how dental professions could support nursing staff in a better way is desirable.