No description available.

Yes / Cells encapsulation is a micro-technology widely applied in cell and tissue research, tissue transplantation, and regenerative medicine. In this paper, we proposed a growth of microtissue model for the human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell line and an oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line (ORL-48) based on a simple aerosol microencapsulation technique. At an extrusion rate of 20 μL/min and air flow rate of 0.3 L/min programmed in the aerosol system, HaCaT and ORL-48 cells in alginate microcapsules were encapsulated in microcapsules with a diameter ranging from 200 to 300 μm. Both cell lines were successfully grown into microtissues in the microcapsules of alginate within 16 days of culture. The microtissues were characterized by using a live/dead cell viability assay, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), fluorescence staining, and cell re-plating experiments. The microtissues of both cell types were viable after being extracted from the alginate membrane using alginate lyase. However, the microtissues of HaCaT and ORL-48 demonstrated differences in both nucleus size and morphology. The microtissues with re-associated cells in spheroids are potentially useful as a cell model for pharmacological studies. / Malaysia Ministry of Education (Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, FRGS Vot. 1482 and IGSP Vot. 679).

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common head and neck cancer, with a worldwide incidence of 275,000 new cases annually (Warnakulasuriya, 2009). Globally, the head and neck carcinoma represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is the sixth most commonly occurring cancer (Warnakulasuriya, 2009). A majority (>90%) of the head and neck cancers are squamous in origin and thus are linguistically referred to as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) (Warnakulasuriya, 2009). HNSCC includes cancers of the oral cavity, larynx and pharynx; oral cancer being the most common (Warnakulasuriya, 2009). Although, HNSCC is the sixth most common cancer globally (Warnakulasuriya, 2009), the Indian scenario is graver. According to GLOBOCAN 2008 (http://globocan.iarc.fr), the worldwide age standardized incidence rate (ASR) for HNSCC (and thus OSCC) is 5.3 and 2.5 per 100,000 males and females respectively (Ferlay et al., 2010). In India, the ASR is 9.8 and 5.2 per 100,000 males and females respectively, clearly demonstrating a remarkably high incidence rate of OSCC (Ferlay et al., 2010; http://globocan.iarc.fr). OSCC is a peculiar cancer which is largely preventable and rarely presents as a familial disorder. The most common etiological factors associated with OSCC include tobacco and alcohol consumption (Johnson, 2001). Additionally, high risk human papillomaviruses (HPV strains 16 and 18) as well as genetic predispositions have been implicated. The treatment of OSCC mainly relies on surgical resection of the tumor. The site, size, depth of infiltration and proximity to the bone of the tumor determine whether a combination of surgery with radiation therapy or chemotherapy would be advised (Scully and Bagan, 2009). The concomitant chemo-radiation therapy is the most commonly used strategy in locally advanced cancer. Taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel) and platinum-based induction chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin) are the options in the treatment of locally advanced cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted with cetuximab in combination with radiotherapy has been successfully tested in a large randomized trial and thus is currently a new option (Scully and Bagan, 2009). The success of cetuximab has paved the path for the development and implementation of molecules targeting various signaling pathways. Despite extensive research on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the five-year survival rate has not changed in several decades with the exception of the targeted treatment strategies involving cetuximab as discussed above. The current chemotherapeutic approaches lack selectivity and are flagitious. Thus, effective treatment of OSCC requires the identification of molecular targets to design appropriate therapeutic strategies. To this end, the present study took three distinct approaches in order to validate the use of existing targets and to reveal novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. 1) Targeting the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway in OSCC and identification of determinants of its sensitivity. 2) Gene expression analysis of ectopically overexpressed TSC2 to identify new therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers as well as to elucidate the genes regulated by it. 3) Expression profiling of CYP1B1 in order to validate the use of CYP1B1 based prodrug therapy in OSCC. Investigations pertaining to the changes in gene and protein expression profiles in malignant as well as pre-malignant lesions have documented the deregulation of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR (phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT-mechanistic target of rapamycin) and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) pathways in OSCC which are being widely targeted in many therapeutic strategies (Molinolo et al., 2007; Chakraborty et al., 2008; Matta and Ralhan, 2009; Molinolo et al., 2009; Stransky et al., 2011). The PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway is a central hub for controlling cellular proliferation and growth in response to various intracellular as well as extracellular stimuli. Crucial signaling cascades including WNT, RAS, HIF-1α and AMPK cross-talk with the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway at a variety of molecular junctions. Thus, making this pathway sensitive to perceiving various growth modulatory conditions, ranging from the presence of growth factors to hypoxia and nutrient deprivation (Sengupta et al., 2010; Yang and Guan, 2007). The aberrant expression of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway in OSCC advocated the targeting of this coveted pathway (Chakraborty et al., 2008). In various cancers, the monotherapeutic treatments with inhibitors like LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and rapamycin (MTOR inhibitor) demonstrated reduced efficacies. Such reduced efficacies were attributed to the drug toxicity and non-specific action of LY294002 (Davies et al., 2000; Sun et al., 2005; Ikezoe et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009), or the ablation of a feedback inhibition loop leading to the reactivation of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway by rapamycin (O'Reilly et al., 2006; Carracedo et al., 2008). Thus, rapamycin or its analogues demonstrated mediocre efficacy due to cytostatic effects in clinical trials, primarily due to the paradoxical activation of major survival kinases namely MAPK and AKT (O'Reilly et al., 2006; Carracedo et al., 2008). The present study aimed at increasing the efficacy of these drugs by incorporating a combinatorial approach. The MTT assay demonstrated that prolonged monotherapeutic treatments with rapamycin led to a modest growth inhibition in three OSCC (KB, SCC131 and SCC084) and HeLa cell lines. Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation status of AKT and RPS6KB1 revealed that monotherapeutic treatments with rapamycin for 96 hr led to the reactivation of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway. Thus, the modest growth inhibitory effect of rapamycin was attributed to the reactivation of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway. A combinatorial treatment approach was hence believed to circumvent this problem in order to increase the efficacy of targeting the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 was used combinatorially with rapamycin. This prolonged dual combinatorial treatment regime was distinctly more efficacious than either of the drugs alone and led to a reduction in cellular viability accompanied by increased sub-G1 population, indicating marked cell death that was characterized as caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. The differential sensitivity of the cell lines towards this combinatorial treatment revealed a novel determinant of the sensitivity, the transactivation of EGFR. The cell lines (SCC131 and SCC084) that were capable of transactivating EGFR were relatively resistant to the dual targeting of PI3K and MTOR in comparison to cell lines that did not transactivate EGFR (HeLa and KB). Further, targeting PI3K, MTOR and EGFR simultaneously was more efficacious in the presence of EGFR transactivation than dually targeting PI3K and MTOR. The results conclusively proved that the combinatorial therapeutic approach dually targeting PI3K and MTOR is a promising treatment strategy as compared to a monotherapeutic treatment and a major factor determining the sensitivity towards this treatment is the status of autophosphorylation of EGFR (Tyr1173) which governs the potential for EGFR transactivation by the combinatorial treatment. Thus, this study demonstrated that the status of EGFR autophosphorylation (Tyr1173) can be used as a biomarker to predict the sensitivity towards the combinatorial targeting of PI3K and MTOR in OSCC. The PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway is negatively regulated by TSC2 (tuberous sclerosis complex 2; tuberin) (Tee et al., 2002). The importance of the TSC2 gene in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation is irrefutable. TSC2 facilitates the crosstalk between a variety of cellular signals, making it a crucial hub where many cellular networks integrate like AKT, MAPK and AMPK (Clements et al., 2007; Rosner et al., 2007; Rosner et al., 2008). It is a tumor suppressor gene and is downregulated in many cancers including OSCC (Chakraborty et al., 2008). In order to identify the genes regulated by TSC2 in OSCC, we stably overexpressed TSC2 in KB cells and the changes in the gene expression profiles caused by this ectopic overexpression were observed using a whole genome expression microarray. The results showed differential regulation of 268 genes (107 genes were upregulated and 161 genes were downregulated, p<0.05, fold change ≥ 1.5). A majority of these genes were functionally associated with transcription, cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and neurogenesis. Functional annotation and network analysis was performed by using the DAVID v6.7 and IPA version 8.7 softwares. The microarray data revealed a novel aspect in the crosstalk between WNT signaling and TSC2, namely the transcriptional regulation of WNT signaling by TSC2. Further, in the context of therapeutic applications, the microarray analysis revealed multiple genes that were functionally categorized to be involved in response to radiation, UV and drugs (e.g., SERPINB13 and IL1B). Future studies on the regulation of such genes that are involved in responses to drugs and radiation may give insights into the role of TSC2 in resistance or sensitivity towards chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Moreover, EREG, a member of the epidermal growth factor family, was found to be the most downregulated gene in the microarray analysis. Previous reports have documented elevated levels of EREG in tuberous sclerosis lesions and its association with poor clinical prognosis in OSCC patients (Li et al., 2008; Shigeishi et al., 2008), making its regulatory aspects intriguing. Additionally, published data on the transcriptional functions of TSC2 instigated us to analyze the role of TSC2 in the regulation of EREG. TSC2 has been shown to modulate the transcription mediated by members of the steroid receptor superfamily of genes (Henry et al., 1998) and was shown to bind specifically to ERα and inhibit estrogen induced proliferation (Finlay et al., 2004). Also, TSC2 has been shown to possess C-terminal transcriptional activation domains (Tsuchiya et al., 1996). We have therefore attempted to investigate the transcription related functional aspects of TSC2 by exploiting the observed transcriptional repression of EREG. The physiological roles of TSC1 and TSC2 that are independent of the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway have been termed as ‘non-canonical’ (Neuman and Henske, 2011). The repression of EREG by TSC2 was observed to be insensitive to rapamycin, suggesting that it was independent of MTORC1 and thus a non-canonical function of TSC2. To determine whether the repression in EREG was at the level of the promoter, we performed a dual luciferase reporter assay. The results showed that the EREG promoter was repressed by stable as well as transient overexpression of TSC2. In order to elucidate the mechanism of transcriptional regulation by TSC2, we performed the ChIP analysis to observe the in vivo binding of TSC2 to the EREG promoter. In the ChIP analysis with the anti-TSC2 antibody, we observed that TSC2 did not bind to the EREG promoter between the regions -857 bp to -302 bp or -325 bp to +165 bp. Further, in silico analysis revealed an interesting trend among the transcription factors that were differentially regulated by TSC2 and had putative binding sites on the EREG promoter. A majority of these transcription factors (17/21) were downregulated by the overexpression of TSC2. This observation suggested that the repression of EREG could be an indirect effect due to repression of transcription factors caused by overexpression of TSC2. On the whole, this study revealed novel functions of TSC2 in OSCC with implications in determining novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. As discussed previously, OSCC has a very flagitious treatment regime. A prodrug approach is thought to aid in targeting chemotherapy (Rooseboom et al., 2004). CYP1B1, a member of the cytochrome P450 family, has been implicated in chemical carcinogenesis (Bandiera et al., 2005; Sliwinski et al., 2010). There exists a general accordance that this protein is overexpressed in a variety of cancers (e.g., colon, lung, renal, bladder, prostate, breast, endometrial and esophageal cancers), making it an ideal candidate for a prodrug therapy (McFadyen et al., 1999; Murray et al., 2001; McFadyen et al., 2004; Sissung et al., 2006; Wen and Walle, 2007; Sliwinski et al., 2010). The activation of the prodrug facilitated by CYP1B1 would enable the targeting of chemotherapy to tumor tissues in which CYP1B1 is specifically overexpressed as a result reducing the non-specific side effects that the current chemotherapy elicits (Rooseboom et al., 2004). This study was aimed at validating the use of CYP1B1 as a target for the prodrug therapy in OSCC. The expression profile of CYP1B1 was analysed in a panel of 51 OSCC tumors, their corresponding normal tissues, an epithelial dysplasia lesion and its matched normal tissue by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry. Counterintuitively, CYP1B1 was found to be downregulated in 77.78% (28/36) tumor tissues in comparison to their corresponding normal tissues as well as in the epithelial dysplasia lesion compared to its matched normal tissue at the transcriptional level, and in 92.86% (26/28) of tumor tissues at the protein level. This clearly demonstrated the downregulation of CYP1B1 at the transcriptional and translational levels in tumor tissues in comparison to their corresponding normal tissues. These observations indicate that caution should be observed as this therapy may not be applicable universally to all cancers. Since CYP1B1 has been shown to be involved in the activation of pro-carcinogens (Murray et al., 2001; Bandiera et al., 2005; Sissung et al., 2006), its inhibition could facilitate the development of a prophylactic therapy for oral cancer. Overall, this study has identified the transactivation of EGFR as a determinant of sensitivity towards combinatorial targeting of PI3K and MTOR in OSCC and has demonstrated that the autophosphorylation of EGFR (Tyr1173) can be used as a marker to judge the sensitivity towards this treatment. In the clinical perspective, the identification of such markers would aid in predicting the efficacy of targeted therapies. Such investigations would enable the strategic treatment of OSCC patients, thus decreasing the time lost in trial and errors for determining the appropriate treatment. Additionally, this study elucidated a novel role of TSC2 in the transcriptional repression of EREG, a prognostic biomarker for OSCC. Further, the study revealed potential prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets that are regulated by TSC2 by using a whole genome expression microarray. Moreover, the counterintuitive downregulation of CYP1B1 in OSCC tumors suggested the possibility of a prophylactic therapy for oral cancer but also advised a precautionary note for the application of prodrug treatments based on CYP1B1 overexpression in OSCC.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for majority of head and neck cancers and ranks as the sixth most common cancer in the world. OSCC belongs to the most understudied cancers and little is known about molecular mechanisms underlying its etiology and progression to metastasis. A hallmark of cancer is the enhanced posttranslational modification of cell surface proteins with complex N-glycans. Our studies have shown that induced protein N-glycosylation via activation of the core N-glycosylation-regulating gene, DPAGT1, is associated with reduced E-cadherin adhesion, as well as deregulation of several oncogenic signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo. Modest increases in DPAGT1 expression are associated with dramatic amplification of Wnt/β-catenin activity and increased expression and nuclear localization of the Hippo pathway effectors TAZ /YAP. The goal of this study was to align the expression and localization of DPAGT1, complex N-glycans, β-catenin, and TAZ/YAP with the progression of oral cancer in vivo from dysplasia to OSCC. Human oral tissues from different stages of OSCC pathogenesis were characterized for DPAGT1/β-catenin/α-catenin/YAP/TAZ expression and localization and correlated with cell surface expression of complex N-glycans by PHA lectin staining and with expression of primitive cell surface markers, CD44, CD24 and CD29. Results showed that high DPAGT1 expression and nuclear TAZ became increasingly associated with disorganized E-cadherin junctions as oral epithelium progressed from mild to severe dysplasia to OSCC. This correlated with increasing expression of cell surface complex N-glycans and CD44. These studies suggest that DPAGT1/β-catenin/TAZ and high PHA staining represent novel signatures for OSCC pathogenesis.

Das neoplasias malignas que ocorrem na boca, 95% são representados pelo Carcinoma Epidermóide Bucal. Esta é uma doença usualmente agressiva, com comportamento biológico imprevisível e prognóstico desfavorável sendo a infiltração local e consequente emissão de metástases a principal causa de morte dos pacientes. A identificação de marcadores moleculares que possam predizer o curso clínico da doença, orientar a determinação do tratamento, bem como conduzir o desenvolvimento de novas terapias que melhorem os índices de sobrevida, tem sido o objetivo de inúmeras pesquisas. O presente estudo procurou determinar a correlação da expressão imunoistoquímica da c-erbB-2 e vimentina com características clínicas da neoplasia e o prognóstico dos pacientes a partir da análise retrospectiva de 65 casos de Carcinoma Epidermóide Bucal. c-erbB-2 e vimentina estavam expressos em 61,54% e 70,8% das amostras analisadas, respectivamente. Não foi observada correlação estatisticamente significante entre a expressão destes marcadores e as características clínicas avaliadas, porém houve uma tendência à expressão imunoistoquímica da vimentina em relação ao índice N. Quanto à sobrevida dos pacientes, esta foi influenciada pelo gênero dos pacientes, hábito de fumar cigarro, estádio clínico da doença, índice N e modalidade de tratamento submetido, sendo o gênero o único fator prognóstico independente detectado. A expressão imunoistoquimica da c-erbB-2 e vimentina não se demonstraram preditivos de sobrevida em carcinomas epidermóides de boca. / About of malignancies in oral mucosa, 95% are represented by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This disease is usually aggressive, with unpredictable biological behavior and poor prognosis and the local infiltration and consequent metastases the main cause of death of patients. The identification of molecular markers that may predict the clinical course of disease, guide the treatment as well as lead the development of new therapies that improve the rates of survival, has been the goal of many studies. This study examined the correlation of immunohistochemical expression of c-erbB-2 and vimentin with clinical features and prognosis of OSCC patients from the retrospective analysis of 65 cases. c-erbB-2 and vimentin were expressed in 61.54% and 70.8% of samples, respectively. There was no statistically significant correlation between the expression of these markers and clinical characteristics, but a tendency to vimentin expression in the lymph node status. The patients survival, was influenced by their gender, smoking habits the, clinical stage of disease, N index and modalities of treatment. The gender was the only independent prognostic factor detected. The immunohistochemical expression of c-erbB-2 and vimentin did not show up predictive of survival in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

A busca de marcadores moleculares para o refinamento diagnóstico, classificação e estabelecimento do prognóstico dos tumores, e individualização terapêutica tem sido foco de várias pesquisas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar, em carcinoma epidermóide de língua e/ou assoalho bucal, a presença de transcritos dos genes homeobox que pudessem se revelar marcadores moleculares de prognóstico e/ou agressividade tumoral. Após análise por microarray utilizando-se amostras de tumores e margens classificados como mais e menos agressivos, os genes homeobox HOXC13, HOXD10, HOXD11, IRX4, PROX1 e ZHX1 foram selecionados e sua hiper-expressão foi parcialmente validada por qRT-PCR. Observou-se aumento da expressão de HOXD10, HOXD11 e IRX4 em tumores com relação às margens correspondentes, bem como nos tumores menos agressivos em relação às suas respectivas margens. Por outro lado, os genes PROX1 e ZHX1 estavam mais expressos nas margens que nos tumores correspondentes. Esses resultados sugerem que a expressão alterada de HOXD10, HOXD11 e IRX4 pode participar no desenvolvimento do carcinoma epidermóide de língua e/ou assoalho bucal, enquanto os genes PROX1 e ZHX1 provavelmente exibem perda de função ou estão silenciados na neoplasia. Houve uma tendência de associação entre a expressão elevada de HOXD11 e presença de infiltrações linfática e perineural, e grau moderado de diferenciação da neoplasia, bem como entre a expressão elevada de HOXD10 e infiltração linfática. O gene IXR4 foi relacionado com um menor tempo de sobrevida global. Não foi possível estabelecer, dentre os genes homeobox validados por qRT-PCR, um gene ou uma combinação deles que pudesse(m) ser utilizado(s) como marcador(es) de agressividade tumoral. / The search for molecular markers to diagnosis improvement, treatment individualization and establishment of oral squamous cell carcinoma prognosis has been the focus of several studies. The present study investigated the presence of specific transcript of homeobox genes in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and/or floor of the mouth that might reflect relevant molecular markers of prognosis and/or tumor aggressiveness. After microarray analysis of tumor samples classified as more or less aggressive, and non tumoral margins, HOXC13, HOXD10, HOXD11, IRX4, PROX1 and ZHX1 selected and partially validated by qRT-PCR. Increased expression of HOXD10, HOXD11, IRX4 in tumors in comparison to margins as well as in less aggressive tumors related to their margins was observed. On the other hand, a decreased expression of PROX1 and ZHX1 was observed in margins compared to their respective tumors. These results suggest that the altered expression of HOXD10, HOXD11 and IRX4 may participate in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and/or floor of the mouth, while PROX1 and ZHX1 probably present loss of function or are silenced in tumors. A tendency of association between increased expression of HOXD11 and lymphatic and perineural infiltration, as well as moderately differentiated tumors, and increased expression of HOXD10 and lymphatic infiltration was observed. Still, increased expression of IRX4 may apparently influence global survival rate. However, the results of the present study must be confirmed in a greater number of samples, and complemented with the evaluation of HOXD10, HOXD11, IRX4 protein levels. It was not possible to establish, among homeobox genes validated through qRT-PCR, a gene or a combination of genes capable of predicting tumor aggressiveness.

Cancer, a disease of an uncontrolled cell division, growth and metastasis as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors and host response, is affecting populations worldwide. Etiology, pathogenicity, and genetics related to cancer are not well understood, and treatment has not been as effective as scientists have expected. Continual research is being done to improve current understanding and treatments. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers (representing >90 % of all head and neck cancers) involving neoplasms of the oral cavity and oropharynx. OSCC is a very pernicious malignancy developed from epithelial cells. There is evidence that a key N-glycosylation gene, DPAGT1, is associated with cancer. Although N-glycosylation of proteins is involved in organ development and homeostasis of tissue, overexpression of DPAGT1 has been implicated in oral cancer initiation and metastasis. Defects in N-glycosylation underlie congenital disorders, while hyper-N-glycosylation has been shown to be a feature of many cancers. The N-glycosylation pathway directs cell adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics by impacting the function of E-cadherin, a major epithelial cell-cell adhesion receptor. E-cadherin is a tumor suppressor responsible for the organization of multiprotein complexes named adherens junctions (AJs). In epithelial cells, stable AJs are essential for several cellular processes, including inhibition of cell proliferation, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and maintenance of an epithelial phenotype. Indeed, restoration of AJs has been shown to revert cancer cells from a mesenchymal to an epithelial phenotype and to reduce invasiveness. Previous work has shown that upregulation of DPAGT1 plays a pivotal role in driving canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling (also known as canonical Wnt signaling) that represses E-cadherin adhesions and drives tumorigenic phenotypes in oral cancer. This suggests a role in coordinating balance between proliferation and adhesion by DPAGT1. To date, little is known about the molecular and cellular details underlying differences among OSCC cell lines. CAL 27 and HSC-3 are human cancer cell lines commonly used to in laboratory OSCC research. The main differences between these cell lines include capsular tumors formed by CAL27 cells in nude mouse models in contrast to non-capsular and invasive tumors formed by HSC-3 cells. The goal of this study was to characterize biochemical differences between these two cell lines for further research.

O carcinoma epidermóide da mucosa oral (CEMO) é uma neoplasia maligna comum; no Brasil, são estimados, para 2016, 15.490 novos casos. A invasão óssea ocorre em casos avançados.; esta é classificada em erosiva e infiltrativa. Aparentemente, o processo de transição epitélio-mesenquimal, com o envolvimento da E-caderina, é implicado. Foi investigada a expressão de E-caderina, por meio da imunoistoquímica em 15 casos avançados de CEMO e avaliada sua correlação com as características clínicas e histológicas da invasão óssea. A imunoexpressão da E-caderina foi estudada nos 15 casos de CEMO com evidência histológica de invasão óssea. A maioria dos pacientes eram homens (10 pacientes) e apresentavam invasão em mandíbula (9 casos). A expressão de E-caderina foi negativa em CEMOs com invasão erosiva e positiva nos casos que apresentavam infiltração óssea. A expressão de E-caderina na invasão óssea sugere que a participação do fenômeno de transição epitélio-mesenquimal é um fator diretamente envolvido com o tipo de invasão óssea. / Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignancy; in Brazil it is estimated, in 2016,15.490 new cases. Bone invasion occurs in advanced cases; it is classified in erosive and infiltrative patterns. Apparently, the epithelial-mesenchymal phenomenon, with important participation of E-cadherin is implicated. We investigated the expression of E-cadherin in advanced OSSC and correlated its expression with the clinical characteristics and histologic patterns of bone invasion. Immunoexpression of E-cadherin was studied in 15 cases of OSCC with histological evidence of bone invasion. Most patients were men (10 patients) and presented mandible invasion (9 cases). The expression of E-cadherin was negative in OSCC in erosive bone invasion and positive in the infiltrative bone invasion. E-cadherin expression in bone invasion suggests that participation of epithelial-mesenchymal phenomenon is dependent on the patterns of tumour bone invasion.

A busca de marcadores moleculares para o refinamento diagnóstico, classificação e estabelecimento do prognóstico dos tumores, e individualização terapêutica tem sido foco de várias pesquisas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar, em carcinoma epidermóide de língua e/ou assoalho bucal, a presença de transcritos dos genes homeobox que pudessem se revelar marcadores moleculares de prognóstico e/ou agressividade tumoral. Após análise por microarray utilizando-se amostras de tumores e margens classificados como mais e menos agressivos, os genes homeobox HOXC13, HOXD10, HOXD11, IRX4, PROX1 e ZHX1 foram selecionados e sua hiper-expressão foi parcialmente validada por qRT-PCR. Observou-se aumento da expressão de HOXD10, HOXD11 e IRX4 em tumores com relação às margens correspondentes, bem como nos tumores menos agressivos em relação às suas respectivas margens. Por outro lado, os genes PROX1 e ZHX1 estavam mais expressos nas margens que nos tumores correspondentes. Esses resultados sugerem que a expressão alterada de HOXD10, HOXD11 e IRX4 pode participar no desenvolvimento do carcinoma epidermóide de língua e/ou assoalho bucal, enquanto os genes PROX1 e ZHX1 provavelmente exibem perda de função ou estão silenciados na neoplasia. Houve uma tendência de associação entre a expressão elevada de HOXD11 e presença de infiltrações linfática e perineural, e grau moderado de diferenciação da neoplasia, bem como entre a expressão elevada de HOXD10 e infiltração linfática. O gene IXR4 foi relacionado com um menor tempo de sobrevida global. Não foi possível estabelecer, dentre os genes homeobox validados por qRT-PCR, um gene ou uma combinação deles que pudesse(m) ser utilizado(s) como marcador(es) de agressividade tumoral. / The search for molecular markers to diagnosis improvement, treatment individualization and establishment of oral squamous cell carcinoma prognosis has been the focus of several studies. The present study investigated the presence of specific transcript of homeobox genes in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and/or floor of the mouth that might reflect relevant molecular markers of prognosis and/or tumor aggressiveness. After microarray analysis of tumor samples classified as more or less aggressive, and non tumoral margins, HOXC13, HOXD10, HOXD11, IRX4, PROX1 and ZHX1 selected and partially validated by qRT-PCR. Increased expression of HOXD10, HOXD11, IRX4 in tumors in comparison to margins as well as in less aggressive tumors related to their margins was observed. On the other hand, a decreased expression of PROX1 and ZHX1 was observed in margins compared to their respective tumors. These results suggest that the altered expression of HOXD10, HOXD11 and IRX4 may participate in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and/or floor of the mouth, while PROX1 and ZHX1 probably present loss of function or are silenced in tumors. A tendency of association between increased expression of HOXD11 and lymphatic and perineural infiltration, as well as moderately differentiated tumors, and increased expression of HOXD10 and lymphatic infiltration was observed. Still, increased expression of IRX4 may apparently influence global survival rate. However, the results of the present study must be confirmed in a greater number of samples, and complemented with the evaluation of HOXD10, HOXD11, IRX4 protein levels. It was not possible to establish, among homeobox genes validated through qRT-PCR, a gene or a combination of genes capable of predicting tumor aggressiveness.

Das neoplasias malignas que ocorrem na boca, 95% são representados pelo Carcinoma Epidermóide Bucal. Esta é uma doença usualmente agressiva, com comportamento biológico imprevisível e prognóstico desfavorável sendo a infiltração local e consequente emissão de metástases a principal causa de morte dos pacientes. A identificação de marcadores moleculares que possam predizer o curso clínico da doença, orientar a determinação do tratamento, bem como conduzir o desenvolvimento de novas terapias que melhorem os índices de sobrevida, tem sido o objetivo de inúmeras pesquisas. O presente estudo procurou determinar a correlação da expressão imunoistoquímica da c-erbB-2 e vimentina com características clínicas da neoplasia e o prognóstico dos pacientes a partir da análise retrospectiva de 65 casos de Carcinoma Epidermóide Bucal. c-erbB-2 e vimentina estavam expressos em 61,54% e 70,8% das amostras analisadas, respectivamente. Não foi observada correlação estatisticamente significante entre a expressão destes marcadores e as características clínicas avaliadas, porém houve uma tendência à expressão imunoistoquímica da vimentina em relação ao índice N. Quanto à sobrevida dos pacientes, esta foi influenciada pelo gênero dos pacientes, hábito de fumar cigarro, estádio clínico da doença, índice N e modalidade de tratamento submetido, sendo o gênero o único fator prognóstico independente detectado. A expressão imunoistoquimica da c-erbB-2 e vimentina não se demonstraram preditivos de sobrevida em carcinomas epidermóides de boca. / About of malignancies in oral mucosa, 95% are represented by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This disease is usually aggressive, with unpredictable biological behavior and poor prognosis and the local infiltration and consequent metastases the main cause of death of patients. The identification of molecular markers that may predict the clinical course of disease, guide the treatment as well as lead the development of new therapies that improve the rates of survival, has been the goal of many studies. This study examined the correlation of immunohistochemical expression of c-erbB-2 and vimentin with clinical features and prognosis of OSCC patients from the retrospective analysis of 65 cases. c-erbB-2 and vimentin were expressed in 61.54% and 70.8% of samples, respectively. There was no statistically significant correlation between the expression of these markers and clinical characteristics, but a tendency to vimentin expression in the lymph node status. The patients survival, was influenced by their gender, smoking habits the, clinical stage of disease, N index and modalities of treatment. The gender was the only independent prognostic factor detected. The immunohistochemical expression of c-erbB-2 and vimentin did not show up predictive of survival in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.