No description available.

Our goal was to develop a mucoadhesive, oral vaccination delivery platform designed to target Peyer’s patches at ileum. In order to achieve this, we prepared poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles of various sizes using W/O/W emulsification solvent evaporation and surface polymerization methods. We then coated and employed mucoadhesive polymers into the carrier system to enhance the residence time in the targeted site. Also we developed our own in vitro mucoadhesion testing ramp as an evaluation tool. Finally, nano- and micro-structured particles were manufactured as two different oral vaccine delivery systems (Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, SLNs; and Protein Coated Microcrystals, PCMC). After the model antigen, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was loaded into the SLNs or PCMC; mucoadhesive polymers were then incorporated and formulated the mixture into pellets. The pellets were then layered with an enteric coating, which was composed of a mixture of Eudragit® FS 30 D/Eudragit® L 30 D-55 for ileum targeted delivery. The in vitro mucoadhesion test ramp was capable of investigating the mucoadhesive properties of tablets and pellets, providing a rank order for study. Most important of all, it was anticipated that this might reduce the burden of testing animals for future proposed mucoadhesive studies. Microcapsules/beads of specific size were manufactured reproducibly by solvent evaporation and surface polymerization. Although we could not specify the cut-off size at the pyloric sphincter in mice, we concluded that the cut-off size at the pyloric sphincter in rats was approximately 2.5-3 mm, which was supported by both the biodistribution data and the direct image results from scintigraphy scanning. Moreover, we found that the particle size significantly alters the gastric emptying time in both rodent models. The small microcapsules/beads were hindered in the folds of the stomach (size 50-100μm for mice and size 0.5-1 mm for rats) and emptied the slowest, followed by the large particles, then the medium particles. Finally, PCMC and SLNs we manufactured were suitable carriers for protein API, such as BSA. These particles were of fitting size for M cell uptake, which would possibly induce mucosal immune responses. Therefore, an antigen containing PCMC and SLNs might be suitable platforms for oral vaccination. / text

Streptococcus gordonii, a commensal oral bacterium, is considered a good candidate to function as a live oral vaccine vector. The introduction of vaccine antigen genes into S. gordonii relies on the use of antibiotic resistance genes as selectable markers, which is undesirable. In this study, we used auxotrophic complementation (deletion of an essential gene from the chromosome and insertion into a plasmid) as a means to create an antibiotic marker-free gene delivery system in S. gordonii. S. gordonii ?thyA was created and complemented by an antibiotic marker-free expression plasmid containing the intact thyA gene, pDL276/thyAdelkan. Transformation of pDL276/thyAdelkan into the mutant gave an unexpected 100-fold increase in transformation efficiency as compared to pDL276. The transformants arose from both single and double crossing over. The increase in transformation efficiency suggests that a highly efficient antibiotic marker-free system to deliver genes to the chromosome has been created using thyA complementation.

No description available.

Clostridium difficile is a Gram positive pathogen of significant importance in the UK, Europe and the USA. No vaccine has been developed and current treatments are focused on hospital management and the use of antibiotics. The disease is spread in hospitals in the spore form and the role of spores in C. difficile infecton is poorly understood. In this project spores of C. difficile have been characterised. The proteins from the outermost layers of the spore were identified and the genes cloned. Three of these surface proteins have unique enzymatic properties that maybe important for symptoms of disease. The ability of C. difficile spores to adhere to intestinal cells was found to be far greater than with live cells and through this we have identified that the spore may play an important role in colonisation. The regulation of spore coat gene expression during sporulation was also examined and temporal phases of genes expression identified. A major part of this project was to develop a mucosal vaccine to C. difficile. The approach used was to clone the C-terminus of toxin A onto the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores and use these recombinant spores to immunise mice and hamsters. We found that oral delivery of these spores conferred 75% protection to C. difficile infection in a hamster model of infection. Further, parenteral immunisation of the same antigens (toxin A and B) failed to generate mucosal responses and this showed that mucosal immunisation is critical for good protection. Finally, we found that antibodies to the C-terminus of toxin A were cross reactive to the C-terminus of toxin B. This showed that mucosal delivery of just the C-terminus of toxin A is sufficient to confer protection in an animal model of infection. The outcome of this work is that we have shown the parameters for successful immunisation and vaccination against C. difficile.

Die chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulzerosa sind wiederkehrende, nicht heilbare, immunvermittelte Krankheiten unklarer Ursache. Genetische Prädisposition und Umweltfaktoren können die Barrierefunktion der Darmmukosa stören, so dass eine überschiessende Entzündungsreaktion folgt, die durch kommensale Bakterien der normalen Darmflora verstärkt wird. Die Infektion mit H. pylori im Magen kann zu Gastritis, Ulkuskrankheit und der Entstehung von MALT-Lymphomen und Magenkarzinomen führen. An der Erkennung von bakteriellen Bestandteilen im Gastrointestinaltrakt sind Toll-like-Rezeptoren (TLR), als Komponenten des angeborenen Immunsystems maßgeblich beteiligt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Veränderungen der Bakterienflora bei Ileitis, Colitis und bei Vorliegen einer H. pylori-Infektion im Mausmodell untersucht. Durch eine globale Florenanalyse mit klassischen mikrobiologischen und molekularbiologischen Techniken konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Konzentrationen an Gram-negativen Stäbchenbakterien während der Entzündung in Ileum und Colon anstiegen. Die bakteriellen Faktoren, die eine Ileitis induzierten, wurden durch den Einsatz von gnotobiotischen TLR-defizienten Mäusen mit definierter bakterieller Rekolonisierung ermittelt. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass eine Ileitis durch das LPS von akkumulierenden E. coli über die TLR4-vermittelte Signaltransduktion verstärkt wurde. Die Entzündungsreaktionen konnten durch Behandlung mit Antibiotika oder dem LPS-Antagonisten Polymyxin B gebessert werden. In Folge einer H. pylori-Infektion kam es im Mausmagen zu einer erhöhten Diversität der Bakterienflora durch die Besiedelung mit Bakterienarten, die normalerweise das Colon kolonisieren. Eine derartige Florenverschiebung konnte durch eine Vakzinierung gegen H. pylori verhindert werden. Die Tiermodelle zur T. gondii-induzierten Ileitis und DSS-Colitis erlauben eine reproduzierbare Analyse entzündungsrelevanter Komponenten und damit die Möglichkeit, therapeutische Ansatzpunkte, wie z.B. den Einsatz von Lipopolysaccharid-Inhibitoren, die Blockade von TLR4 oder dem LPS-Bindeprotein oder den Einsatz von Probiotika, unter definierten Bedingungen zu analysieren. / Inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic, relapsing, immunologically mediated disorders with uncertain etiology. Genetic abnormalities and environmental factors may have negative influences on the physiologic barrier function of the intestinal mucosa with inflamamtion coming up after immune response which is aggravated by commensal intestinal bacteria. The infection of H. pylori can cause gastritis and ulcus disease and contribute to the occurence of MALT lymphoma and gastric cancer. Bacterial ligands in the intestine are recognized by toll-like receptors (TLR) which are one component of the innate immune system. This study observed variations of the bacterial flora in mice with ileitis, colitis or H. pylori-infection. Performing a global survey of the intestinal flora combining culture based techniques with molecular methods, it was observed, that the concentration of gram-negative rods is elevated during ileitis or colitis. The bacterial factors, which are capable of inducing ileitis, could be confirmed using gnotobiotic TLR-deficient mice with a defined bacterial recolonization. It was clearly shown that ileitis was aggravated by LPS of accumulating E. coli through a TLR4-mediated signal transduction. The inflammation was ameliorated through antibiotic treatment or after application of the LPS-scavenger polymyxin B. H. pylori infection of mice leads to an increase of bacterial diversity in the stomach and bacterial species which are normally colonize the colon were detected after infection. Vaccination against H. pylori could prevent this diversity shift. The animal models for the T. gondii-induced ileitis and DSS-colitis used in this study offering the reproducible analysis of inflammation relevant components so that new approaches of treatment like inhibition of lipopolysaccharide, blockage of TLR4 or LPS binding protein or application of probiotics could be studied under well defined conditions.