Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:37:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gabia_aa_me_botfca.pdf: 416606 bytes, checksum: 894930ec055a3224888bc51077855bce (MD5) / Tylenchulus semipenetrans é o principal nematoide em citros, causando perdas que variam de 10 a 30%. Está amplamente disseminado nos pomares citrícolas do Brasil. Para determinar o nível populacional desse nematoide, que varia durante o ano, diferentes variáveis são utilizadas. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a flutuação populacional do nematoide T. semipenetrans em pomar de laranja ‘Pera Rio’ enxertada em limoeiro ‘Cravo’, correlacionar a população do nematoide no final de cada estação com a produção e correlacionar o número de fêmeas na raiz com o número de juvenis encontrados nas amostras de solo e raiz. As amostragens foram realizadas no final de cada estação climática, durante a safra 2011/2012, numa profundidade de 0-30 cm, na projeção da copa de 10 plantas sem sintomas, 10 com sintomas e as adjacentes das sintomáticas, totalizando 60 plantas. Os nematoides presentes no solo foram extraídos pela metodologia de flutuação em centrifuga e das raízes pela técnica do liquidificador e centrifugação. Os frutos de cada planta foram colhidos separadamente e pesados. Para contagem das fêmeas, 1g de raiz de cada amostra foi submetida à coloração para facilitar a contagem. O número de nematoides no solo e na raiz foram plotados em gráficos e correlacionados com dados de temperatura e precipitação pluviométrica pela análise de Pearson; os dados de peso de fruto por planta e número de nematoides em solo... / Tylenchulus semipenetrans is the main nematodes in citrus trees, causing losses ranging from 10 to 30%. It is widespread in the citrus orchards of Brazil. To determine the level of nematode population which varies over the year, different variable are used. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the fluctuation of nematode T. semipenetrans on acreage with orange ‘Pera Rio’ grafted on ‘Rangpur’, correlate the nematode population at the end of each season with the production and correlate the number of females in the root with the number of juveniles found in soil samples and root . Samples were taken at the end of each season climate, during the 2011/2012 season, at a depth of 0-30 cm, the crown projection of 10 plants without symptoms, 10 with symptoms and symptomatic adjacent plant, totaling 60 plants. The nematodes in the soil were extracted by centrifugal flotation method and the technique of the roots of the blender and centrifugation. The fruits of each plant were harvested and weighed separately. To count the number of females in the roots, 1g of each root sample was colored and subsequently dried. The number of nematodes in soil and roots were plotted on graphs and correlated with data on temperature and rainfall by Pearson analysis, the data for fruit weight per plant and the number of nematodes in soil and roots, on each season, were transformed and analyzed by Spearman correlation, considering both the significance level of 5%. The data on soil nematode, root nematode, sum of soil and root nematode and females per gram of root were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and subsequent to the correlation matrix. In the region of Botucatu, central western state of São Paulo, the largest population level of the citrus nematode occurred in late winter and lowest in late spring, and the nematodes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Silvia Renata Siciliano Wilcken / Banca: Sarita Leonel / Banca: Claudio Marcelo Gonçalves de Oliveira / Resumo: Tylenchulus semipenetrans é o principal nematoide em citros, causando perdas que variam de 10 a 30%. Está amplamente disseminado nos pomares citrícolas do Brasil. Para determinar o nível populacional desse nematoide, que varia durante o ano, diferentes variáveis são utilizadas. Sendo assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a flutuação populacional do nematoide T. semipenetrans em pomar de laranja 'Pera Rio' enxertada em limoeiro 'Cravo', correlacionar a população do nematoide no final de cada estação com a produção e correlacionar o número de fêmeas na raiz com o número de juvenis encontrados nas amostras de solo e raiz. As amostragens foram realizadas no final de cada estação climática, durante a safra 2011/2012, numa profundidade de 0-30 cm, na projeção da copa de 10 plantas sem sintomas, 10 com sintomas e as adjacentes das sintomáticas, totalizando 60 plantas. Os nematoides presentes no solo foram extraídos pela metodologia de flutuação em centrifuga e das raízes pela técnica do liquidificador e centrifugação. Os frutos de cada planta foram colhidos separadamente e pesados. Para contagem das fêmeas, 1g de raiz de cada amostra foi submetida à coloração para facilitar a contagem. O número de nematoides no solo e na raiz foram plotados em gráficos e correlacionados com dados de temperatura e precipitação pluviométrica pela análise de Pearson; os dados de peso de fruto por planta e número de nematoides em solo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Tylenchulus semipenetrans is the main nematodes in citrus trees, causing losses ranging from 10 to 30%. It is widespread in the citrus orchards of Brazil. To determine the level of nematode population which varies over the year, different variable are used. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluate the fluctuation of nematode T. semipenetrans on acreage with orange 'Pera Rio' grafted on 'Rangpur', correlate the nematode population at the end of each season with the production and correlate the number of females in the root with the number of juveniles found in soil samples and root . Samples were taken at the end of each season climate, during the 2011/2012 season, at a depth of 0-30 cm, the crown projection of 10 plants without symptoms, 10 with symptoms and symptomatic adjacent plant, totaling 60 plants. The nematodes in the soil were extracted by centrifugal flotation method and the technique of the roots of the blender and centrifugation. The fruits of each plant were harvested and weighed separately. To count the number of females in the roots, 1g of each root sample was colored and subsequently dried. The number of nematodes in soil and roots were plotted on graphs and correlated with data on temperature and rainfall by Pearson analysis, the data for fruit weight per plant and the number of nematodes in soil and roots, on each season, were transformed and analyzed by Spearman correlation, considering both the significance level of 5%. The data on soil nematode, root nematode, sum of soil and root nematode and females per gram of root were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and subsequent to the correlation matrix. In the region of Botucatu, central western state of São Paulo, the largest population level of the citrus nematode occurred in late winter and lowest in late spring, and the nematodes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Creasing, also known as albedo breakdown, is a preharvest disorder that affects the albedo of citrus fruit causing creases on the surface of the fruit. It is a recurrent problem in Navel and Valencia oranges and can cause individual orchard losses which often exceed 50%. Although the contributing factors are known, the physiological basis of creasing development is unresolved and the current control measures do not prevent creasing satisfactory. Hence, better control measures and further understanding of the physiology of creasing development is required. The objective of this two-year study was to determine if the position of fruit in a tree, light and carbohydrate manipulation techniques, and albedo mineral nutrients influence creasing development. Furthermore, the most effective application timing of gibberellic acid (GA3) with the least negative effect on fruit rind colour development and the effectiveness of cytokinins, other products and different root biostimulants to reduce creasing incidence were evaluated. The position of fruit in the tree and light influenced the development of creasing and the distribution of mineral nutrients in the albedo. Creasing incidence was higher on the south side than on the north side of the tree and fruit from the inside sub-sectors had a greater creasing incidence compared to fruit from the outside sub-sectors. The shady part of outside fruit was more creased compared to the sunny part of the fruit and covering fruit with brown paper bags increased creasing severity. The light manipulation techniques used on the leaves and fruit increased the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in the albedo and differences in the albedo mineral nutrients amongst the sub-sectors evaluated were observed, but creasing severity or creasing incidence was not significantly correlated with the albedo mineral concentrations at harvest. Albedo mineral concentrations earlier in the season may play a role in creasing development, as creasing severity was significantly correlated with copper (Cu), K, and Mn concentrations in the albedo during stage II of fruit development. Creasing incidence and albedo mineral concentrations were not affected by any of the carbohydrate manipulation techniques used in this study. The incidence and severity of creasing was significantly reduced, with a minor negative effect on fruit rind colour development, by the application of GA3, from mid November to mid January. Localised fruit application of CPPU [N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea], MaxCel (6- Benzyladenine) and CPPU in combination with calcium after physiological fruit drop reduced the incidence and severity of creasing, although creasing incidence was not significantly different from the control. The application of Messenger®, AVG (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) and different root biostimulants did not reduce creasing incidence. The results showed that cytokinins could reduce creasing incidence and justify further studies on application and uptake efficiency. The use of different root biostimulants are not recommended, but it is suggested that treatment effects may be more pronounced over a longer period. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kraakskil is ‘n vooroes abnormalitiet wat die albedo van sitrusvrugte affekteer, deur krake op die oppervlak van vrugte te veroorsaak. Dit is ‘n algemene probleem in Navel en Valencia lemoene en kan boordverliese van tot 50% of soms hoër veroorsaak. Alhoewel die bydraende faktore bekend is, is die fisiologiese basis van kraakskil ontwikkeling onopgelos en die beskikbare beheermaatreëls is nie bevredigend nie. Dus, beter beheermaatreëls en ‘n beter begrip van die fisiologie van kraakskil ontwikkeling is nodig. Die doel van die twee-jaar studie was om te bepaal of die posisie van vrugte in ‘n boom, lig en koolhidraat manipulasie tegnieke en minerale elemente in die albedo, kraakskil ontwikkeling beïnvloed. Die mees effektiewe toedieningstyd van gibberelliensuur (GA3) sonder ‘n negatiewe effek op vrugkleur is bepaal en die effektiwiteit van sitokiniene, ander produkte en verskillende wortel biostimulante om kraakskil voorkoms te verminder, is geëvalueer. Die posisie van vrugte in ‘n boom en lig het kraakskil ontwikkeling en die verspreiding van minerale element in die albedo beïnvloed. Kraakskil voorkoms was hoër aan die suidekant van die boom as aan die noordekant en vrugte in die binnekant van die boom het ‘n groter kraakskil voorkoms as vrugte in die buitekant van die boom gehad. Die skadukant van buitevrugte het meer kraakskil gehad as die sonkant en die toemaak van vrugte met ‘n bruin papiersak het die graad van kraaksil verhoog. Die lig manipulasie tegnieke wat op die blare en vrugte gebruik is, het die stikstof (N), fosfaat (P), kalium (K) en mangaan (Mn) konsentasies in die albedo verhoog en verskille in die albedo minerale elemente tussen sub-sektore is waargeneem, maar betekenisvolle korrelasies is nie tussen die graad en voorkoms van kraakskil en die albedo minerale element konsentrasies by oestyd waargeneem nie. Albedo minerale element konsentrasies vroeër in die seisoen mag ‘n rol speel by kraakskil ontwikkeling, omdat die graad van kraakskil betekenisvol gekorreleer was met albedo koper (Cu), K, en Mn konsentrasies tydens fase II van vrugontwikkeling. Kraakskil voorkoms en albedo minerale element konsentrasies is nie deur enige van die koolhidraat manipulasie tegnieke geaffekteer nie. Die voorkoms en graad van kraakskil is betekenisvol verlaag, met ‘n geringe negatiewe effek op vrugkleur, deur die toediening van GA3 vanaf mid November tot mid Januarie. Gelokaliseerde vrugtoedienings van CPPU [N-(2-chloro-4-piridiel)-N-phenielureum], MaxCel (6- Bensieladenien) en CPPU saam met kalsium na fisiologiese vrugval het die voorkoms en graad van kraakskil verlaag, alhoewel kraakskil voorkoms nie betekenisvol van die kontrole verskil het nie. Die toediening van Messenger®, AVG (amino etoksievinielglisien) en veskillende wortel biostimulante het nie kraakskil voorkoms verlaag nie. Die resultate het getoon dat sitokiniene kraakskil voorkoms kan verlaag en verdere studies op die toediening en opname effektiwiteit word aanbeveel. Die gebruik van verskillende wortel biostimulante word nie aanbeveel nie, maar die effek behoort meer sigbaar te wees na ‘n langer periode van behandeling.

Thesis (PhD )--Stellenbosch University, 1981. / EKSERP: Vanwee die voortdurende probleme wat die valskodlingmot, Cryptoph lebia leucotreta (Meyr.), by die verbouing van nawels in die Oos-Transvaalse Laeveld daarstel, is 'n indringende studie van hierdie insekprobleem onderneem. Die biologie van die insek is onder sowel laboratorium as natuurlike toestande nagevors. Daar is bevind dat temperatuur 'n belangrike rol in die ontwikkeling van die insek speel. By 20 tot 30°C het temperatuurstygings die ontwikkeling van die insek laat versnel. By 35°C het die lewensduur van die volwasse motte afgeneem en is geen eiers gelê nie . Die valskodlingmot is deur middle van 'n kunsmatige metode geteel om genoegsame proefmateriaal te verkry. Verskeie verbeteringe is in die bestaande tegniek aangebring.

Orientador: Leda Maria Caira Gitahy / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T12:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_GabrieladaRocha_D.pdf: 1636339 bytes, checksum: 82302fd4bce22098a561100b57f17d28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é entender o processo de transformação na cadeia produtiva da laranja no estado de São Paulo a partir da análise das mudanças tecnológicas introduzidas no setor produtor de laranja ao longo dos anos 2000. O estudo foca as mudanças tecnológicas relativas ao combate de doenças na lavoura citrícola, buscando analisar as controvérsias e as relações de poder presentes no processo de apropriação dessas tecnologias. As negociações em torno das formas de combate à doença da laranja conhecida como Huanglongbing (HLB ou greening) constituem o estudo de caso central na tese. O trabalho combinou a utilização de duas abordagens teóricas distintas: a cadeia global de mercadorias (global commodity chains) e a teoria ator-rede (actor network theory). A investigação também compreendeu a análise de dados empíricos a partir da realização de pesquisa de campo com diferentes estratos de produtores rurais de laranja e representantes institucionais da cadeia. Foi possível verificar que as políticas fitossanitárias de combate ao greening divulgadas pelos órgãos públicos e entidades representantes do setor não conseguiram conter o avanço da doença. Estes falharam em traduzir os interesses dos atores envolvidos na produção da laranja ao reduzir o controle a uma questão técnica desconsiderando o quadro de crise e de ampliação de assimetrias de poder na cadeia produtiva. Apesar da base técnica de controle de doenças adotada no setor apresentar sinais de esgotamento, medidas alternativas de controle esbarram nas exigências competitivas ditadas pelo modelo agrícola do setor e pela estrutura de governança da cadeia produtiva de laranja. Com o avanço do greening pelo estado de São Paulo desencadeia-se um processo de transformação sócio-técnica na cadeia produtiva da laranja cujas características principais são a crescente tecnificação do processo de produção e a ampliação das barreiras à permanência de produtores no setor / Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to understand the current transformation process in the orange production chain in Sao Paulo state on the basis of an analysis of technological changes in the sector over the years 2000. The study focuses on the technologies designed to combat diseases in citrus crops, trying to analyze the controversies and power relations present in the process of adoption of these technologies. Negotiations over the ways to combat the citrus disease known as Huanglongbing (HLB or greening) are the central case study in the thesis. The study combined the use of two distinct theoretical approaches: global commodity chains and actor network theory. The investigation also included the analysis of empirical data gathered through field research conducted with different strata of orange producers and institutional representatives of the productive chain. It was verified that the phytosanitary policies conducted by public entities and institutional representatives to combat the greening failed to contain the spread of the disease. These policies failed to translate the interests of the actors involved in orange production because they limited the combat of the disease to a technical issue ignoring the context of the crisis and the expansion of power asymmetries in the orange production chain. Despite the technical basis of disease control have shown signs of exhaustion, the adoption of alternative methods of control were restricted by the competitive requirements dictated by the "modern" agriculture pattern and the governance structure of the productive chain. With the spread of citrus greening disease in São Paulo state, there is the onset of a socio-technical transformation in the orange production chain, which main features are the increasing technification of the orange production process and the growing barriers to the stability of the current producers in the sector / Doutorado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Doutora em Política Científica e Tecnológica

The objectives of this study were to establish the effectiveness of chlorpyrifos in suppressing H. armigera population in oranges and to determine the effect chlorpyrifos had on the health of farm pesticide operators. Experiments showed that by applying chlorpyrifos on orange trees, H. armigera larvae population was suppressed significantly. High fruit yields were realized from trees that were sprayed with chlorpyrifos. Visual observation of personnel involved in pesticide related duties, revealed that judicious use of pesticides was not practiced by farm workers in all three farms. Data analysis from questionnaires, health records and interviews proved that farm workers suffered from illnesses that were pesticide related. It was mainly those farm workers in the age group of 31 to 35 years who suffered the most from pesticide related illnesses. / Agriculture and Life Sciences / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

The objectives of this study were to establish the effectiveness of chlorpyrifos in suppressing H. armigera population in oranges and to determine the effect chlorpyrifos had on the health of farm pesticide operators. Experiments showed that by applying chlorpyrifos on orange trees, H. armigera larvae population was suppressed significantly. High fruit yields were realized from trees that were sprayed with chlorpyrifos. Visual observation of personnel involved in pesticide related duties, revealed that judicious use of pesticides was not practiced by farm workers in all three farms. Data analysis from questionnaires, health records and interviews proved that farm workers suffered from illnesses that were pesticide related. It was mainly those farm workers in the age group of 31 to 35 years who suffered the most from pesticide related illnesses. / Agriculture and Life Sciences / M. Sc. (Agriculture)