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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The size of the navel-end opening is an important parameter for external fruit quality in navel oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to increase the percentage of closed navel-ends and reduce the size of the navel-end opening was conducted on six different navel orange cultivars. Treatments were applied at full bloom (FB), 100% petal drop (PD), as well as 2 weeks (2 WAPD) and 4 weeks after 100% petal drop (4 WAPD), at 15 mg·L-1 to 45 mg·L-1, to determine the most effective timing and concentration. The application of 2,4-D at FB consistently decreased the average navel-end size (all fruit) and increased the percentage of closed navel-ends in all the cultivars, with later applications at PD, 2 WAPD and 4 WAPD being generally ineffective, regardless of the concentration applied. There were no major negative side effects on internal and external fruit quality, except for the reduction in juice content (%), especially with the later treatments. Therefore, 15 mg·L-1 2,4-D at FB can be applied to increase the percentage of closed navel-ends and possibly increase export packouts. Navel oranges have a small secondary fruit located inside the primary fruit at the stylar-end and an opening at the stylar-end called the navel-end opening or the stylar-end aperture. Fruit growth and development was studied in three navel orange cultivars by measuring the primary fruit diameter, the secondary fruit diameter and the navel-end opening fortnightly, using both destructive and non-destructive sampling methods. The relationships between the primary fruit size, the secondary fruit size and the navel-end opening size were studied using correlation analysis. In addition, the effect of 2,4-D on fruit morphology, when applied as a treatment to reduce the size of the navel-end opening, was also evaluated on the same cultivars. The primary fruit, the secondary fruit and the navel-end opening followed a similar developmental pattern, although the navel-end opening developed later, about six weeks after FB. The primary fruit size was not related to the size of the secondary fruit or the navel-end opening. Similarly, the size of the navel-end opening was not related to the size of the secondary fruit. No negative effects were noted on the primary fruit morphology when 2,4-D was applied. Fruit splitting is a major physiological disorder of ‘Marisol’ Clementine mandarin (Citrus reticulata) fruit. The effect of application of 2,4-D on fruit splitting and fruit quality was evaluated on ‘Marisol’ Clementine mandarin trees grafted on Troyer citrange rootstock. Treatments included an untreated control, 2,4-D applied at 15 mg·L-1 or 25 mg·L-1 at FB and 15 mg·L-1 or 25 mg·L-1 at PD. The application of 2,4-D reduced fruit splitting in ‘Marisol’ Clementine fruit. Internal fruit quality was not affected by the treatments, however, the fruit developed a coarse rind due to enlarged oil glands and the styles stayed attached on the fruit until harvest. Therefore, although 2,4-D reduced fruit splitting, it cannot be recommended at the timings and concentrations evaluated. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die grootte van die nawel-ent opening is ‘n belangrike parameter vir eksterne vrugkwaliteit van nawel lemoene [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Die toediening van 2,4-dichlorofenoksie asynsuur (2,4-D) om die persentasie geslote nawel-ente te vermeerder en die grootte van die nawel-ent opening te verklein is uitgevoer op ses verskillende nawel lemoen kultivars. Behandelings is toegedien by volblom (FB), 100% blomblaarval (PD), asook 2 weke (2WAPD) en 4 weke na 100% blomblaarval (4 WAPD), teen 15 mg·L-1 tot 45 mg·L-1, om die mees effektiewe tyd van toediening en konsentrasie te bepaal. Die toediening van 2,4-D by FB het herhaaldelik die gemiddelde nawel-ent grootte (alle vrugte) verminder en die persentasie geslote nawel-ente vermeerder in al die kultivars, terwyl die later toediening by PD, 2 WAPD en 4 WAPD oor die algemeen nie effektief was nie, ongeag die konsentrasie toegedien. Daar was geen noemenswaardige negatiewe effekte op interne en eksterne vrugkwaliteit nie, behalwe vir ‘n verlaging in die sapinhoud (%) van vrugte, veral by die later behandelings. Dus kan 15 mg·L-1 2,4-D by FB toegedien word om die persentasie geslote nawel-ente te vermeerder en moontlik ook die uitvoerpersentasie te verhoog. Nawel lemoene het ‘n klein sekondêre vrug binne die primêre vrug aan die styl-ent en ‘n opening by die styl-ent wat die nawel-ent opening of die styl-ent opening genoem word. Die vruggroei en ontwikkeling van drie nawel kultivars is bestudeer deur die primêre en sekondêre vrugdeursnit en die nawel-ent opening elke twee weke te meet, deur gebruik te maak van destruktiewe en niedestruktiewe monsterneming. Die effek van 2,4-D op vrugmorfologie, toegedien as ‘n behandeling om die nawel-ent grootte te verklein, is ook ge-evalueer op dieselfde kultivars. Die primêre vrug, die sekondêre vrug en die nawel-ent opening het dieselfde ontwikkelingspatroon gevolg, alhoewel die nawel-ent opening later ontwikkel het. Daar was geen sterk verwantskap tussen die primêre vruggrootte en die sekondêre vruggrootte of die grootte van die nawel-ent opening nie. Daar was ook nie ‘n vewantskap tussen die grootte van die nawel-ent opening en die sekondêre vruggrootte nie. Geen negatiewe effekte op vrugmorfologie as gevolg van die 2,4-D toediening is waargeneem nie. Vrugsplit is ‘n belangrike fisiologiese abnormaliteit van ‘Marisol’ Clementine (Citrus reticulata) vrugte. Die effek van 2,4-D op vrugsplit en vrugkwaliteit is ge-evalueer op ‘Marisol’ Clementine mandaryn bome op Troyer citrange onderstamme. Die behandelings het ‘n onbehandelde kontrole, 2,4-D toegedien teen 15 mg·L-1 of 25 mg·L-1 by FB en 15 mg·L-1 of 25 mg·L-1 by PD ingesluit. Die toediening van 2,4-D het vrugsplit verminder. Interne vrugkwaliteit was nie geaffekteeer deur die behandelings nie, maar die vrugte het ‘n growwe skil ontwikkel as gevolg van vergrote oliekliere en die style het aangeheg gebly aan die vrugte tot oestyd. Dus, alhoewel 2,4-D vrugsplit verminder het, kan dit nie aanbeveel word teen die tyd van toediening en konsentrasie soos ge-evalueer in hierdie studie nie.

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En la industria citrícola, las pérdidas económicas más importantes en poscosecha se deben las podredumbres verde y azul, causadas por los hongos Penicillium digitatum (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc. y Penicillium italicum Wehmer. Durante muchos años, se utilizaron ampliamente los fungicidas químicos para el control de estas enfermedades. Sin embargo, la preocupación de los consumidores por el uso excesivo y prolongado de estos productos para el control de las podredumbres ha orientado a los investigadores a buscar métodos alternativos no contaminantes que no depositen residuos peligrosos ni contaminen el ambiente. El uso de películas y recubrimientos comestibles es un método respetuoso con el ambiente que incrementa la vida útil de muchos alimentos incluidas las frutas y verduras. Sin embargo, muy poca investigación se ha enfocado al desarrollo de recubrimientos comestibles compuestos con la adición de compuestos antifúngicos como un nuevo método para controlar las enfermedades poscosecha en frutos cítricos frescos. El objetivo general de esta tesis doctoral fue desarrollar nuevos recubrimientos comestibles compuestos con la adición de aditivos alimentarios antifúngicos para el control de las podredumbres verde y azul en cultivares de cítricos comercialmente importantes. Primero, se desarrollaron las nuevas películas comestibles compuestas en base a hidroxipropil metilcelulosa (HPMC)-lípido con la adición de aditivos alimentarios o compuestos generalmente reconocidos como seguros (GRAS, por sus siglas en inglés), y se seleccionaron de acuerdo a su capacidad de formar emulsiones estables. Las películas se evaluaron por su actividad in vitro contra P. digitatum y P. italicum y sus propiedades mecánicas y de barrera (Capítulo 1). Luego, las emulsiones seleccionadas se usaron para pruebas in vivo en especies y cultivares de cítricos comercialmente importantes y se determinó su actividad antifúngica curativa (fruta recubierta después de la inoculación) y preventiva (fruta recubierta antes de la inoculación fungíca) contra las podredumbres verde y azul (Capítulo 2). / Valencia Chamorro, SA. (2009). Desarrollo de recubrimientos comestibles con actividad antifúngica en frutos cítricos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/6286

This thesis analyses the commercial relations between Scotland and the geo-political area known as the Iberian world in the early modern period. Despite being geographically one of the largest areas of Europe, as well as arguably the politically most weighty, there has, until this thesis, been no scholarly research on Scottish trade relations with this area. Though the archives suggest regular and sustained contact, very little is known about Scottish-Iberian connections beyond the overtly political. When compared to northern Europe the region of Iberia and its dominions differed significantly, not only due to a different branch of Christianity being practised there but also due to the influence of the Habsburg empire and the power it was perceived to give the Spanish Habsburgs. Looking predominantly at Scottish commercial contacts with Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and Portugal, this project considers a number of angles such as England's impact on Scottish commercial relations with Iberia. For example, very little would be known about Scottish commercial relations with Iberia in the late-sixteenth century if it were not for the Anglo-Spanish war of that period. The central role of conflict in Scottish-Iberian relations continues into the seventeenth century, with the Cromwellian/Stuart struggles with the Dutch Republic and later disputes between the new state of Great Britain and Habsburg Spain all affecting trade. This thesis demonstrates the important role of triangular and entrepôt trade, which was popular with Scottish merchants who wished to obtain Iberian goods without the risks of sailing into North African corsair territory. Scots did not merely pick up Iberian goods from the entrepôt markets of London and the Dutch Republic they also organised trade to Iberia and its dominions via other Scots, providing evidence of a complex trade network. Further, this thesis has sought to ascertain that, despite the lack of a large Scottish community such as those seen in Poland-Lithuania and Scandinavia, Scottish commercial relations with Iberia were valuable both to the Scottish economy and its merchants. This thesis which continues the work of the Scotland and the Wider World Project, addresses a lack of scholarly work regarding Scottish commercial connections with this key geo-political area.

3 pp. / Citrus budding is a plant propagation technique that any homeowner can do. Once the technique is learned, homeowners can add citrus tree. This publication addresses the budding techniques of citrus trees. Topics include the preparation prior to budding, selecting budsticks, storing budsticks, selecting and preparing the budding location, cutting the bud, inserting the bud in the t cut, and forcing the bud.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moura_lm_dr_arafcf.pdf: 518537 bytes, checksum: 9cc3dbf80249e562d69ea91c87e25384 (MD5) / As frutas cítricas são muito consumidas e apreciadas, não só devido ao seu paladar agradável como também ao valor nutricional que possuem. O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador mundial de laranjas, suco de laranja concentrado congelado e de suco de laranja pasteurizado (NFC - Not From Concentrated), sendo o estado de São Paulo o maior produtor. Já outras frutas cítricas como limão Siciliano, Grapefruit e Lima da Pérsia possuem uma produção nacional ainda pequena e parte do consumo interno é importada. Outro grupo de laranjas ainda pouco estudado é o das laranjas de polpa vermelha que apresentam o carotenóide licopeno na sua composição. Os compostos antioxidantes (carotenóides, compostos fenólicos, flavonóides) apresentam atividade anti-radical livre e alguns deles também são responsáveis pela cor das frutas. Considerando a importância das frutas cítricas com relação aos seus benefícios para a saúde, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a atividade anti-radical livre (DPPH• e ABTS•), compostos bioativos (carotenóides, flavanonas e ácido ascórbico) e parâmetros de cor de quatro variedades de frutas cítricas de polpa clara (Lima da Pérsia, Grapefruit, Limão Siciliano e Hamlin); comparar estes mesmos parâmetros entre duas variedades de polpa vermelha (Sanguíneas de Mombuca e baía Cara Cara) e uma de polpa clara (Pera Rio), colhidas no início, meio e fim de safra; e verificar o efeito da pasteurização nos compostos bioativos presentes no suco de laranja de polpa vermelha e de clara. As variedades Baía Cara Cara (CN486) e Pera Rio foram cultivadas na cidade Cordeirópolis/SP e a Sanguínea de Mombuca (CV 93) em três diferentes cidades do Estado de São Paulo, São Bento do Sapucaí, Cordeirópolis e Mogi Mirim. A variedade limão Siciliano apresentou o maior teor de ácido ascórbico (78,86mg), Grapefruit e Hamlin apresentaram o maior conteúdo... / Citrus fruits are widely consumed and enjoyed, not only because of its pleasant taste but also the nutritional value they have. Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of oranges, frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) and orange juice NFC (Not from Concentrated), and the state of Sao Paulo largest producer. Yet other citrus fruits like lemon, grapefruit and Sweet Lime still have a small domestic production and share of domestic consumption is imported. Another group of oranges still less studied are the red pulp of oranges that have the carotenoid lycopene in its composition. The antioxidants (carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids) have anti-free radical activity and some of them are also responsible for the color of the fruit. Considering the importance of citrus fruits in relation to their health benefits, the objectives were to evaluate the anti-free radical (DPPH • and ABTS •), bioactive compounds (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and flavanones) and parameters of color four varieties of citrus pulp clear (Sweet Lime, Grapefruit, Lemon and Hamlin), to compare these same parameters between two varieties of red pulp (of Blood and Mombuca Baía Cara Cara) and a clear pulp (Pera Rio) taken at the beginning, middle and end of harvest, and check the effect of pasteurization on bioactive compounds in orange juice pulp and red light. Varieties Baía Cara Cara (CN486) and Pear River were grown in the city Cordeirópolis / SP and Blood of Mombuca (CV 93) in three different cities of São Paulo, São Bento do Sapucaí, Cordeirópolis and Mogi Mirim. The Sicilian lemon variety had the highest content of ascorbic acid (78.86 mg), Grapefruit and Hamlin had the highest content of total carotenoids of the four fruits (13.58 and 11.32 mg / mL) and the antioxidant capacity was higher in fruit that had best levels of carotenoids and phenolic compounds. The hesperidin was present in three... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Extrait de la thèse de l'auteur : "Napoléon et l'Espagne. / En annexe : le traité de Badajoz (23 p.). Bibliogr. p. 611-626. Chronologie.