A repeated theme in the fiction of Angela Carter and Jeanette Winterson is the use of domestic space as a tool for defining socially acceptable versions of female sexuality. Four novels that crystallize this theme are the focus of this dissertation: Winterson??s Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) and Art and Lies (1994) and Carter??s The Magic Toyshop (1967) and Nights at the Circus (1984). Each chapter examines both authors?? treatments of a specific room in the house. Chapter II, "Parlor Games: Spatial Literacy in Formal Rooms," discusses how rooms used for formal occasions project a desirable public image of a family. More insidiously, however, the rooms protect the sexual order of the household, which often privileges male sexuality. Using the term spatial literacy to describe how characters interpret rooms, the chapter argues that characters with a high spatial literacy can detect not only the overt messages of these formal rooms, but also what underlies those messages. Chapter III, "Making Meals, Breaking Deals: Mothers, Daughters, and Kitchens," discusses the kitchen as the site of the production of domestic comfort. An analysis of who has primary responsibility for the production of comfort and whose comfort is privileged often reveals the power hierarchy of a given household. The chapter also examines the kitchen as a volatile space that can erupt with violence and the expression of repressed emotions and repressed sexuality. Finally, the kitchen is analyzed as a space of intimacy between mothers and daughters. Chapter IV, "Bedtime Stories: Assaulting Sexuality in the Bedroom," argues that the privacy of the adolescent bedroom is often disrupted by the surveillance of family members trying to control the sexual identity of the room??s occupant. The chapter also examines how social prescriptions encourage women to tolerate the interruption of their privacy. Each of the protagonists from these four novels has opportunities to learn about subverting the discursive constructions of domestic space, and several characters enact that subversion. This ability for subversion suggests the possibility for agency, a possibility that postmodernist thought often rejects, but one that Carter and Winterson allow.

Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Creasing, also known as albedo breakdown, is a preharvest disorder that affects the albedo of citrus fruit causing creases on the surface of the fruit. It is a recurrent problem in Navel and Valencia oranges and can cause individual orchard losses which often exceed 50%. Although the contributing factors are known, the physiological basis of creasing development is unresolved and the current control measures do not prevent creasing satisfactory. Hence, better control measures and further understanding of the physiology of creasing development is required. The objective of this two-year study was to determine if the position of fruit in a tree, light and carbohydrate manipulation techniques, and albedo mineral nutrients influence creasing development. Furthermore, the most effective application timing of gibberellic acid (GA3) with the least negative effect on fruit rind colour development and the effectiveness of cytokinins, other products and different root biostimulants to reduce creasing incidence were evaluated. The position of fruit in the tree and light influenced the development of creasing and the distribution of mineral nutrients in the albedo. Creasing incidence was higher on the south side than on the north side of the tree and fruit from the inside sub-sectors had a greater creasing incidence compared to fruit from the outside sub-sectors. The shady part of outside fruit was more creased compared to the sunny part of the fruit and covering fruit with brown paper bags increased creasing severity. The light manipulation techniques used on the leaves and fruit increased the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in the albedo and differences in the albedo mineral nutrients amongst the sub-sectors evaluated were observed, but creasing severity or creasing incidence was not significantly correlated with the albedo mineral concentrations at harvest. Albedo mineral concentrations earlier in the season may play a role in creasing development, as creasing severity was significantly correlated with copper (Cu), K, and Mn concentrations in the albedo during stage II of fruit development. Creasing incidence and albedo mineral concentrations were not affected by any of the carbohydrate manipulation techniques used in this study. The incidence and severity of creasing was significantly reduced, with a minor negative effect on fruit rind colour development, by the application of GA3, from mid November to mid January. Localised fruit application of CPPU [N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea], MaxCel (6- Benzyladenine) and CPPU in combination with calcium after physiological fruit drop reduced the incidence and severity of creasing, although creasing incidence was not significantly different from the control. The application of Messenger®, AVG (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) and different root biostimulants did not reduce creasing incidence. The results showed that cytokinins could reduce creasing incidence and justify further studies on application and uptake efficiency. The use of different root biostimulants are not recommended, but it is suggested that treatment effects may be more pronounced over a longer period. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kraakskil is ‘n vooroes abnormalitiet wat die albedo van sitrusvrugte affekteer, deur krake op die oppervlak van vrugte te veroorsaak. Dit is ‘n algemene probleem in Navel en Valencia lemoene en kan boordverliese van tot 50% of soms hoër veroorsaak. Alhoewel die bydraende faktore bekend is, is die fisiologiese basis van kraakskil ontwikkeling onopgelos en die beskikbare beheermaatreëls is nie bevredigend nie. Dus, beter beheermaatreëls en ‘n beter begrip van die fisiologie van kraakskil ontwikkeling is nodig. Die doel van die twee-jaar studie was om te bepaal of die posisie van vrugte in ‘n boom, lig en koolhidraat manipulasie tegnieke en minerale elemente in die albedo, kraakskil ontwikkeling beïnvloed. Die mees effektiewe toedieningstyd van gibberelliensuur (GA3) sonder ‘n negatiewe effek op vrugkleur is bepaal en die effektiwiteit van sitokiniene, ander produkte en verskillende wortel biostimulante om kraakskil voorkoms te verminder, is geëvalueer. Die posisie van vrugte in ‘n boom en lig het kraakskil ontwikkeling en die verspreiding van minerale element in die albedo beïnvloed. Kraakskil voorkoms was hoër aan die suidekant van die boom as aan die noordekant en vrugte in die binnekant van die boom het ‘n groter kraakskil voorkoms as vrugte in die buitekant van die boom gehad. Die skadukant van buitevrugte het meer kraakskil gehad as die sonkant en die toemaak van vrugte met ‘n bruin papiersak het die graad van kraaksil verhoog. Die lig manipulasie tegnieke wat op die blare en vrugte gebruik is, het die stikstof (N), fosfaat (P), kalium (K) en mangaan (Mn) konsentasies in die albedo verhoog en verskille in die albedo minerale elemente tussen sub-sektore is waargeneem, maar betekenisvolle korrelasies is nie tussen die graad en voorkoms van kraakskil en die albedo minerale element konsentrasies by oestyd waargeneem nie. Albedo minerale element konsentrasies vroeër in die seisoen mag ‘n rol speel by kraakskil ontwikkeling, omdat die graad van kraakskil betekenisvol gekorreleer was met albedo koper (Cu), K, en Mn konsentrasies tydens fase II van vrugontwikkeling. Kraakskil voorkoms en albedo minerale element konsentrasies is nie deur enige van die koolhidraat manipulasie tegnieke geaffekteer nie. Die voorkoms en graad van kraakskil is betekenisvol verlaag, met ‘n geringe negatiewe effek op vrugkleur, deur die toediening van GA3 vanaf mid November tot mid Januarie. Gelokaliseerde vrugtoedienings van CPPU [N-(2-chloro-4-piridiel)-N-phenielureum], MaxCel (6- Bensieladenien) en CPPU saam met kalsium na fisiologiese vrugval het die voorkoms en graad van kraakskil verlaag, alhoewel kraakskil voorkoms nie betekenisvol van die kontrole verskil het nie. Die toediening van Messenger®, AVG (amino etoksievinielglisien) en veskillende wortel biostimulante het nie kraakskil voorkoms verlaag nie. Die resultate het getoon dat sitokiniene kraakskil voorkoms kan verlaag en verdere studies op die toediening en opname effektiwiteit word aanbeveel. Die gebruik van verskillende wortel biostimulante word nie aanbeveel nie, maar die effek behoort meer sigbaar te wees na ‘n langer periode van behandeling.

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O presente trabalho envolve a síntese e caracterização de um polímero da família dos poli(p-fenilenovinileno)s (PPV), aplicável em camadas ativas de dispositivos como narizes eletrônicos, muito utilizados em várias áreas, como medicina, meio ambiente e indústria alimentícia. O trabalho visou também ao desenvolvimento de um nariz eletrônico, abrangendo o processo de preparação, o que incluiu a confecção dos eletrodos dos sensores de gases, o estudo referente ao equipamento de aquisição de dados e à comunicação com o microcomputador. Visou-se à otimização do equipamento que já vem sendo utilizado em medidas para várias detecções, estudando-se fatores como frequência da corrente alternada empregada, forma de onda (senoidal, quadrada e triangular), temperatura da amostra e distância entre os dígitos nos eletrodos. Verificou-se a possibilidade da utilização de nariz eletrônico na área de alimentos, estudando-se a identificação de méis de abelha de floradas diferentes e a detecção de fungos em laranjas pós-colheita. / The present thesis involves the synthesis and characterization of a polymer of the poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) family, applicable as active layer of devices such as gas sensors and electronic noses, which are instruments widely used in several areas, including medicine, environmental sciences and food industry. This work also aimed the full development of an electronic nose, from the making of the electrodes and sensors to the study of the data acquisition and its communication with a personal computer. In order to optimize the equipment, the influence of several factors such as frequency of the applied alternating current, its waveform (sine, square and triangle), temperature of the sample, and spacing between the digits of the electrodes were investigated. Finally, the equipment was used for the identification of honeys from different blossoms and for the detection of fungi in post-harvest oranges.

Orientadores: Carlos Henrique Inácio Ramos, Celso Eduardo Benedetti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendonca_YurideAbreu_D.pdf: 5998927 bytes, checksum: dad9a44995521aa0e68ad9507bd61765 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As bactérias patogênicas gram-negativas desenvolveram estratégias sofisticadas para infectar seus hospedeiros, utilizando sistemas de secreção especializados para translocar proteínas de virulência através da membrana das células eucarióticas para o citoplasma. Para que este processo seja eficiente, estas proteínas de virulência devem estar parcialmente enoveladas ou mesmo desenoveladas para que possam ser transportadas para o interior das células hospedeiras através desses sistemas de secreção. Uma vez dentro das células alvo, as proteínas de virulência são encaminhadas ao seu estado nativo e ativadas pela própria maquinaria de enovelamento da célula hospedeira. As proteínas responsáveis em auxiliar o enovelamento protéico nas células são as chaperonas, denominadas classicamente de proteínas de choque térmico (Hsps). Plantas, por serem organismos sésseis, são muito mais vulneráveis a fatores de estresse biótico e abiótico, tornando o papel das Hsps ainda mais relevante para a homeostase protéica e viabilidade celular. O estudo das proteínas da família Hsp90 é muito difundido devido ao seu papel fundamental desempenhado nas situações de infecção e em diferentes tipos de estresse. Neste trabalho, a proteína recombinante Hsp90 de laranja doce (Citrus sinesis) foi clonada e purificada com o objetivo de estudar o mecanismo geral de infecção do fitopatógeno bacteriano de espécies de citros Xanthomonas citri (Xac). Investigou-se a interação, combinando técnicas de western blot e ensaios de pull-down, entre a Hsp90 e todas as quatro variantes da PthA, principal fator de virulência de Xac, e as co-chaperonas da Hsp90 de laranja ciclofilina (Cyp) e uma proteína tiorredoxina-"like? (TDX). Estas proteínas já foram descritas por se apresentarem reguladas positivamente na laranja doce durante a infecção com Xac, apontando para um possível papel da Hsp90 na formação de um complexo de enovelamento capaz de ativar as proteínas de virulência de Xac no interior das células infectadas. Além disso, investigamos a estrutura e função da Hsp90 de laranja doce que apresentou-se enovelada e solúvel, como medido por dicroísmo circular (CD), espectroscopia de fluorescência intrínseca e espalhamento de luz dinâmico (DLS). A Hsp90 se apresentou como um dímero em solução com um raio de Stokes de 62 Å, e altamente resistente á desnaturação por temperatura, como medido por CD. A proteína mostrou-se funcional, como medido pela sua capacidade de proteger a agregação da citrato sintase in vitro em um ensaio de espalhamento de luz. O estudo do efeito de nucleotídeos na conformação e função da Hsp90 através de CD, fluorescência intrínseca e de espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ângulos (SAXS) mostram alterações na conformação da proteína na presença destes ligantes / Abstract: Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, which have developed sophisticated strategies to infect hosts, use specialized secretion systems to secrete and translocate virulence proteins across the eukaryotic cell membrane into the cytoplasm. The translocation process depends on unfolded or partially folded virulence proteins to be transportated through the secretion system into the target inner cell where they are folded by the host chaperone machinery. Auxiliary proteins are responsible to help folding in cells and are known as molecular chaperones, or heat shock proteins (HSPs). Plants, being sessile organisms, are much more vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stress factors, making the role of HSPs even more important for protein homeostasis and cell viability. The study of the Hsp90 family is widespread due to the key role played in situations of infection and under various types of stress. In this work, an Hsp90 sweet orange (Citrus sinesis) was cloned and purified in order to study the general mechanism of infection of the bacterial pathogen of citrus species, Xanthomonas citri (Xac). First, we investigated the interaction, by combining immunostaining and pull-down assays, between Hsp90 and all four variants of PthA, the major virulence factor of Xac, and the orange Hsp90 cochaperonas cyclophilin (Cyp) and a thioredoxin-like protein (TDX). These proteins have been described to be upregulated in sweet orange during infection with Xac, pointing to a possible role of Hsp90 in the formation of a folding complex able to activate the virulence proteins of Xac inside the infected cells. Furthermore, we took to investigate the structure and function of the Hsp90 from sweet orange, which was folded and soluble as measured by circular dichroism (CD), intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Hsp90 was a dimer in solution with a Stokes radius of about 62 Å, tolerating up to 90 °C without denaturation, as measured by CD. The protein was functional, as measured by its ability to protect the aggregation of citrate synthase in an light scattering assay. The study of the effect of nucleotides on the conformation and function of Hsp90 by CD, intrinsic fluorescence and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) show evidence of conformation modulation by ATP and ADP / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

[EN] Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) are the most widely produced fruits and they are grown in over a hundred countries. During postharvest, major losses are caused by fungal diseases, that for decades have been controlled by treatments with synthetic fungicides. However, their use is continuously more restricted by distributors and supermarket chains, which lower the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) to one third of the authorized or even ban the use of certain fungicides. This has loss of efficacy of treatments and development of resistant strains of pathogens. Alternatives are necessary to substitute or combine the use of synthetic fungicides. The objective of the present work was to evaluate alternative treatments against green and blue molds, caused by Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. and Penicillium italicum Wehmer, respectively. Food additives and GRAS substances were tested in in vivo preliminary tests against green and blue molds. Potassium sorbate (PS) (Chapter 2) and sodium benzoate (SB) (Chapter 1) were the most effective. 60-s dips in 3% (w/v) SB above 50°C reduced by 90% green and blue mold incidence on 'Valencia' oranges after 7 days at 20°C. This treatment was also effective on 'Lanelate' oranges, 'Fino' lemons and 'Ortanique' mandarins, but not on 'Clemenules' mandarins. Heated solutions combining SB with low doses of imazalil (IMZ) were synergistic. In semi-commercial trials with 'Marisol' Clementine mandarins, the combination PS+IMZ at 20°C allowed a significant reduction of the IMZ doses still controlling green mold. A new colorimetric method that employed extraction of PS from macerated fruit, followed by reaction with 2-thiobarbituric acid (Chapter 3) showed that in oranges treated with PS and stored at 15°C, residues declined initially rapidly and later more slowly, until residues stopped declining after 6 d. A brief double-dip rinse in tap water, immediately after immersion of lemons in a 2% (w/v) PS, removed more than 90% of PS residue. Exposure at 33ºC with 15 kPa CO2 for 24 h or 30 kPa O2 for 48 h effectively controlled both green and blue molds after 7 days of incubation at 20ºC, but control of both diseases lowered after 15 days (Chapter 4). Combining PS dip treatments with gas exposure showed a synergistic effect, that maintained the efficacy of combined treatments during 15 days. In cold storage, after 14, 28, and 42 days, green mold incidence on 'Clemenules' and 'Ortanique' mandarins treated with PS dips and 30kPa O2 for 48h was reduced by 100, 96 and 68%, and 100, 97 and 79%, respectively. Again, a synergistic effect between treatments was observed (Chapter 5). Postharvest green mold and blue molds were effectively controlled by fumigation of lemons and oranges for 6 h at 22ºC with two applied dosages of 3000 ¿L L-1 of ammonia that was injected initially and again 2 h later (Chapter 6). Ammonia fumigation controlled an IMZ-resistant isolate of P. digitatum. When fruit were first immersed in 10 or 30 mg L-1 IMZ (about 10% of typical commercial rates) before ammonia fumigation, a single fumigation with 1500 ¿L L-1 of ammonia was adequate to control both diseases and the increase in effectiveness was additive or synergistic. All these treatments, at different degrees, could replace synthetic fungicides or augment IMZ performance in citrus postharvest decay management. The development of green and blue molds on the most commercially important citrus species and cultivars was assessed for four consecutive harvest seasons and associated with fruit quality parameters (Chapter 7). Fruit susceptibility of the cultivars to green mold in increasing order was Nova, Sanguinelli, Ortanique, Lanelate, Navelate, Fortune, Clemenules, Valencia, W. Navel, Oronules, Clemenpons, Marisol, Salustiana, Hernandina, and Nadorcott. Peel characteristics were the most influencing quality parameters on the susceptibility of citrus fruit to green and blue molds. / [ES] Los cítricos (Citrus spp. fam. Rutaceae) son la fruta más consumida a nivel mundial y se cultivan en más de un centenar de países. Durante el manejo en poscosecha, la mayor parte de las pérdidas se deben a enfermedades fúngicas, que durante décadas se han controlado mediante tratamientos con fungicidas de síntesis. Sin embargo, su uso está continuamente más restringido por parte de los distribuidores y cadenas de supermercados, que reducen el Límite Máximo de Residuos (LMR) a un tercio del establecido o incluso prohíben el uso de ciertos fungicidas. Esto ha provocado la pérdida de eficacia de los tratamientos y el desarrollo de cepas de patógenos resistentes a los fungicidas. Se necesitan pues alternativas para sustituir o combinar con el uso de fungicidas de síntesis. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar tratamientos alternativos contra las podredumbres verde y azul, causadas por Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. y Penicillium italicum Wehmer, respectivamente. Aditivos alimentarios y sustancias GRAS se probaron en test in vivo preliminaries contra los mohos verde y azul. El benzoato sódico (BS; Capítulo 1) y el sorbato potásico (SP; Capítulo 2) fueron los más eficaces. Baños de 60 s en 3% (p/v) BS sobre 50°C redujeron en un 90% la incidencia de las podredumbres verde y azul en naranjas 'Valencia Late' tras 7 días a 20°C. Estos tratamientos fueron también efectivos en naranjas 'Lanelate', limones 'Fino' y mandarinas híbridas 'Ortanique', pero no en mandarinas 'Clemenules'. La combinación de baños calientes de BS con dosis bajas de imazalil (IMZ) fueron sinérgicas. Un nuevo método colorimétrico que empleó la extracción del SP de la fruta macerada, seguido de una reacción con ácido 2-tiobabitúrico (Capítulo 3) mostró que en naranjas tratadas con SP almacenadas a 15°C, los residuos descendieron rápidamente al inicio y lentamente más tarde, hasta que dejaron de descender tras 6 días. Un doble aclarado rápido con agua corriente inmediatamente después de la inmersión de limones en SP al 2% (p/v), eliminó más del 90% del residuo de SP. Los choques gaseosos a 33ºC y 15kPa CO2 durante 24 h o 30 kPa O2 durante 48 h controlaron de manera eficaz las podredumbres verde y azul tras 7 días de incubación a 20ºC, pero el control de las dos podredumbres descendió tras 15 días (Capítulo 4). En almacenamiento en frío, tras 14, 28 y 42 días, la incidencia de moho verde en mandarinas 'Clemenules' y 'Ortanique' tratadas con baños con SP y 30kPa O2 durante 48h se redujo en un 100, 96 y 68%, y 100, 97 y 79%, respectivamente. De nuevo, una fuerte sinergia se observó entre los tratamientos (Capítulo 5). Las podredumbres verde y azul se controlaron eficazmente mediante la fumigación de limones y naranjas durante 6 h a 22ºC con dos dosis de 3000 ¿L L-1 amoniaco, inyectadas al inicio del tratamiento y 2 h después (Capítulo 6). El tratamiento con amoniaco controló una cepa de P. digitatum resistente a IMZ. Cuando la fruta se bañó en 10 o 30 mg L-1 IMZ (un 10% de la dosis comercial) antes de la fumigación con amoniaco, una sola aplicación con 1500 ¿L L-1 amoniaco fue suficiente para controlar las dos podredumbres, y el incremento en la eficacia fue aditivo o sinérgico. Todos estos tratamientos, a diferentes niveles, podrían sustituir a los fungicidas de síntesis o aumentar la eficacia de los tratamientos con IMZ en el manejo poscosecha de los cítricos. El desarrollo de las podredumbres verde y azul en las especies y variedades de cítricos más importantes comercialmente se evaluó durante cuatro campañas consecutivas y se relacionó con los parámetros de calidad de la fruta (Capítulo 7). La susceptibilidad de los cultivares en orden creciente fue Nova, Sanguinelli, Ortanique, Lanelate, Navelate, Fortune, Clemenules, Valencia, W. Navel, Oronules, Clemenpons, Marisol, Salustiana, Hernandina, y Nadorcott. Las características de la corteza fueron los parámetros de calidad / [CAT] Els cítrics (Citrus spp. fam. Rutaceae) son la fruita més consumida a nivell mundial i es cultiven en un centenar de països. Durant la poscollita, la major part de les pèrdues es deuen a malalties fúngiques, que durant dècades s'han controlat mitjançant tractaments amb fungicides de síntesi. No obstant, l'ús d'aquestes pràctiques està contínuament més restringit per part dels distribuïdors y cadenes de supermercats, que redueixen el Límit Màxim de Residus (LMR) a un terç del permès per la legislació o inclús prohibeixen l'ús d'alguns fungicides. Açò ha provocat la minora de l'eficàcia dels tractaments poscollita i el desenvolupament de soques dels patògens resistents als fungicides. Es necessari per lo tant trobar i implementar alternatives per a substituir o combinar l'ús de fungicides de síntesi. L'objectiu d'aquest treball ha sigut avaluar tractaments alternatius contra les podridures verda i blava, causades per Penicillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. i Penicillium italicum Wehmer, respectivament. Additius alimentaris i substàncies GRAS es provaren en test in vivo preliminars contra les podridures verda i blava. El benzoat sòdic (BS; Capítol 1) i el sorbat potàsic (SP; Capítol 2) foren els més eficaços. Solucions calentes de BS combinades amb baixes dosis d'imazalil (IMZ) foren sinèrgiques. Esta combinació va reduir l'incidència de les podridures verda i blava en quasi el 100% en taronges 'Valencia Late' després de 8 setmanes a 5°C i 7 dies a 20°C. En assajos semicomercials mandarines 'Marisol', la combinació SP+IMZ a 20°C va permetre una baixada significativa de la dosis de IMZ sense perdre eficàcia contra la podridura verda. Un nou mètode colorimètric que inclou l'extracció del SP de la fruita macerada, seguit d'una reacció amb àcid 2-tiobabitúric (Capítol 3) mostrà que en taronges tractades amb SP conservades a 15°C, els residus descendiren ràpidament al inici i lentament mes tard, fins que deixaren de descendir després de 6 dies. Un doble rentat ràpid amb aigua corrent immediatament després de d'immersió de llimones en SP al 2% (p/v), eliminà més del 90% del residu de SP. Els xocs gasosos a 33ºC i 15kPa CO2 durant 24 h o 30 kPa O2 durant 48 h controlaren de manera eficaç les podridures verda i blava després de 7 dies d'incubació a 20ºC, però el control de les dos podridures descendí després de 15 dies (Capítol 4). La combinació de banys amb SP i xocs gasosos mostrà un efecte sinèrgic, que mantingué l'eficàcia dels tractaments combinats durant 15 dies. En conservacions en fred, després de 14, 28 i 42 dies, d'incidència de podridura verda en mandarines 'Clemenules' i 'Ortanique' tractades en banys amb SP i 30kPa O2 durant 48h es reduí en un 100, 96 i 68%, i 100, 97 i 79%, respectivament. De nou, una forta sinergia s'observà entre els tractaments (Capítol 5). Les podridures verda i blava es controlaren eficaçment mitjançant la fumigació de llimones i taronges durant 6 h a 22ºC amb dos dosis de 3000 ¿L L-1 amoníac, injectades al inici del tractament i 2 h després (Capítol 6). El tractament amb amoníac controlà una soca de P. digitatum amb un alt nivell de resistència a IMZ. Tots estos tractaments, a diferents nivells, podrien substituir als fungicides de síntesis o augmentar l'eficàcia dels tractaments amb IMZ en el maneig poscollita dels cítrics. El desenvolupament de les podridures verda i blava en les especies y varietats de cítrics més importants comercialment s'avaluà durant quatre campanyes consecutives i es relacionà amb els paràmetres de qualitat de la fruita (Capítol 7). La susceptibilitat dels distints cultivars en ordre creixent fon Nova, Sanguinelli, Ortanique, Lanelate, Navelate, Fortune, Clemenules, Valencia, W. Navel, Oronules, Clemenpons, Marisol, Salustiana, Hernandina, i Nadorcott. Les característiques de la pell foren els paràmetres de qualitat més influents en la susceptibilitat dels cítrics a les pod / Montesinos Herrero, CI. (2016). Evaluation of alternatives to synthetic fungicides to control citrus postharvest diseases [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63662 / TESIS

Thesis (PhD )--Stellenbosch University, 1981. / EKSERP: Vanwee die voortdurende probleme wat die valskodlingmot, Cryptoph lebia leucotreta (Meyr.), by die verbouing van nawels in die Oos-Transvaalse Laeveld daarstel, is 'n indringende studie van hierdie insekprobleem onderneem. Die biologie van die insek is onder sowel laboratorium as natuurlike toestande nagevors. Daar is bevind dat temperatuur 'n belangrike rol in die ontwikkeling van die insek speel. By 20 tot 30°C het temperatuurstygings die ontwikkeling van die insek laat versnel. By 35°C het die lewensduur van die volwasse motte afgeneem en is geen eiers gelê nie . Die valskodlingmot is deur middle van 'n kunsmatige metode geteel om genoegsame proefmateriaal te verkry. Verskeie verbeteringe is in die bestaande tegniek aangebring.

O controle de qualidade de laranjas desde a colheita até a comercialização é realizado com base em análises físico-químicas. Todavia, estas análises são destrutivas. Neste cenário, sistemas não invasivos para aferir a qualidade, são alternativas promissoras. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os métodos de análises não destrutivas como a Ressonância Magnética em baixo campo (RMN) e espectroscopias de infravermelho médio (MIR) e próximo (NIR), associadas à quimiometria, para analisar parâmetros de qualidade de laranjas de forma não invasiva. O experimento ocorreu na unidade da Embrapa Instrumentação em São Carlos, SP. Foram coletadas 470 laranjas, obtidas em cultivos comerciais no interior do estado de São Paulo. As frutas passaram pelas etapas de seleção, higienização e sanitização. Em seguida, foram submetidas à análise não invasiva pelos equipamentos de RMN, NIR e MIR. Os parâmetros de qualidade avaliados foram, massa fresca, diâmetros longitudinal e transversal do fruto, teor de sólidos solúveis (SST), pH, acidez total titulável (ATT), índice de maturação (ratio) e rendimento de suco. Para os sinais de RMN foi aplicada a suavização de Savitzky-Golay com largura de janela de 21 pontos. Para os sinais de NIR foi aplicado a variação normal padrão (SNV) e para os sinais de MIR foi aplicada a normalização (0-1), seguido da segunda derivada. O modelo de predição foi construído utilizando a regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) para cada parâmetro de qualidade. Os modelos desenvolvidos por RMN-PLS validados para predição foram: massa fresca; coeficiente de Pearson da predição (r) = 0,97, erro padrão da predição (SEP) = 13,57. Diâmetro longitudinal; r = 0,91 e SEP = 3,37. Diâmetro transversal; r = 0,92 e SEP = 2,73. SST; r = 0,81 e SEP = 0,88. Rendimento de suco; r = 0,78 e SEP = 3,26 e pH r = 0,74 e SEP = 0,17. Os parâmetros de índice de maturação e ATT não puderam ser validados utilizando RMN-PLS. Os modelos de NIR-PLS validados foram: SST; r = 0,92 e SEP = 0,71. ATT; r = 0,92 e SEP = 0,30. Os demais parâmetros não puderam ser validados por NIR-PLS. Para os modelos de MIR-PLS, o melhor resultado encontrado foi para validação interna do modelo de pH, r Validação = 0,80 e erro padrão da validação (SEV) de 0,16. A classificação desenvolvida utilizando os modelos de parâmetros físicos de RMN-PLS apresentaram acurácia para diâmetro transversal de 80,00%. As classificações por parâmetros químicos, como teor de sólidos solúveis revelou acurácia de 81,10% e para pH de 61,11%. Para as classificações por PLS-NIR para o ratio a acurácia foi igual a 87,95%. Os frutos classificados de forma não invasiva para a análise sensorial no teste de comparação pareada, apresentaram respostas significativas para sucos classificados pelos modelos de RMN-PLS a nível de p=0,05. Para os frutos classificados pelo NIR-PLS de forma não invasiva, a resposta ao segundo teste sensorial foi significativa a nível de p=0,05. Estes resultados comprovam a aplicabilidade destas técnicas como análises não invasivas para mensurar a qualidade de laranjas e classifica-las por parâmetros físico-químicos percebidos por provadores. / The quality control for oranges, after the harvest until commercialization are carried based on physical-chemical parameters. However, these analyzes are invasive. In this scenario, non-invasive systems to measure quality are promising options. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) at low field and infrared spectroscopy (mid-infrared - MIR and near-infrared - NIR) were associated with chemometrics to analyze quality parameters in intact oranges. The experiment was carried at Embrapa São Carlos, SP. Four hundred and seventy oranges were obtained from commercial crops in the state of São Paulo. Samples were selected, cleaned and sanitized and then were submitted to non-invasive analysis by NMR, NIR and MIR equipment\'s. The evaluated reference quality parameters were fresh weight, longitudinal and transversal diameter, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), maturation index (ratio) and juice yield (%). For the non-invasive methods was applied pre-processing techniques on the signal. In NMR signal was applied Savitzky-Golay smoothing with 21 points width of window. For NIR signal was applied standard normal variant (SNV) and on the MIR signal normalization was applied (0-1), followed by the second derivative. The prediction model was constructed using partial least squares regression (PLS) for each quality reference parameter. The models developed by NMR-PLS validated by prediction were: fresh weight; Pearson coefficient prediction (r) = 0.97, standard error of prediction (SEP) = 13.57. Longitudinal diameter; r = 0.91 and SEP = 3.37. Transverse diameter; r = 0.92 and SEP = 2.73. SST; r = 0.81 and SEP = 0.88. Juice yield; r = 0.78 and SEP = 3.26. pH r = 0.74 and SEP = 0.17. The maturation index and titratable acidity parameters could not be validated using PLS-NMR. The validated NIR-PLS models were: SST; r = 0.92 and SEP = 0.71. ATT; r = 0.92 and SEP = 0.30. The others reference quality parameters were not validated by NIR-PLS. For models using MIR-PLS, the best result was found for internal validation of the pH model, r = 0.80 and standard validation error (SEV) 0.16. The classification models developed using NMR-PLS physical parameters showed accuracy in transverse diameter of 80.00%. The classifications by chemical parameters such as soluble solids revealed accuracy of 81.10% and 61.11% for pH. For classifications by PLS-NIR for the accuracy ratio was equal to 87.95%. Fruit classified noninvasively for sensory analysis in paired comparison test, showed significant responses to juices classified by NMR-PLS models at the level of p = 0.05. For fruit classified by NIR-PLS noninvasively, the answer to the second sensory test was significant at the level of p = 0.05. These results demonstrate the applicability of these techniques as non-invasive tests to measure the quality of oranges and sorts them by physicochemical parameters perceived by tasters.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Alberto Garcia de Oliveira.pdf: 869338 bytes, checksum: 1e25db4b21acd20727606fec690c3ed6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-20 / This work shows the results achieved for the evaluation of organochlorine pesticides residue presence in oranges consumed in Goiânia. The method employed was based on the Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion extraction, MSPD, and analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography, GC. The studied pesticides were hexachlorobenzene, atrazine, heptachlor and its epoxide, endrin, a-chlordane and g-clordane. The sample (pulp without seeds) was triturated and 0,5g otit was homogenized in 0,5g of octadecyli silane (C-18). The mixture was transferred to a polyethylene column, containing 1,0g of silica gel 60 activated by 4 hours at 120°C. Three elution solvents were tested: hexane, toluene and ethyl acetate. The recovering percentages of each one were calculated, ranging from 70% to 120%. Considering the blank sample contamination levels from 2 to 5 mg.kg-1. After the analytical parameters determination, the method was tested in commercial sample of Pêra Rio orange, and are endrin residue was found in two of the three studied samples. Those results estimated to be due to the high soil organochlorine persistence or even in the irrigation water used by those farms, since the organochlorine was prohibited in Brazil sinee he 80 s. Key / Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos da avaliação da presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos organoclorados em laranjas consumidas na região de Goiânia. O método empregado baseou-se na extração por dispersão de matriz em fase sólida, MSPD (Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion), e posterior análise via cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução, GC. Os agrotóxicos estudados foram: hexaclorobenzeno, atrazina, heptacloro, e seu epóxido, metóxicloro, endrin, a-clordane, g-clordane. A amostra (polpa sem semente) foi macerada e 0,5 g da mesma foram homogeneizados em 0,5 g de octadecilsilano (C-18). A mistura foi transferida para uma coluna de polietileno contendo 1,0 g de sílica gel-60 ativada em estufa a 120°C por 4 horas. Foram testados três solventes de eluição para o método: hexano, tolueno e acetato de etila e a porcentagem de recuperação de cada um foi determinada, variando entre 70 e 109%, considerando os níveis de contaminação da amostra testemunha entre 2 e 5 mg kg-1 de amostra. Após o estabelecimento dos parâmetros analíticos, o método foi testado em amostras comerciais de Laranja Pêra Rio, tendo sido encontrado resíduo de endrin em duas das amostras estudadas. Esses resultados podem ser devidos à alta persitência dos organoclroados do solo ou mesmo na água utilizada para a irrigação dessas lavouras, já que o comércio destes produtos está proibido desde a década de 80.