Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2006. / CD-ROM has title : The testural [sic] effects of multiphase mineral systemsin liberation measurement. Includes bibliography.

O Optical Televiewer (OPTV) é um dispositivo de perfilagem geofísica que produz imagens contínuas e orientadas da parede de furos de sondagem. Imagens geradas por OPTV desempenham um papel auxiliar em campanhas de exploração mineral e na aquisição de informações geotécnicas. A caracterização geológico-geotécnica de maciços rochosos é fundamental para a identificação de condicionantes geológicas e estruturais associadas à estabilidade de escavações em rochas. Várias estruturas existentes no interior dos maciços não são normalmente acessadas via sondagem testemunhada, em função de dificuldade recuperação de testemunho no processo de sondagem e restrições econômicas pelo custo da sondagem. Estruturas como planos de foliação, dobras, sistemas de fraturas, percolação de água no maciço e aberturas podem ser completamente perdidas por uma baixa recuperação de testemunhos. O televisionamento por OPTV serve então para auxiliar na identificação e análise destas zonas de fraqueza existentes nos maciços. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas perfilagens em furos de sondagem executados em minas que fazem parte da ‘Megaestrutura Gandarela’, localizada na porção centro-norte do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais-Brasil. Feições geológicas de interesse foram retiradas das imagens obtidas com a sonda OPTV e dos dados de geoposicionamento oferecidos pela sonda. Um dos objetivos deste estudo foi a aplicação e avaliação de uma metodologia de aproveitamento do testemunho virtual proposta em publicações recentes, às imagens produzidas por OPTV nas minas Tamanduá e Gongo Soco, situadas no Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Outro objetivo do trabalho foi efetuar a análise de estabilidade cinemática de taludes a partir de estruturas marcadas em imagens de OPTV e compará-la à análise cinemática efetuada a partir das estruturas identificadas no mapeamento geológico estrutural de superfície nas minas em estudo. A marcação das estruturas nas imagens de OPTV e as análises cinemáticas foram realizadas com softwares comerciais (WellCad e Dips). O estudo mostrou que as estruturas marcadas com OPTV reproduzem satisfatoriamente as observações do mapeamento geológico estrutural, podendo gerar estereogramas que, ao menos visualmente, se assemelham aos gerados a partir de descrições litológicas. Constatou-se também que o uso do OPTV é de grande valia como ferramenta auxiliar no processo mineiro, com identificação de estruturas internas que antes não poderiam ser acessadas. / The Optical Televiewer (OPTV) is a geophysical probe device that produces continuous and oriented images of the wall of drill holes. Images generated by OPTV play an auxiliary role in mineral exploration campaigns and in the acquisition of geotechnical information. The geological-geotechnical characterization of rock masses is fundamental for the identification of geological and structural constraints associated with the stability of rock excavations. Several structures inside the massifs are not normally accessed via witnessed probing, due to difficulty retrieval of testimony in the probing process and economic constraints due to the cost of the survey. Structures such as foliation planes, folds, fracture systems, water percolation in the massif and openings can be completely lost due to a low recovery of testimonies. The televising by OPTV serves then to help in the identification and analysis of these zones of weakness existing in the massifs. In this work, profiles were drilled in drilling holes in mines that are part of the 'Gandarela Megastructure', located in the central-north portion of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais-Brazil. Geological features of interest were taken from the images obtained with the OPTV probe and the geo-positioning data provided by the probe. One of the objectives of this study was the application and evaluation of a methodology for the use of the virtual testimony proposed in recent publications, to the images produced by OPTV in the Tamanduá and Gongo Soco mines, located in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. Another objective of the work was to perform the kinematic stability analysis of slopes from marked structures in OPTV images and to compare it to the kinematic analysis carried out from the structures identified in the surface geological mapping in the mines under study. The marking of the structures in the OPTV images and the kinematic analysis were performed with commercial softwares (WellCad and Dips). The study showed that the structures marked with OPTV reproduce satisfactorily the observations of the structural geological mapping, being able to generate stereograms that, at least visually, resemble those generated from lithologic descriptions. It was also verified that the use of OPTV is of great value as an auxiliary tool in the mining process, with identification of internal structures that previously could not be accessed.

From introduction: The Tasman Geosyncline covers the eastern part of the continent of Australia, an area of over 2 million km'. The area has been a major source of Australian gold and tin production, and though it contains important base metal sulphide deposits, these are overshadowed in scale by the very large stratabound Proterozoic deposits (for example, Mt Isa, Broken Hill and McArthur River). This dissertation deals with the metallic mineral deposits of the Tasman Geosyncline, and as such does not include the extensive post Palaeozoic continental successions, with their important coal reserves, that overlie the deformed geosyncl i nal sequences.

The grade of a mineral deposit is determined by the effectiveness of a geological ore forming process, which is the result of the interaction between an ore forming mechanism and the environment in which it operates. Properties of a mineral deposit controlled by ore forming processes include the distribution, density and nature of ore minerals and gangue, and the metal content and impurities of the ore minerals. More efficient ore forming processes tend to develop in the larger mineralizing systems giving rise to richer deposits. As the geological environment within which a mineral deposit evolves becomes more complex a greater number of variables interact to determine the grade of the deposit. This is reflected in the greater variability of the grade distribution, resulting in greater difficulties in obtaining reliable estimates of the recoverable grade, and increased difficulties in the processing of ores. In response to economic fluctuations the working grade of heterogeneous orebodies, that form in geologically complex environments, can often be altered to ensure the continued viability of a mining venture. In contrast the evenly mineralized orebodies that tend to develop in geologically simple environments do not have this flexibility. All the important decisions in the mining industry, such as feasibility studies, choice of ~ining and processing methods, selection and planning, are made on the basis of, or are related to, grade estimates. If the geological controls of grade are fully understood, then it is possible to optimize the selection of the various mining alternatives, leading to the efficient exploitation of ore deposits.

Submitted by Stéfany Moreira (stemellra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-02-25T18:47:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_AtriçãoMinérioFerro.pdf: 1828689 bytes, checksum: 4b39df4eb1fd16cd896fd105c1755f72 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neide Nativa (neide@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2013-02-27T15:18:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_AtriçãoMinérioFerro.pdf: 1828689 bytes, checksum: 4b39df4eb1fd16cd896fd105c1755f72 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-27T15:18:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_AtriçãoMinérioFerro.pdf: 1828689 bytes, checksum: 4b39df4eb1fd16cd896fd105c1755f72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / A presença de lamas na flotação reversa do minério de ferro é reconhecidamente prejudicial sob vários aspectos. Tradicionalmente, a deslamagem cumpre o papel de remover parte dessa lama. No entanto, dependendo da porosidade e a forma como ela se apresenta em relação aos minerais e a ganga, a deslamagem pode não ser suficiente para maximizar os resultados da concentração. A retirada das lamas pode ser mais eficiente adotando-se o processo de atrição seguida de deslamagem em meio disperso, no caso dessas lamas estarem aderidas as cavidades dos minerais ou adsorvidas em sua superfície. O atrito entre grãos maiores e mais duros uns contra os outros visando a limpeza superficial pode ser tanto melhor quanto for o ajuste de suas variáveis do processo. A atrição está inserida em fluxogramas de beneficiamento de fosfato e areia industrial. Existem pesquisas quanto sua aplicação para o pré-concentrado de zircão e minério de ferro. Porém, pouco se conhece sobre a influência das variáveis desse processo para o minério de ferro. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as possibilidades de aumento da recuperação metalúrgica e seletividade na flotação reversa do minério de ferro hematítico, beneficiado na instalação de tratamento de minério de Vargem Grande com a adoção da etapa de atrição da polpa de alimentação, seguida de deslamagem em meio disperso. Utilizou-se o planejamento e análise fatorial para identificação das variáveis significativas da atrição na recuperação metalúrgica e índice de seletividade na flotação reversa do minério de ferro, proveniente das Minas do Tamanduá e Capitão do Mato, Quadrilátero Ferrífero. A partir da realização de testes em escala de bancada, concluiu-se que a velocidade de rotação do impelidor da célula de atrição é o principal efeito da atrição com relação à recuperação metalúrgica na flotação, independente do percentual de sólidos na polpa e do tempo de atrição. As lamas obtidas após a atrição no processo de deslamagem eram compostas essencialmente por hematitas e o concentrado da flotação apresentou baixa porosidade. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ / ABSTRACT: The presence of sludge in iron ore reverse flotation is known to be harmful in many ways. Traditionally, desliming fulfills the role of removing some of this sludge. However, depending on the porosity and how it is presented on minerals and gangue, desliming may not be sufficient to maximize the concentration results. The sludge can be removed more efficiently by adopting the scrubbing then dispersed through the desliming. The friction between larger and harder grains in each other in order to clean surface can be better as for the adjustment of their process variables. The scrubbing is embedded in flowcharts beneficiation of phosphate and silica sand. There is research and its application to pre-concentrate of zircon and iron ore. However, little is known about the influence of the iron ore process variables. This study aimed to investigate the possibilities of increasing the metallurgical recovery and selectivity in reverse flotation of hematite iron ore received at the Instalação de Tratamento de Vargem Grande by adopting the scrubbing of the pulp supply, then in the midst of desliming dispersed. The experimental planning was used for identification of significant variables of attrition in the metallurgical recovery and selectivity index in reverse flotation of iron ore from the Mina Capitão do Mato e Tamanduá, both in Quadrilátero Ferrífero. The testing bench scale, it was concluded that the rotational speed of the impeller scrubbing cell is the major effect of metallurgical recovery at flotation, regardless of the percentage of solids in the pulp and the time scrubbing. The sludge obtained in desliming after the scrubbing were essentially composed of hematite and the flotation concentrate showed low porosity.

Sejam R um anel, σ um automorfismo e d umaσ derivação de R. A presente tese discorre sobre diferentes tipos de problemas em skew anel de polinômios. Obtivemos condições necessárias e suficientes para a existência de ideais maximais e demos uma caracterização completa do radical de Brown McCoy em R[x; σ.]. Para o caso R[x; d] fizemos o mesmo estudo e obtemos resultados completos para o caso em que R é um anel comutativo, ou R é uma Q-álgebra. Estudamos condições necessárias e condições suficientes para que um ideal seja principal em R[x; σ ; d]. Finalmente, demos uma completa caracterização do centróide estendido de imagens holomórficas de skew anel de polinômios. / Let R be a ring, ›σ an automorphism of R and d a ›σ derivation of R. In this thesis, we studied different questions in skew polynomial rings. We obtained necessarily and sufficient conditions for the existence of maximal ideals and a complete characterization of Brown McCoy radical of R[x; ›σ] and R[x; d]. We studied necessarily and sufficient conditions for an ideal is principal in R[x; ›σ ; d]. Finishing this thesis, we gave a complete characterization of extended centroid of homomorphic images in skew polynomial rings of automorphism and derivation type.

Au Maroc, de nombreux filons à Pb-Zn-Ag sont encaissés dans des séries paléozoïques recoupées par des granitoïdes tardi-varisques. L'association spatiale de ces filons avec ces intrusions magmatiques a souvent été interprétée comme la preuve d'un lien génétique entre la mise en place des granitoïdes et l'hydrothermalisme minéralisateur. Toutefois, des observations récentes permettraient d'envisager que ces minéralisations puissent être post-hercyniennes, remettant en cause les modèles génétiques, et donc les stratégies d'exploration de ces métaux. Le district polymétallique de Tighza-Jbel Aouam (Maroc central) où des minéralisations à Pb-Zn-Ag sont concentrées autour de petits stocks granitiques est un site privilégié pour étudier les relations spatio-temporelles entre les granitoïdes et les minéralisations associées. Les objectifs de la thèse ont donc été : (i) d'approfondir la minéralogie des minéralisations, (ii) d'utiliser les méthodes géochronologiques les plus pertinentes pour dater les minéralisations, (iii) d'étudier les transferts magmas-fluides-métaux depuis les zones profondes (manteau, croûte inf.) vers les zones les plus superficielles de la lithosphère, à l'aide de traceurs géochimiques. Les stocks et dykes granitiques de Tighza ont été analysés et datés par U/Pb sur zircons. Ces roches appartiennent à une lignée calco-alcaline potassique et les datations mettent en évidence trois évènements magmatiques et hydrothermaux associés: (i) entre 320 et 300 Ma, mise en place de quelques dykes et des stocks granitiques ; (ii) entre 300 et 280 Ma, mise en place d'un pluton, actuellement non affleurant, accompagné par un hydrothermalisme responsable de la formation d'une auréole de métamorphisme hydrothermal, et du développement de minéralisations à W-Au ; (iii) entre 280 et 240 Ma, mise en place d'un réseau important de dykes NE-SW, accompagné par un hydrothermalisme minéralisateur en Pb-Zn-Ag caractérisé par une altération à chlorite-muscovite-calcite des métasédiments encaissants. L'étude détaillée des paragenèses des filons à Pb-Zn-Ag a permis d'établir le caractère pulsatoire de la précipitation des minéralisations. Quatre paragenèses successives ont été identifiées : (P1) stérile à sidérite ± quartz ; (P2) à calcite ± ankérite + sphalérite + galène ± sidérite ± quartz ± calcédoine ; (P3) à sidérite + sphalérite + galène ± quartz ; (P4) stérile à quartz + calcite + pyrite. Ces assemblages minéralogiques synchrones s'accompagnent de minéraux accessoires à éléments des terres rares (monazite, xénotime, synchisite), responsables des hautes teneurs en REE des carbonates de gangue (≃ 700 ppm). Des monazites d'un filon à Pb-Zn-Ag ont pu être datées par Th/Pb à 255 ± 15. L'étude des sources des métaux (isotopes Pb) indique que le plomb des minéralisations Pb-Zn-Ag provient du lessivage de la croûte supérieure. L'étude des sources des fluides minéralisateurs en Pb-Zn-Ag indique une origine crustale (isotopes He, Ar), avec un fort effet tampon par les schistes encaissants les minéralisations (isotopes C, O). Les fluides minéralisateurs en W-Au, sont eux issus d'un mélange entre une source météorique et une source mantellique (isotopes He, Ar), et ont donc une origine distincte du système à Pb-Zn-Ag. Le gisement polymétallique de Tighza-Jbel Aouam est donc caractérisé par le télescopage de plusieurs épisodes magmatiques et hydrothermaux guidés par un accident d'échelle lithosphérique et conduisant à la formation : (i) de minéralisations W-Au mésothermales pouvant être assimilées à un type porphyre, suivies pas (ii) des minéralisations à Pb-Zn-Ag épithermales. Ces épisodes magmatiques et métallogéniques s'étalent sur une durée de près de 80 Ma à la fin de l'orogenèse varisque, et caractérisent parfaitement le contexte post-collisionnel de cet orogène, notamment les effets associés au réequilibrage thermique de la croûte pendant la période permo-triasique et le prérifting Atlantique. / In Morocco, many Pb-Zn-Ag vein-type deposits are hosted in paleozoic series crosscut by variscan granitoids. The spatial association of these veins with the magmatic intrusions has often been interpreted as evidence of a genetic link between the granitoids emplacement and the mineralizing hydrothermal event. However, recent data allow to consider a late-variscan emplacement of these mineralizations. Genetical models must thus be reviewed, as well as the exploration of these base metals strategy. The polymetallic district of Tighza-Jbel Aouam (Central Morocco), were Pb-Zn-Ag vein-type deposits are located around small granitic stocks, has been selected to study the spatial and temporal relationships between granitoids and associated mineralizations. The aims of this work have been: (i) to go further into the mineralizations mineralogy, (ii) to use appropriate geochronological methods to date the mineralizations, (iii) to study the magma-fluids-metals transfers from the deeper areas (mantle, deep crust) to the upper lithosphere, using geochemical tracers. Granitic stocks and dykes of Tighza have been analyzed and dated using U/Pb method on zircons. These rocks belong to a high-K calc-alkaline association and datations show three magmatic and associated hydrothermal events: 320 to 300 Ma, stocks with few dykes emplacement; 300 to 280 Ma, pluton emplacement with associated hydrothermal event and responsible for a hydrothermal metamorphic halo, mineralizing the W-Au ore; (iii) 280 to 240 Ma, NE-SW dykes network emplacement, associated with a Pb-Zn-Ag mineralizing hydrothermal event, characterized by a chlorite-muscovite-calcite alteration of the hosting metasediments. The detailed study of Pb-Zn-Ag veins paragenesis showed the pulsated character of the mineralization precipitations. Four successive paragenesis have been identified: (P1) siderite ± quartz; (P2) calcite ± ankerite + sphalerite + galena ± siderite ± quartz ± chalcedony; (P3) siderite + sphalerite + galena ± quartz ; (P4) quartz + calcite + pyrite. These synchrone paragenese are associated with REE-minerals (monazite, xenotime, synchisite) responsible for the high amount of REE in the gangue carbonates (≃ 700 ppm). Some monazites from a Pb-Zn-Ag vein have been dated at 255 ± 15 Ma using the Th/Pb method. The metals source study (lead isotopes) shows that the Pb of Pb-Zn-Ag mineralizations come from the upper crust leaching. The fluid sources study of Pb-Zn-Ag veins indicates a crustal origin (He, Ar isotopes) strongly buffered by the hosting shales (C, O isotopes). W-Au mineralizing fluids are stemming from a mixing of meteoric and mantellic fluids (He, Ar isotopes). W-Au and Pb-Zn-Ag are thus distinguished mineralizations. The polymetallic district of Tighza-Jbel Aouam is thus characterized by the superposition of several magmatic and hydrothermal events controlled by lithospheric scale leap, leading to the formation of: (i) mesothermal W-Au deposit which can be considered as a porphyry-type mineralization; (ii) epithermal Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization. These magmatic and metallogenic events last over 80 Ma after the end of the varican orogenesis, and characterize the post-collisional context of this orogen, in particular the effects of the thermal balance of the crust during the permo-triassic period and the Atlantic pre-rifting.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The Bushveld igneous complex in northern South Africa has the largest deposit of platinum group elements (PGE) in the world. In trace amounts, these are closely associated with base metal sulphides (BMS). Froth flotation is used to beneficiate these PGE ores. The process constitutes a bulk sulphide recovery. Improvement of recovery of the BMS is required to maximise the recovery of PGEs. The performance of the froth flotation process is largely dependent on the chemical additives used and these chemicals have been extensively studied. Mixtures of collectors are widely used in the flotation of sulphide and platinum group mineral (PGM) ores. A range of performance benefits for the use of mixtures over pure collectors have been observed on many systems. These include improved valuable metal grades and recoveries, lower reagent dosage requirements, improved rates of flotation and enhanced recovery of coarse particles. Improvements observed with mixtures of chemical reagent have been attributed to synergism; defined as the interaction of two or more agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. Synergism is highly desired in froth flotation. For this study, mixtures of thiol collectors were used in batch froth flotation tests in an attempt to identify synergism between the different collectors on flotation performance of a typical platinum ore from the Merensky reef. Flotation performance was evaluated in terms of grades and recoveries of copper and nickel, and the rate of metal flotation. Single thiol collectors of xanthate (SIBX), a dithiocarbamate (DTC) and a dithiophosphate (DTP) were evaluated to determine the effect of functional group on flotation performance. SIBX was then used in mixtures with both DTC and DTP at various molar ratios to establish whether synergism occurs between these collectors on this particular platinum ore. Molar ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 60:40 and 50:50 were considered with SIBX being the major component. Further tests were conducted with the addition of a carboxymethyl cellulose depressant to the collector mixtures.

Orientador: Sebastião Gomes de Carvalho / Banca: Antenor Zanardo / Banca: João Batista Moreschi / Resumo: A mineralização sulfetada de Ni-Cu-Co (PGE), associado a rochas komatiíticas, da Jazida de Fortaleza de Minas, no sudoeste do Estado de Minas Gerais é tido como de origem magmática, porém processos pós-magmáticos modificaram substancialmente a distribuição original, estrutura, textura, mineralogia e química dos minérios. Estão presentes três importantes tipos de minérios sulfetados mobilizados: brecha, formação ferrífera bandada (BIF) e minério maciço hidrotermal. O último, é o objeto de estudo desta pesquisa. O minério maciço hidrotermal está associado a zonas de falhas transversais tardias, de direção NE-SW e N-S que cortam as rochas hospedeiras, e são perpendiculares a principal zona de cisalhamento que contém o principal corpo de minério. O minério maciço hidrotermal é formado por uma matriz oxi-sulfetada, constituída por pirrotita, pentlandita, calcopirita, pirita, violarita e magnetita, contendo minerais da série cobaltita-gersdorffita, minerais do grupo da platina, minerais da série linneita-polidymita, siegenita, além de carbonatos e quartzo. Os minerais do grupo da platina ocorrem disseminados por todo minério, associados a fases silicáticas hidratadas, inclusos em grãos de magnetita e minerais da série cobaltita-gersdorffita, no contato entre o minério e as rochas encaixantes. Próximo ao contato, são observados típicas feições de alteração hidrotermal do tipo talco-carbonato-clorita-sulfeto. Ao final do evento tectono-metamórfico, durante o Neo Proterozóico, que atuou na área em condições de baixa a alta temperatura (fácies xisto verde), foram produzidas diversas soluções hidrotermais que afetaram as rochas encaixantes nas proximidades do corpo de minério, bem como do próprio minério, originando um novo tipo de minério, aqui designado como minério maciço hidrotermal. / Abstract: The komatiite-associated Ni-Cu-Co (PGE) sulphide mineralization at Fortaleza de Minas, southwestern of Minas Gerais state is believed to have a magmatic origin, but a number of post-magmatic processes significantly modified the original distribution, structure, texture, mineralogy and chemistry of the ores. Three important types of mobilized sulphide are present: breccia, banded iron formation (BIF) and hydrothermal massive ore. The last is the object of study of this research. The hydrothermal massive ore are associated to the late transversal fault zones, of N-S and NE-SW direction that cut host rocks, and are perpendicular to the principal shear zone that comprise the main ore body. The hydrothermal massive ore is formed by a massive oxi-sulphated matrix, consisted of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, violarite and magnetite, comprising cobaltite-gersdorffite minerals series, platinum-group minerals, linnaete-polydymite minerals series, siegenite, besides carbonates and quartz. The platinum-group minerals occur disseminated over the entire ore, associated to hydrated siliceous phases, and enclosed in magnetite grains and cobaltite-gersdorffite mineral series, in the contact between the ore and enclosing rocks. Next to this contact, are observed typical hydrothermal alteration features as talc-carbonate-chlorite-sulphide. In the end of the tectonic-metamorphic event, during the Neo Proterozoic, that actuated in the area in conditions of low to medium temperatures (greenschist facies), were produced a number of hydrothermal solutions that affected enclosing rocks next to the ore body as well as the proper ore, generating a new type of ore, here designated as hydrothermal massive ore. / Mestre