No início dos anos 70, emergiu a preocupação com a produção orgânica, mais respeitosa com o meio ambiente, procurando integrar o homem e a natureza, percebendo aquele como parte e dependente desta, além de possibilitar maiores retornos econômico-financeiros. Hoje, esse movimento está alinhado aos preceitos do desenvolvimento sustentável, principalmente, considerando-se o triple bottom line: dimensões social, econômica e ambiental. O desenvolvimento sustentável, por sua vez, é um tema que permeia o quotidiano do indivíduo, das organizações, da sociedade e da academia. O imbricamento das distintas dimensões e dos diferentes níveis, numa sociedade cada vez mais interativa, gera dilemas e paradoxos, que requer a necessidade de se fazer análises, numa lógica sistêmica e complexa. Quando se analisa uma cooperativa, na presente pesquisa, a COTRIMAIO, pela sua própria natureza econômico-social, a complexidade fica maior ainda. A cooperativa é vista como um sistema, assim como a sua cadeia orgânica de suprimentos na sua relação com seus cooperados. O objetivo da pesquisa é o de analisar como a cadeia da soja orgânica da COTRIMAIO, internaliza os preceitos do desenvolvimento sustentável, de forma complexa. Como método de estudo se utilizou da abordagem qualitativa, partindo-se de uma perspectiva descritiva. O método de procedimento foi o do estudo de caso, com foco na cooperativa e cooperados. Em seus resultados a pesquisa evidenciou: a pertinência do uso de uma visão complexa para representar o desenvolvimento sustentável em uma cooperativa e na sua cadeia de suprimentos de soja orgânica e com seus cooperados; a necessária utilização de dois triângulos, imbricados um no outro, com 6 dimensões do desenvolvimento sustentável, o primeiro sendo o próprio triple bottom line (dimensões econômica, social e ambiental), e o segundo, composto pelas dimensões cultural, territorial e tecnológica. Por fim, a constatação de uma permanente dialógica, nas decisões atuais e para o futuro, dos agricultores familiares produtores de soja orgânica, em várias das dimensões examinadas, assim como no cruzamento entre elas, sendo a mais ameaçadora para o futuro do sistema orgânico de produção de soja: continuar a produzir de maneira orgânica, mesmo que isso seja mais lucrativo em relação à produção convencional, diante da possibilidade da incidência da ferrugem asiática da soja, sendo que até o momento, isso não aconteceu. / In the early 70s, emerged the care with organic production, more respectful with the environment, seeking to integrate man and nature, perceiving him as a part and dependent on it, besides allowing greater economic and financial returns. Today, this movement is aligned with the requirements of sustainable development, mainly, considering the triple bottom line: social, economic and environmental dimensions. Sustainable development is a theme that permeates the individuals' everyday, organizations, society and academy. The position of different sizes and different levels in a society more and more interactive creates dilemmas and paradoxes, which require the need to analyze, in a systemic and complex logical .When a cooperative is analyzed, in this research, COTRIMAIO, by its social-economic nature, the complexity is still greater. The cooperative is seen as a system, as well as the organic supply chain in relation to its members. The aim of this research is to examine how the organic soybean supply chain of COTRIMAIO internalizes the sustainable development precepts in a complex way. As a method of studying the qualitative approach was used, starting from a descriptive perspective. The procedure method was the case study, focusing on the cooperative and the member. In the results the research showed: the relevance of the use of a complex vision to represent the sustainable development in a cooperative and its supply range with its incorporates, the need of using two triangles, woven in one another, with 6 dimensions of sustainable development, the first being the own triple bottom line (economic, social and environmental dimensions ) and the second is composed by the cultural, territorial and technological dimensions, and finally the establishment of a permanent dialogue in current and future decisions, from the familiar farmers who produce organic soybeans, in many examined dimensions, as well as in the junction between them, being the most threatening for the future organic production of soybeans: to continue producing in an organic way, even if this is more profitable in relation to conventional production, in the presence of possibility of asian soybean rust happens, so far, it has not happened.

This diploma thesis inquires into organic box distribution analysis. The main purpose of this thesis is to look more closely at organic box schemes and consumer behaviour related to organic boxes. First part focuses on organic farming and particular types of distribution channels used in organic farming. Second part identifies chosen organic box schemes and their members, such as farmers and co-operatives. These members as well as consumers were interviewed on a specific questionnaire-basis. All gathered data were later evaluated and synthesized. According to those, working hypotheses were assessed. At the end of this thesis, it was established that the supply of organic box schemes (farmers, co-operatives) meets its particular demand (consumers of organic food).

The main purpose of the thesis is the analysis and judgement of distribution methods, which are currently used for organic foods. The first stage involved a marketing research in form of an online questionnaire, which was placed on Google Docs. This questionnaire focused on shopping habits of the customers. The evaluation showed, that the customers most frequently by the organic foods in the self service shops. The second most common place for buying the organic foods were the shops specialised in selling such products, and the third most common place were the suppliers. The most common organic foods bought by the customers were milk and dairy products, the second place belonged to fruits, and on third place were vegetables. The second stage involved a marketing research in form of telephonically enquiring the farmers from the South Bohemian Shire. The results represent the fifty organic farms out of the sixty four contacted organic farms, which responded to the enquiries. The farmers from the South Bohemian Shire most commonly rise cattle. The biggest consumers of their products, with 39 per cent, are processing companies. Selling the meat or live cattle directly at the farm accounts for 32 per cent, and 24 per cent of the products are consumed by distributors. Only 5 per cent of the products is consumed by retailers, which sell the meat directly to consumers. The second most commonly produced commodity is milk and dairy products. According to questionnaire, the entire production is intended for the czech market and the consumption is in average rated as ``commendable{\crqq}, which is greatly affected by Madeta a.s. Other consumers of milk and dairy products are healthy food shops and catering institutions. The individual contributions to the consumption of milk and dairy products are unknown. There are very few producers of organic fruits and vegetables in the South Bohemian Shire, and therefore the marketing research did not produce any useful results regarding these products.

No início dos anos 70, emergiu a preocupação com a produção orgânica, mais respeitosa com o meio ambiente, procurando integrar o homem e a natureza, percebendo aquele como parte e dependente desta, além de possibilitar maiores retornos econômico-financeiros. Hoje, esse movimento está alinhado aos preceitos do desenvolvimento sustentável, principalmente, considerando-se o triple bottom line: dimensões social, econômica e ambiental. O desenvolvimento sustentável, por sua vez, é um tema que permeia o quotidiano do indivíduo, das organizações, da sociedade e da academia. O imbricamento das distintas dimensões e dos diferentes níveis, numa sociedade cada vez mais interativa, gera dilemas e paradoxos, que requer a necessidade de se fazer análises, numa lógica sistêmica e complexa. Quando se analisa uma cooperativa, na presente pesquisa, a COTRIMAIO, pela sua própria natureza econômico-social, a complexidade fica maior ainda. A cooperativa é vista como um sistema, assim como a sua cadeia orgânica de suprimentos na sua relação com seus cooperados. O objetivo da pesquisa é o de analisar como a cadeia da soja orgânica da COTRIMAIO, internaliza os preceitos do desenvolvimento sustentável, de forma complexa. Como método de estudo se utilizou da abordagem qualitativa, partindo-se de uma perspectiva descritiva. O método de procedimento foi o do estudo de caso, com foco na cooperativa e cooperados. Em seus resultados a pesquisa evidenciou: a pertinência do uso de uma visão complexa para representar o desenvolvimento sustentável em uma cooperativa e na sua cadeia de suprimentos de soja orgânica e com seus cooperados; a necessária utilização de dois triângulos, imbricados um no outro, com 6 dimensões do desenvolvimento sustentável, o primeiro sendo o próprio triple bottom line (dimensões econômica, social e ambiental), e o segundo, composto pelas dimensões cultural, territorial e tecnológica. Por fim, a constatação de uma permanente dialógica, nas decisões atuais e para o futuro, dos agricultores familiares produtores de soja orgânica, em várias das dimensões examinadas, assim como no cruzamento entre elas, sendo a mais ameaçadora para o futuro do sistema orgânico de produção de soja: continuar a produzir de maneira orgânica, mesmo que isso seja mais lucrativo em relação à produção convencional, diante da possibilidade da incidência da ferrugem asiática da soja, sendo que até o momento, isso não aconteceu. / In the early 70s, emerged the care with organic production, more respectful with the environment, seeking to integrate man and nature, perceiving him as a part and dependent on it, besides allowing greater economic and financial returns. Today, this movement is aligned with the requirements of sustainable development, mainly, considering the triple bottom line: social, economic and environmental dimensions. Sustainable development is a theme that permeates the individuals' everyday, organizations, society and academy. The position of different sizes and different levels in a society more and more interactive creates dilemmas and paradoxes, which require the need to analyze, in a systemic and complex logical .When a cooperative is analyzed, in this research, COTRIMAIO, by its social-economic nature, the complexity is still greater. The cooperative is seen as a system, as well as the organic supply chain in relation to its members. The aim of this research is to examine how the organic soybean supply chain of COTRIMAIO internalizes the sustainable development precepts in a complex way. As a method of studying the qualitative approach was used, starting from a descriptive perspective. The procedure method was the case study, focusing on the cooperative and the member. In the results the research showed: the relevance of the use of a complex vision to represent the sustainable development in a cooperative and its supply range with its incorporates, the need of using two triangles, woven in one another, with 6 dimensions of sustainable development, the first being the own triple bottom line (economic, social and environmental dimensions ) and the second is composed by the cultural, territorial and technological dimensions, and finally the establishment of a permanent dialogue in current and future decisions, from the familiar farmers who produce organic soybeans, in many examined dimensions, as well as in the junction between them, being the most threatening for the future organic production of soybeans: to continue producing in an organic way, even if this is more profitable in relation to conventional production, in the presence of possibility of asian soybean rust happens, so far, it has not happened.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Denise_de_Souza_Martins.pdf: 1136190 bytes, checksum: a7725ec75727ad7c81299a532ef9ad80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / The strawberry is produced and appreciated in various regions of the world, being the kind of small fruits of greatest economic expression. The farms involved in strawberries production are for the most part, family. Much of this strawberry production is still performed in a conventional manner causing the fruit to receive heavy loads of pesticides, resulting in fruit with high levels of residues, as shown by the reports of the National Residue Analysis of Pesticides in Food ANVISA each year. In this context, the production of strawberry in ecological production system is an alternative to reduce the use of pesticides in the crop, producing healthier food for consumers and less aggressive to the farmer and nature, ensuring their income and enhancing agricultural crops that is based on the labor of family farming. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the performance of cultivars of strawberry in ecological production system analyzing characteristics of fruit yield, quality of fruit and disease incidence. The experiments were conducted in 2008 in the Estação Experimental Cascata - Embrapa Clima Temperado (Pelotas/RS), one studying seven strawberry cultivars in this management, and other studying the disease incidence in two strawberry cultivars. Were analyzed the distribution of production during the production cycle, number of fruits per plant, average weight of fruits, total yield of fruits per plant and per area and percentage non-marketable production, and evaluation of post-harvest soluble solids (SS), acidity (AT), pH, ascorbic acid, coloring of the skin and firmness fruit cultivars Camarosa, Aromas, Camino Real, Ventana, Albion, Diamante and Festival in the ecological system production. The distribution of fruit production was similar for all cultivars tested, while maintaining the highest yields in the months of October and December, with 'Aromas' and 'Albion' keeps the fruit production in January and February. Weekly sprays of grout alternatives plants are unnecessary, because the incidence of disease in plants is low, since it adopts a set of management practices during the production cycle, as the tunnel opens in the morning, closing the tunnel at the end of afternoon, biweekly cleaning plants to decrease the inoculum of diseases and applications of grout alternatives for management of insects and diseases, according to the monitoring of these agents in the field. From the results of the experiments we can say that all cultivars were suitable for cultivation in ecological production systems in the microregion of Pelotas, Brazil, because they show results in productivity above the average of the RS and fruit quality satisfactory. Nevertheless, it is recommended that the cultivar 'Festival', 'Camino Real' and 'Diamante', are more studied in this system to check what the requirements of management that their yields are higher. / O morangueiro é produzido e apreciado nas mais variadas regiões do mundo, sendo a espécie das pequenas frutas de maior expressão econômica. As propriedades que se dedicam ao cultivo do morangueiro são, em sua grande maioria, familiares. Grande parte desta produção de morango ainda é realizada de forma convencional, fazendo com que as frutas recebam grandes cargas de agrotóxicos, resultando em níveis elevados de resíduos, como mostram os relatórios do Programa Nacional de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos, da ANVISA a cada ano. Neste contexto, a produção de morango em sistema de base ecológica é uma alternativa para diminuir o uso de agrotóxicos na cultura, produzindo um alimento mais saudável para o consumidor e menos agressivo ao ambiente, garantindo sua renda e fortalecendo culturas agrícolas que tem como base a mão de obra da agricultura familiar. Assim, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento de cultivares de morangueiro, quanto a características de produtividade, qualidade das frutas e incidência de doenças em sistema de produção de base ecológica. Para isso foram realizados dois experimento no ano de 2008, na Estação Experimental Cascata - Embrapa Clima Temperado (Pelotas/RS), um avaliando o comportamento de sete cultivares de morangueiro neste sistema e outro avaliando o comportamento de duas cultivares sob manejo ecológico quanto a incidência de doenças. Foram analisados distribuição da produção durante o ciclo produtivo, número de frutas por planta, massa média de frutas, produção total de frutas por planta e por área e porcentagem da produção não comerciável, incidência de doenças, além de avaliação de póscolheita como Sólidos solúveis (SS), Acidez total (AT), pH, Ácido Ascórbico, Coloração da epiderme e firmeza da polpa das frutas das cultivares Camarosa, Aromas, Camino Real, Ventana, Albion, Diamante e Festival. A distribuição da produção das frutas foi semelhante para todas as cultivares analisadas, mantendose as maiores produções entre os meses de outubro e dezembro, sendo que Aromas e Albion mantém a produção de frutas em janeiro e fevereiro. Pulverizações semanais de caldas fitoprotetoras nas plantas são desnecessárias, pois a incidência de doenças nas plantas é baixa, desde que se adote um conjunto de práticas de manejo durante o ciclo produtivo, como a abertura dos túneis logo pela manhã, fechamento dos túneis no final da tarde, limpeza quinzenal das plantas para diminuição do inóculo de doenças e aplicações de caldas alternativas para manejo de insetos e doenças, de acordo com monitoramento destes agentes na lavoura. A partir dos resultados dos experimentos é possível afirmar que todas as cultivares avaliadas se apresentam adequadas para cultivo em sistemas de produção de base ecológica na microrregião de Pelotas, RS, pois mostram resultados de produtividade acima da média do estado do RS e qualidade de fruta satisfatórios. Apesar disto, aconselha-se que as cultivares Festival , Camino Real e Diamante , sejam mais estudadas neste sistema para verificar quais as exigências de manejo para que as suas produtividades sejam mais elevadas.

The growing South African domestic organic food industry is a new feature of the recent structural shifts in food demand in the country. Consumer demand preferences for organic food impact on agricultural production methods due to the unintended positive consequences of improved soil fertilisation, increased productivity and increased use of indigenous knowledge. Understanding consumer demand for food, specifically organic food, in South Africa is becoming increasingly important as consumers’ attitudes and preferences strongly influence the direction of food retailers’ strategies. This study used a single bound dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM) to analyse the determinants of organic food in SA, specifically organic fruit juice and wine. Data was collected from a CVM questionnaire administered to 550 respondents in a food retail store over 3 days. Findings from this study indicate consumers believe organic food is more nutritious and tastier than conventional food, organic agriculture benefits both small-scale and local farmers and that consumers require a guarantee of the organic origin of organic products. Emphasising these benefits and directly referring to the small-scale and local farmers from whom organic products have been procured in advertisement campaigns may improve retail marketing strategies for organic food. It also highlights that South African policy makers urgently have to finalise the promulgation of the draft legislation on organic standards to provide certainty to local consumers and hence a positive signal to current and prospective investors in the local organic industry. Empirical results from this study show that socio-demographic factors do influence consumer demand and supports the need for disaggregated food demand analysis in South Africa. Socio-demographic factors do influence South African consumers’ decision to purchase organic food and younger age increases the probability of the decision to purchase organic food; whereas being married and being in possession of non-formal training qualifications decreases this probability. Organic consumer awareness and education programmes should therefore be targeted at older, unmarried consumers with high levels of formal education. The domestic market may provide a niche for South African wine producers as this study showed that the majority of respondents interviewed are prepared to pay higher premiums for organic wine. A limitation of this study is that these results may reflect consumers’ demand for wine as a luxury good as no separate analysis and questions were included on consumer demand for wine. Policy makers should support small-scale producers and black vintners in the Western Cape to exploit growing organic wine industry by conducting further research for a organic wine marketing campaign that brands organic wine highlighting procurement from small-scale producers, local farmers and positive contribution to environment, providing extension services to small-scale producers on organic wine production, investing in research and development in organic wine production facilitating mentorship between small-scale farmers and existing organic wine producers and lobbying national department of agriculture to finalise the draft South African organic standard given that South African consumers require guarantee of organic origin. Agents in the private sector may exploit opportunities in the organic wine industry by targeting consumers that are younger and old age of Christian faith, lobby the South African government to finalise the draft organic standard, highlight attitudes that organic wine contribute positively to the environment, local and small-scale farmers in organic wine marketing campaigns and procure more organic wine from small-scale and local organic wine producers. Local and small-scale fruit producers and fruit processors in the Western Cape are well positioned to exploit growth forecasted in the domestic organic fruit juice sector given its global reputation for producing high quality fruit, proven manufacturing capabilities and expertise in fruit juice production. Both younger and older age positively influences willingness to pay for organic fruit juice but younger consumers are willing to pay higher prices than older consumers for organic fruit juice. Consumers that are the head of households, by being in the position of food purchaser, are also willing to pay higher prices for organic fruit juice. Afrikaans speaking consumers, 77 percent belonging to the coloured population group of which 69 percent earn less than an average monthly income of R3500 are less likely to pay higher prices for organic fruit juice due to lower disposal incomes. South African citizens that represent almost 90 percent of the Western Cape population are concerned about environmental issues confirmed by beliefs that organic food contributes to the environment, small-scale and local farmers. This concern is expressed in the higher prices that South African citizens are willing to pay for organic fruit juice. These empirical findings indicate the target consumers that organic fruit juice marketing campaigns should focus on. Specific policy interventions to promote the industry include public investment in research and development in organic production methods, extension service provision on organic production methods to small-scale farmers and development of mentorship programmes between existing small-scale and existing organic producers. Copyright / Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

<p>Predmet disertacije predstavlja istraživanje trži&scaron;ta organskih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda i analiza mera za pobolj&scaron;anje proizvodnje i potro&scaron;nje istih u Republici Srbiji.&nbsp; Osnovni cilj istraživanja je sagledavanje trenutnog stanja na međunarodnom i domaćem trži&scaron;tu organskih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda i ispitivanje i jasnije definisanje određenih grupacija i stavova potro&scaron;ača u vezi potro&scaron;nje istih.&nbsp; Za potrebe ovakvog cilja istraživane su navike potro&scaron;ača, mi&scaron;ljenja, motivi, iskustva i stavovi u vezi potro&scaron;nje organskih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda u Republici Srbiji. Ovo istraživanje sprovedeno je da bi se utvrdile karakteristike trži&scaron;ta organskih proizvoda u Srbiji, stavovi, praksa i osobine različitih grupa potro&scaron;ača organskih prehrambenih proizvoda, kao i faktori koji utiču na kupovinu ovih proizvoda. Jedan deo istraživanja posvećen je i analizi kretanja proizvodnje i trži&scaron;ta hrane proizvedene u organskom sistemu proizvodnje u Evropskoj uniji i na globalnom nivou.&nbsp; Organska proizvodnja u odnosu na konvencionalnu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju ima čitav niz prednosti, naročito ukoliko se sektor posmatra iz ugla multifunkciolalnosti poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Multifunkcionalnost poljoprivrede ne mora da se posmatra samo sa aspekta trži&scaron;nih relacija, već čitavog niza drugih funkcija koje poljoprivreda, kao delatnost, ostvaruje u ruralnim područjima. Proizvodnja organskih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda u svetu u konstantnom je porastu jer je u svetu evidentan značajan rast u povr&scaron;inama pod organskom proizvodnjom. Promet organskih poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda, očekivano, uglavnom raste u zemljama sa vi&scaron;om kupovnom moći, ekolo&scaron;kom i prehrambeno-zdravstvenom sve&scaron;ću i navikama proizvođača. U isto vreme, značajno raste i tražnja za ovakvom vrstom poljoprivredno-prehrambenih proizvoda.&nbsp; Republika Srbija poseduje značajne potencijale za proizvodnju organskih poljoprivrednoprehrambenih proizvoda. Mogu se istaći prirodni potencijali, svest o potrebi za kvalitetom u mnogim industrijskim granama; velike povr&scaron;ine poljoprivrednog zemlji&scaron;ta koje nisu zagađene niti intenzivno obrađivane, &scaron;to ubrzava i olak&scaron;ava konverziju; pozitivan stav o organskoj poljoprivredi među akademskim osobljem, mnogim poljoprivrednicima i potro&scaron;ačima kao i ugovori o slobodnoj trgovini (EFTA, CEFTA, Ruska federacija, Belorusija, Turska).&nbsp; Ipak, u Srbiji postoji nedovoljan nivo obrazovanja u oblasti organske proizvodnje, nepovoljna struktura poljoprivrednih gazdinstava (veliki broj malih gazdinstava koja međusobno ne sarađuju; visoka prosečna starost farmera; tradicionalan pristup u proizvodnji; kriza stočarskog sektora), ali i neadekvatna primena ekolo&scaron;kog marketinga, nedovoljno svesni i informisani potro&scaron;ači, na jednoj strani i nedovoljno &scaron;irok asortiman, količina proizvoda i stalnost u ponudi, na drugoj strani. Trži&scaron;te organskih prehrambenih proizvoda karakteri&scaron;e uglavnom niska kupovna moć stanovni&scaron;tva, nedovoljna informisanost potro&scaron;ača i niska ekolo&scaron;ka svest stanovni&scaron;tva u Srbiji.</p> / <p>The subject of the dissertation is the research of the market of organic agricultural food products and the analysis of the measures for improving the production and consumption of these products in the Republic of Serbia. The main goal of the research is to gain insight into the current situation in the international and domestic market of organic agricultural food products and to examine and more clearly define certain consumers&rsquo; groups and attitudes related to the consumption of these products. In order to achieve this research goal, the dissertation examined consumers&#39; habits, opinions, motives, experiences and attitudes regarding the consumption of organic agricultural food products in the Republic of Serbia. This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of the market of organic products in Serbia, the attitudes, practices and features of different groups of organic food consumers, as well as the factors that influence the purchase of these products. One part of the research is devoted to the analysis of the trends in the production and the market of the food produced in the organic production system in the European Union and the world. Compared to conventional agricultural production, organic production has a number of advantages, especially if the sector is viewed from the perspective of multifunctionality of agricultural production. Multifunctionality of agriculture does not have to be viewed only from the point of view of market relations, but also within the whole range of other functions that agriculture, as a business activity, realizes in rural areas. Production of organic agricultural food products in the world is constantly increasing, as the areas used for organic production are significant growing globally. The trade of organic agricultural food products, as expected, grows mainly in the countries with higher purchasing power, and higher environmental and food health consciousness and habits of the</p><p><br />VI<br />producers. At the same time, there is a significant increase in the demand for this kind of agricultural food products. The Republic of Serbia has significant potential for production of organic agricultural food products. This is due to its natural potentials, awareness of the need for quality in a number of industrial branches; large areas of agricultural land that have not been contaminated or intensely farmed, which can speed up and facilitate the conversion; the positive attitude towards organic farming among university staff, many farmers and consumers, as well as free trade agreements (EFTA, CEFTA, Russian Federation, Belarus, Turkey). However, the population in Serbia is still not sufficiently educated in the field of organic production, there is unfavorable structure of the farms (a large number of small farms, which do not cooperate; aging of the farmers; the traditional approach to production; crisis of the livestock sector), as well as inadequate application of environmental marketing, insufficiently aware and informed consumers, on the one hand, and insufficiently wide assortment, quantity of products and steady offer, on the other. The market of organic food products is characterized mainly by low purchasing power of the population, lack of consumer awareness and low environmental awareness of the population in Serbia. The analysis of the market in Serbia showed great potential to increase the production and exports to foreign markets, while the increasing consumption of these products in the domestic market is still limited by the purchasing power of domestic consumers. On the other hand, problems of the legislative regulation of the sector of organic farming, problems of the regulation of certification bodies, low volume of production, and the fact that still primary, instead of processed organic products are exported, prevents the increase in the value of total exports.</p>

Organic labeling organizations like KRAV have an important role to play in affecting consumer purchasing decisions as well as producer crop cultivation behaviours. With soil health becoming an ever increasing concern, and soil so central to the catalysing cycles of carbon, nutrients, and energy in the ecosphere, sustainable development could benefit from understanding better the relationship of organic labelling organizations to soil. This thesis explores that relationship through a review of relevant literature including the guidelines for KRAV certification 2019-2020, as well as interviews with former KRAV employees and a current KRAV certified farmer. Therewith, this research investigates this complex interplay of relevant actors - consumer, farmer, certification body, and standard holder- to elucidate KRAV’s approach to soil health. Whereas some environmentalists might argue for stricter guidelines and more holistic testing, the participants in this study presented a firm case for the difficulty of implementing further soil testing. This study is best understood to be an initial and exploratory investigation into a topic that requires more attention to draw firm conclusions from in the future. In future studies, it may be beneficial to cross-compare practices and mentalities of people involved in organic certified production from different labels.

Orientador: Filipe Pereira Giardini Bonfim / Resumo: Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa avaliar tipos de cobertura do solo, época de formação e densidade da palhada sobre desempenho agronômico de espécies condimentares e fitossociologia das plantas espontâneas. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos distintos na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP/Campus de Botucatu -SP. No primeiro experimento objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo das culturas salsinha (Petroselinum crispum L.) e cebolinha (Allium fistulosum L.) cultivadas em sistema orgânico com diferentes tipos de cobertura do solo, assim como a fitossociologia da comunidade infestante, em dois anos consecutivos, utilizando como tratamentos: palhada de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.); palhada de milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke); palhada de vegetação espontânea; plástico preto e solo sem cobertura. Já no segundo experimento buscou-se avaliar os efeitos das plantas de cobertura, densidade e época de formação da palhada, na produção e no manejo de plantas espontâneas em sistema de plantio direto orgânico de cebolinha. Esse experimento foi constituído por esquema fatorial 2x7, na qual o primeiro fator foi duas épocas de semeadura das plantas de cobertura (primavera e inverno) e o segundo fator foi a densidade de semeadura por metro linear das culturas de cobertura, sendo: sorgo 10, 20 e 40; milheto 25, 50 e 100 e solo sem cobertura. Avaliou-se das culturas condimentares as características agronômicas como número d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate types of soil cover, time of formation and density of straw on agronomic performance of condiment species and phytosociology of spontaneous plants. For this, two different experiments were carried out at the São Manuel Experimental Farm, of the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences - UNESP/Botucatu Campus -SP. In the first experiment, the objective was to evaluate the productive performance of the cultures of parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) and scallions (Allium fistulosum L.) grown in an organic system with different types of soil cover, as well as the phytosociology of the weed community. Two years of consecutive cultivation were carried out, using as treatments: sorghum straw (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.); millet straw (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke); spontaneous vegetation straw; black plastic and bare ground. In the second experiment, the aim was to evaluate the effects of cover plants, density and time of straw formation, on the production and management of spontaneous plants in a system of organic no-tillage of scallions. This experiment consisted of a 2x7 factorial, in which the first factor was two sowing times of the cover plants (spring and winter) and the second factor was the sowing density per linear meter of the cover crops, being: sorghum 10, 20 and 40; millet 25, 50 and 100 and soil without cover. The agronomic characteristics of the condiment cultures were evaluated: number of leaves, average height of the plants,... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Supply and synchronization of plant-available nitrogen (N) to the soil is a major challenge for organic farmers, especially when growing crops in soils that are in transition from conventional to organic systems. This research evaluated the effects of site produced cover crops and application of soil amendments on N uptake and crop yield of organic Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum) and sweet corn (Zea mays). Cover crops were crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) and forage radish (Raphanus sativus). Soil amendments included in-row application of commercially produced dehydrated compost tea absorbed on charcoal (Soil Biology Innovations) and post-plant sidedressing with organic N fertilizer. Irish potato and sweet corn were grown at the Kentland Agricultural Research Farm near Blacksburg, VA in an organic transition soil during the summers of 2006 and 2007. Nitrogen uptake and crop yield were not affected by cover crop species in either year. SBI increased yield of sweet corn, but not Irish potato for both years; SBI had no effect on N uptake of either crop. Post-plant N sidedressing increased N uptake and crop yield of Irish potato and sweet corn in 2007, but had no effect on crop yield in 2006, presumably because pre-plant organic fertilizer was applied at planting in 2006, but not in 2007. This study shows that the combination of site produced cover crops and applied soil amendments may be required to produce high marketable yields of organic Irish potato and sweet corn in the transition soil used in these experiments. / Master of Science