Studies were conducted to investigate the interactive effects of exogenous enzymes andorganic acids on in vitro and in vivo nutrient digestion and growth performance of broiler chicks.In Study 1, five exogenous enzyme products including ??-glucanase, xylanase, amylase, ??-galactosidase and protease, were assayed in triplicate at their optimum pH levels and at pH levelsof 3.0, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5, which were used to simulate pH levels found in the gizzard, the diet,the crop, and the proximal and distal parts of small intestine, respectively. The pH gradient wasobtained by dissolving the enzymes in different buffers. Results suggested that the pH levelscommonly found in the avian digestive tract were either too high or too low for maximumactivity of the exogenous enzymes, such as ??-galactosidase and protease.In Study 2, broiler chicks were fed corn basal, barley basal or wheat basal diets withdifferent levels or different sources of organic acids. Dietary inclusion of graded levels oforganic acids linearly reduced the pH of the diet and crop content, but not the pH of the digestasampled in the gizzard and small intestine. The inclusion of 2% organic acids (citric acid orfumaric acid) in broiler diets had either no effect or negative effects on chick growthperformance.In Study 3, an in vitro model was used to simulate the chicken's digestive process in thecrop, the gizzard and the small intestine. Soybean meal and raw whole soybeanwere used as substrates. Graded levels of either ??-galactosidase (0 to 13,792 units/kg) or protease(0 to 888 units/kg) and 0 or 2% citric acid were added to the substrates in a factorialarrangement. Reducing sugars, ??-amino nitrogen and trypsin inhibitor content were measured.The data indicated that increasing levels of ??-galactosidase linearly increased the release of thereducing sugars from the soybean meal. Addition of citric acid further increased the activity of ??-galactosidase, resulting in more reducing sugars were released. Increasing the supplementarylevels of protease linearly increased the ??-amino nitrogen release from the soybean meal and rawwhole soybean. Trypsin inhibitor content in the raw whole soybean was not influenced by theapplication of the protease.In Study 4, broilers were fed low energy or normal energy basal diets with ??-galactosidase,amylase and acidification of diet and water. Growth performance, AMEn and digestibility ofDM, CP and NDF were observed. Alpha-galactosidase improved the AMEn of the diets andincreased the weight gain and feed intake of broiler chicks. Citric acid decreased the crop pH andenhanced the activity of ??-galactosidase in the crop. Citric acid decreased the AMEn of the dietsand chick growth performance. These effects were corrected by supplementing ??-galactosidase.The activity of ??-galactosidase was enhanced by simultaneously using organic acid. Thenegative effects on chick growth performance by dietary inclusion of organic acids werecorrected by simultaneously using ??-galactosidase.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-84). Also available on the World Wide Web.

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on October 9, 2009) Thesis advisor: Dr. Andrew D. Clarke. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of St Andrews, June 2009.

No description available.

Dissertation presented in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, 2009. / This study was mainly a response to a challenge faced by ESKOM in its coal-fired power stations. In spite of using high purity water to drive the turbines, the latter were damaged by ‘pitting’, possibly related to acids generated at high temperatures. In the light of this a relatively simple method for determination of short chain organic acids was identified by comparing the efficacies of several methods. It was found that high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method preceded by derivatization (with o-nitrophenyl hydrazine) is suitable for analyzing mixtures of simple acids at ppb levels. Calibration was effected by using methanoic acid (formic acid), ethanoic acid (acetic acid), propanoic acid (propionic acid) and butanoic acid (butyric acid). The HPLC instrument used was from Thermo Separations with P2000 pump, SN 4000 interface and UV1000 with a column heater. A comparative study between the HPLC methods using ion exclusion and partition chromatography was carried out in order to find a suitable method that can be used with aqueous environmental samples. The two essential columns that were used were ion exclusion Phenomenex Rezex OA column and a Nucleodur C8 column. The method of partition chromatography using a C8 column showed the most success using a mobile phase consisted of acidified water using HCl (pH4.5) along with a 60:40 Acetonitrile/Methanol mixture. Both isocratic and gradient programs were utilized. Limits of detection were improved from 800ppb (formic acid), 480ppb (acetic), 350ppb (propionic) and 680ppb (butyric acid) to 25ppb (acetic), 60ppb (propionic) and 90ppb (butyric). Samples used in analysis were collected from the main stream, economiser, condensers, polishing plant and turbines of the Tutuka Power Station in Mpumalanga province and analysed using with final developed method / Eskom Tertiary Support Programme. Durban University of Technology

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01005.pdf: 1669281 bytes, checksum: e0964528b687aaa8cc09a76baf3c0352 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo - IB/USP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_wcma_me_araiq_parcial.pdf: 107710 bytes, checksum: c52f9c2b807466a26cb2fe88b6e8d62b (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-07-02T12:36:15Z: melo_wcma_me_araiq_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-02T12:37:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000609297_20200101.pdf: 94452 bytes, checksum: 540b78f8f69f7a786fe874e868e8a09a (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O uso de bactéria como agente catalítico para a lixiviação de sulfetos minerais é largamente reconhecido hoje como uma metodologia interessante, sob o ponto de vista econômico e ambiental, para a recuperação de metais de minérios de baixo teor e minérios de sulfetos secundários. A principal bactéria envolvida neste processo é a Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, um microrganismo quimiolitotrófico e acidofílico que obtem energia através da oxidação do íon Fe2+, além das formas reduzidas de enxofre e sulfetos metálicos. Dentre os principais sulfetos metálicos encontrados nas reservas minerais de cobre, a calcopirita (CuFeS2) é a que mais se destaca por ser o mineral mais abundante e ao mesmo tempo mais refratário ao ataque químico e bacteriano. Dentro desse contexto há um grande interesse no desenvolvimento de alternativas para otimizar a solubilização desse sulfeto. Neste trabalho, foram investigados o efeito dos ácidos orgânicos e dos íons cloreto e na biolixiviação da calcopirita visando aumentar a solubilização de cobre desse sulfeto. Com relação ao estudo com os ácidos orgânicos (cítrico e oxálico) foi observado que a linhagem bacteriana A. ferrooxidans-LR foi inibida na presença do ácido oxálico em concentrações acima de 0,10 % m/v. Na presença de ácido cítrico não foi observado nenhuma inibição nas diversas concentrações utilizadas. Em função desses resultados o ácido cítrico foi o único a ser utilizado nos ensaios posteriores. O teste de solubilização das jarositas demonstrou que uma vez formada, ela não pode ser dissolvida pela adição de ácido cítrico. No entanto, este ácido mostrou-se eficiente para conter a formação destes precipitados. Os ensaios de biolixiviação na presença de ácido cítrico foram acompanhados por 60 dias através de medidas de pH, Eh, [Fe2+], [Fe3+] e [Cu]... / Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a chemolithoautotrophic and acidophilic bacterium which obtain their energy through oxidation of the iron Fe+2 or sulfur reduced compounds including metal sulfides. This is the main species involved in the metals bioleaching process, an useful methodology to recovery metals from low-grade ores and secondary mineral sulfides. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is one of the most abundant mineral of copper but at same time the most refractory, both to chemical and biological dissolution. So, it would be interesting to develop alternative technologies to improve copper solubilization from this sulfide. In the present study, it was investigated the effect of chlorine ions and organic acids in the chalcopyrite dissolution by bioleaching experiments in shake flask, following parameters such as pH, Eh, [Fe2+], [Fe3+] and [Cu]. Solid residues collected during and at end of assays were analyzed by X rays diffraction technique. The presence of Cl- ions (150 mmol L-1) and bacterium cells increased the degree of the chalcopyrite dissolution, comparing to abiotic controls and without Cl- ions. Two kinds of cell adaptation were also investigated regarding their capacity of copper extraction. Chlorine adapted cells showed better results than those adapted only to grow in chalcopyrite. Indeed, successive Cl- ions addition during experiment time course, at 10 e 20 mmol L-1, enhanced copper extraction in about 70% in comparison to that of 150 mmol L-1 in just one addition. The main new solid phase obtained during bioleaching experiments in inoculated flasks was covelllite, but jarosites were not produced in these conditions, which can be considered a promising result. The successive chlorine ion addition in bioleaching of chalcopyrite showed to be a potential procedure to improve copper extraction. Basically, the studies of organic acids (citric and oxalic)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 braz_rr_me_jabo.pdf: 464348 bytes, checksum: 79b1c99f633d267c5d438253b277de71 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O fósforo (P) é indispensável para todos os organismos e apresenta disponibilidade muito baixa para as plantas. Uma das alternativas para minimizar esse problema está na solubilização de fosfatos insolúveis por microrganismos P-solubilizadores (MSF). A atuação dos MSF têm sido estudada “in vitro” utilizando-se culturas individuais, porém não de forma co-inoculada. Pode se pressupor que em condições naturais deve haver interação entre as espécies. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar-se o efeito da co-inoculação de duas espécies de MSF na solubilização de diferentes fontes de P. O fungo Aspergillus niger e a bactéria Burkhoderia cepacia foram crescidos de forma individual e co-inoculados (A niger + B. cepacia) em meio líquido contendo fosfato de cálcio, alumínio ou ferro como fonte de P durante nove dias. O efeito da fonte de carbono (xilose, glicose, sacarose e amido) e da fonte de nitrogênio (cloreto de amônio, glicina, ácido glutâmico e nitrato de sódio) foram avaliados no processo de solubilização. Os fatores que influenciaram direta e indiretamente a solubilização de P como crescimento, acidez e pH, consumo de carbono e atividade enzimática foram avaliados. Quando as fontes de carbono e nitrogênio foram avaliadas, a fonte de P utilizada foi CaHPO4 e os microrganismos foram crescidos durante seis dias. Dentre as fontes de fosfato, o maior crescimento ocorreu com FePO4, a maior quantidade de P solubilizado e atividade de fosfatase ácida foi encontrada com CaHPO4, e a mais alta produção de ácidos e redução do pH foi obtida com AlPO4. A eficiência de solubilização da co-cultura foi sempre maior do que a das culturas individuais em todas as fontes de P. Quando diferentes fontes de carbono foram estudadas... / Phosphorus is essential for organisms and has very low availability to plants. One alternative to minimize this problem is solubilizing insoluble phosphates forms of P by P-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM). The performance of PSM have been studied in vitro using individual cultures, but not in co-culture. It can be assumed that under natural conditions should be interaction between species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of co-inoculation of two species of MPS in to solubilize different sources of P. The fungus Aspergillus niger and Burkhoderia cepacia bacteria were grown individually and co-inoculated (A. niger – B. ceacia) iin liquid medium containing calcium, aluminum or iron phosphate as a source of P for nine days. The effect of carbon source (xylose, glucose, sucrose and starch) and nitrogen source (ammonium chloride, glycine, glutamic acid and sodium nitrate) were evaluated in the process of solubilization. The factors that directly and indirectly influenced the solubilization of P as PSM growth, production of acid, decrease pH, carbon consuption and phosphatase activity were evaluated. When the carbon and nitrogen sources were evaluated, the source of P used was CaHPO4 and MSP were grown for six days. Among the sources of phosphate, the greatest PSM growth was found with FePO4, the largest amount of P solubilized and acid phosphatase activity was found with CaHPO4, and the highest production of acids and pH reduction was obtained with AlPO4. The efficiency of solubilization by co-culture was always greater than that of single cultures in all sources of P. When different carbon sources were studied, the highest rates of CaHPO4 solubilization and PSM growth were observed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

CAPES / As modificações químicas do amido nativo causam alterações estruturais na molécula do polímero afetando suas propriedades físico-químicas o que os torna aptos para vários usos industriais. O ácido tartárico é um ácido orgânico dicarboxílico que pode modificar quimicamente a estrutura do amido e tem uso permitido em alimentos. Neste estudo, o amido de mandioca foi modificado com ácido tartárico e o efeito da concentração do ácido (4,5 - 8,0 g.100g-1) e do pH da reação (5,0 - 8,0) sobre as propriedades do amido foram avaliados utilizando um planejamento experimental 22 centrado na face. As propriedades físicoquímicas, funcionais e propriedades da pasta foram determinadas. Também foram avaliados os espectros no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) e a morfologia dos grânulos por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A modificação reduziu a viscosidade intrínseca e o teor de amilose à medida que se aumentou a concentração do ácido e diminuiu o pH. Em pH 5,0, observou-se maior percentual de tartarato mono éster e maior inchamento e solubilidade dos amidos. Em pH 6,5 e 8,0 a modificação causou a redução do inchamento e solubilidade, o aumento da resistência ao congelamento-escongelamento e houve melhoria nas propriedades de pasta (maior resistência térmica e mecânica). O FTIR confirmou qualitativamente a esterificação do amido pelo aparecimento de bandas associadas a grupos ésteres nos ensaios realizados em pH 5,0. A modificação não causou alterações evidentes na morfologia externa dos grânulos de amido como observado por MEV. Conclui-se que o efeito da concentração do ácido sobre as propriedades do amido foi menor que o efeito do pH onde menores alores de pH favorecem a reação de esterificação do amido e valores de pH mais elevados favoreceram o intercruzamento. / The chemical modification of native starch cause structural changes in the polymer molecule affecting their physic-chemical properties which make them suitable for various industrial uses. Tartaric acid is an organic dicarboxylic acid which can chemically modify the starch structure and its use is allowed in foods. In this study, the tapioca starch was modified with tartaric acid and the effect of acid concentration (4.5 to 8.0 g.100g-1) and the reaction pH (5.0 to 8.0) on the properties starch were evaluated using a 22 face-centered central composite design. The physico-chemical properties, functional, and pasting properties were determined. The infrared spectra Fourier transform (FT-IR) and the morphology of granules by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also evaluated. The modification reduced the intrinsic viscosity and the amylose contents with the increase of the acid concentration and decrease of pH. At pH 5.0, there was a higher percentage of mono tartarate ester and higher swelling and solubility of starches were observed. At pH 6.5 and 8.0, the modification caused a reduction in the swelling and solubility, increased resistance to freeze-thaw and improvement in the pasting properties (increased thermal and mechanical resistance). FT-IR confirmed qualitatively the esterification of starch by the appearance of bands attached to ester groups in the tests performed at pH 5.0. The modification did not cause obvious changes in the external morphology of the starch granules as observed by MEV. It was possible to conclude that the effect of acid concentration on the properties of the starch was less than the effect of pH where lower pH values favor the esterification of starch and higher pH values favor the crosslinked.