Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Justus-Liebig Universität, Giessen. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-245).

Lic.-avh. SLU : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2009. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2005. / Principal faculty advisor: Gregory D. Binford, Dept. of Plant & Soil Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Food waste as a dominant fraction of municipal solid waste was in most of cases buried in landfills creating a burden on big cities with large populations such as Hong Kong. Composting provided an environmentally viable technology to divert food waste to resource utilization for the production of valuable organic fertilizer. The main problem associated with food waste composting was the intensive acidification prior the commencement of the composting process, which is commonly adjusted by the addition of alkaline materials such as lime. However, more than 50% of the initial nitrogen will be lost as ammonia, which not just reduces the nutrient value of the compost but also leads to serious odour generation. Therefore the objective of this study was to develop means to reduce the nitrogen loss through struvite formation. The first experiment of this research investigated the feasibility of controlling the nitrogen loss through struvite formation during food waste composting. Struvite forms when magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) salts exist in equimolar ratio at a slightly alkaline pH. Thus to fix the ammonia, MgO and K2HPO4 were added to food waste indifferent molar ratios (P1, 0.05M/kg MgO and 0.05M/kg K2HPO4; P2, 0.05M/kg MgO and 0.1M/kg K2HPO4) to induce struvite formation that can fix the compost-borne ammonia during composting. The pH of the composting mass of P1 was below 5 for more than one. However, the pH of P2 was controlled in a narrow range from 6.8 to 8.7. This slightly alkaline pH ensured a good microbial activity and improved the degradation rate as well as the precipitation of struvite. In treatment P2, the formation of struvite effectively reduced the nitrogen loss from 40.8% to 23.3% when compared to treatment with lime amendment. However, electrical conductivity (EC) of the compost increased to 6.4 mS/cm due to the addition of Mg and P salts. High salinity of the compost retarded seed germination which required further investigation to reduce the salinity while maintaining good nitrogen removal. To overcome this issue, lime as the more effective alkaline amendment, was supplemented in different concentrations along with struvite salts (to P1 treatment having less Mg salt that could reduce the salinity) to alleviate the low pH and struvite formation. The pH of the composting masses were effectively increased with increasing lime dosages and 2.25% lime was sufficient to maintain the pH in alkaline condition that significantly improved the degradation of active organic compounds resulting in increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soluble organic nitrogen (SON) contents. With 2.25% lime and struvite salts, ammonia emission was significantly reduced from 44.3 to 27.4% through struvite formation compared with lime alone treatment. Furthermore, the EC were also decreased from 5.21to 3.40 mS/cm when lime amendment rate increased from 0.75% to 3%. However, the ammonia emission increased with an increase in lime dosage. Interfering ions such as calcium and potassium were reported to affect the struvite formation and pH control. Therefore, in the subsequent experiment, the influence of different types of P salts was investigated to reduce the salinity as well as N loss. When K2HPO4, Na2HPO4 and H3PO4 were used as the supplementary P salts, there were no significant differences on nitrogen conservation. In addition, the results indicated that K+ and Na+ were attached on the surface of struvite rather than constituted the crystal structure. Compared with other P salts, the presence of K+ in K2HPO4 also made a contribution to total nutrient content that benefited the final product. When CaO was gradually substituted with MgO as pH amendment, ammonia emission was significantly reduced implying that Ca2+ ions would influence the struvite formation, either by competing for phosphate ions or by interfering with the crystallization. However, this negative effect could be ignored when the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio was below 1:2. Considering the cost of MgO, supplementation of Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio at 1:2 (0.15M CaO and 0.3M MgO) with 0.05M K2HPO4 was identified as the optimum conditions (Treatment M0.3) that effectively reduced the nitrogen loss to 28% in contrast to 46% with lime addition. The significant reduction of ammonia emission through struvite formation was observed with the optimum condition that the odour unit (OU) of ammonia emission was reduced to 1.8×104 when compared with lime treatment (3.0×104) indicating a significant reduction of OIMAX (maximum odour index). Meanwhile, the well-controlled pH of this technology ensured the effective decomposition of organic matter that significantly reduced the emission of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) also. The population of total bacteria was also improved due to the addition of phosphate salts. The total nutrient content of struvite composts of treatment with optimum condition (M0.3) was 4.14% (1.5% N, 0.44% P and 2.2% K) that was higher than normal lime treated compost 2.92% (1.3% N, 0.34% P and 1.28% K). In pot experiment, soil was amended with composts at 0, 2.5%, 5% or 10% (w/w dry wt. basis). At the same application rate, the biomass yields of Chinese cabbage and cherry tomato plants were improved by struvite compost when compared tonormal compost. Considering the increasing salinity of soil with high application rate, the optimum dosage of 5% struvite compost is recommended. To conclude, a food waste composting technology was developed to achieve good nitrogen conservation and decomposition that alleviated odour issue and produced compost with higher nutrient contents, which increased its application value

ZIEGLER, Henrique Ricardo Sousa. Sustentabilidade de Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF) no semiárido cearense utilizando insumos locais, Fortaleza – CE, 2013. 120 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós –Graduação, PRODEMA - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T13:08:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_HRSZiegler.pdf: 1662027 bytes, checksum: 910ea9ae80c58bbd377c060726f5eb7a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes(nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T13:58:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_HRSZiegler.pdf: 1662027 bytes, checksum: 910ea9ae80c58bbd377c060726f5eb7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T13:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_HRSZiegler.pdf: 1662027 bytes, checksum: 910ea9ae80c58bbd377c060726f5eb7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / For thousands of years, people have practiced different forms of agriculture, based mostly on the handling of materials available in their own land. Among these, we highlight the organic origin, that allow an improvement of soil quality and increased crop production. In this context, this dissertation presents a study of five years, from 2008 to 2012, of an Agroforestry System (AFS) for growing corn and beans intercropped with gliricidia and cashews, in conditions of northern coast of Ceará. The (AFS), had four treatments: Testimony (A), under normal conditions the AFS; Dung (B), with the addition of 116 grams of sheep dung in the pit of corn and beans at planting time; Bagana (C), with addition of 16 tons of carnauba straw on the soil as mulch; and Dung + Bagana (D), which is a combination of treatments B and C. In addition to the experimental treatments, 10 local farmers were interviewed to develop the treatment (T) Regional Testimony (local production system). Two analyzes were performed comparing this 5 treatments: Productivity of the system and its Economic analysis. It was concluded that the AFS assists in fixing agriculture, avoiding the opening of new areas for cultivation, having succeeded to higher production levels than the obtained by local itinerant cultivation. Regarding the productivity, was noticed an increasing pattern from treatment T (lower middle), through A, to the D, which has always had the highest average productivity besides showing greater resilience to the effects of drought. The T and A treatments were not economically viable, with negative indicators. Whereas the B, C and D treatments proved feasible economically and financially, with the best indicators in treatment D. For this set of analyzes, the proposed AFS, especially the treatment D, presents itself as the most advantageous for the exploitation of agriculture in studied conditions. / Durante milhares de anos, diferentes povos têm praticado uma agricultura baseada no manejo dos materiais disponíveis nas suas próprias terras. Dentre esses, podemos destacar os de origem orgânica, que possibilitam uma melhoria da qualidade do solo e um aumento da produtividade vegetal. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre 5 anos, de 2008 à 2012, de um Sistema Agroflorestal (SAF) para cultivo de milho e feijão, consorciados com gliricídia e caju, nas condições edafoclimáticas do litoral norte do Ceará. O referido SAF, apresentou 4 tratamentos: Testemunho (A), em condições normais do SAF; Esterco (B), com adição de 116 gramas de esterco de ovelha na cova do milho e do feijão no momento do plantio; Bagana (C), com adição de 16 toneladas de bagana de carnaúba sobre o solo como cobertura morta; e o Esterco + Bagana (D), que é uma combinação dos tratamentos B e C. Além dos tratamentos experimentais, foram entrevistados 10 agricultores locais para elaborar o tratamento (T) Testemunho Regional (sistema de produção local). Foram realizados duas análises comparando os 5 tratamentos: Produtividade do sistema e sua Análise econômica. Concluiu-se que o SAF auxilia na fixação da agricultura, evitando a abertura de novas áreas para cultivo, pois conseguiu níveis produtivos superiores aos obtidos pela agricultura itinerante local. Em relação à produtividade, percebeu-se um padrão crescente desde o tratamento T (menores médias), passando pelo A, até o D, que apresentou sempre as maiores médias de produtividade além de apresentar uma maior resiliência aos efeitos da seca. Os tratamentos T e A não foram economicamente viáveis, apresentando indicadores negativos. Já os tratamentos B, C e D mostraram-se viável econômica e financeiramente, com os melhores indicadores no tratamento D. Por esse conjunto de análises, o SAF proposto, principalmente o tratamento D, se apresenta como o mais vantajoso para exploração da agropecuária nas condições estudadas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O uso de fertilizantes orgânicos e organominerais fluidos têm crescido bastante no mundo e também no Brasil, nas últimas duas décadas. Esse rápido crescimento da demanda por esses produtos levou o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento a buscar novas metodologias para a verificação da qualidade dos mesmos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo obter informações sobre a natureza desses fertilizantes, avaliando metodologias existentes e testando novos métodos, visando contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de controle de qualidade a ser adotado pelo Ministério da Agricultura e pelas empresas produtoras. Em uma primeira etapa, os fertilizantes foram caracterizados por meio de análises físicas e químicas conforme os métodos de rotina previstos na legislação. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados diferentes métodos de determinação de carbono, além do fracionamento das substâncias húmicas presentes nas amostras de fertilizantes, e posterior determinação do teor de carbono nas frações ácido húmico e fúlvico. Por meio da titulação potenciométrica, fez-se a especiação, identificação e quantificação dos grupos funcionais mais reativos presentes nas amostras. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, purificaram-se os ácidos húmicos de 15 amostras de fertilizantes. Após esse procedimento foi realizada a caracterização dos ácidos húmicos por espectrometria no infravermelho (FTIR) e por análise elementar (CHN). Os fertilizantes avaliados apresentaram grande variação em relação aos atributos analisados. Foram Observadas variações acentuadas em relação aos teores de carbono orgânico e carbono total, como também na qualidade dos compostos orgânicos presentes nos fertilizantes, o que deve refletir na sua eficiência agronômica. Pela correlação entre os métodos utilizados, observou-se a possibilidade de substituição de métodos de difícil execução, por métodos simplificados de baixo custo, permitindo sua aplicação em análises de rotina. Novos estudos, abrangendo um maior espectro de amostras, devem ser conduzidos para que se possam determinar parâmetros para os diferentes atributos químicos e físicos desses produtos, subsidiando tecnicamente a legislação. / The use of organic and organic-mineral fertilizers has grown fastly in the world and also in Brazil in the last two decades. This fast increase in the demand for these products took the Ministry of Agriculture to search new methodologies for the verification of their quality. This work has objective of obtaining information on the nature of these fertilizers, by evaluating existing methodologies and testing new ones, contributing to the development of a quality control protocol to be adopted by the Ministry of Agriculture and the producing companies. In a first stage, the fertilizers were characterized by means of physical and chemical analyses as the foreseen methods of routine in the legislation. Additionally, different methods of carbon determination were evaluated, beyond the humic substances fractionation in the samples of fertilizers, and posterior determination of the carbon in the humic and fulvic fractions. The most reactive functional groups in the samples were identified and quantified by potentiometric titration. The humic acids of fifteen fertilizer samples were extracted and purified. The humic acids were characterized by infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and elemental analysis (CHN). The evaluated fertilizers presented a large variation in relation to the analyzed characteristics. Large variations in relation to the levels of organic carbon and total carbon were observed, as well as in the quality of organic compounds in fertilizers that was reflected in its agronomic efficiency. By the correlation between the used methods, it was observed the possibility of substitution of methods of difficult execution for simplified methods of low cost allowing their application in routine analyses. New studies including a more representative set of samples must be carried out in order to determine parameters for the different chemical and physical attributes of these products given technical subsides to the legislation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-04-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:34:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000753751.pdf: 1940688 bytes, checksum: b05878b3c0476680c5e2ba4f09045b5e (MD5) / O presente trabalho teve por objetivos investigar o desenvolvimento e o teor de óleo essencial, bem como identificar os componentes químicos da parte aérea de Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. cv. CPQBA-1, em função de teores de adubo orgânico e rebrotos. As mudas, obtidas a partir de sementes, foram transplantadas para a área experimental do Departamento de Produção Vegetal – Setor Horticultura (UNESP – FCA/Botucatu), no espaçamento de 0,6 x 0,6 m entre plantas e entre linhas. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, cinco doses de composto orgânico: 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 t.ha-1 e controle (0 t.ha-1), totalizando 24 parcelas contendo, 12 plantas úteis em cada uma. As variáveis analisadas foram: altura (cm), diâmetro da planta (cm), matéria seca (kg.ha-1), matéria fresca (kg.ha-1), teor de água (%), teor de óleo essencial (%) e componentes químicos do óleo essencial presentes na parte aérea. Foram realizadas colheitas: 120, 242 e 365 DAT. Após cada colheita as plantas foram pesadas, desidratadas em estufa artificial para obtenção da matéria seca e, destiladas em aparelho do tipo Clevenger para obtenção do óleo essencial. Posteriormente, o óleo essencial foi analisado em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas (CG-EM). Os resultados das análises de campo foram comparados por meio da análise estatística de regressão e os resultados das análises dos componentes principais foram analisados pelo teste Tukey... / The present study aimed to investigate the development and essential oil content, and identify the chemical compounds from aerial part of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. cv. CPQBA-1, submitted on levels of organic fertilizer and regrowth. The seedlings were obtained from seeds and transplanted to experimental area from Department of Plant Production - Horticulture Sector (UNESP - FCA / Botucatu), spaced 0.6 x 0.6 m between plants and between rows. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications, five dosages of organic fertilizer: 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 t.ha- 1 and control (0 t.ha- 1), totaling 24 plots containing 12 useful plants each one. The variables analyzed were: height (cm), plant diameter (cm), dry matter (kg.ha-1), fresh matter (kg.ha- 1), water content (%), oil content (%) and chemical compounds of the essential oil from aerial part. Samples were taken at 120, 242 and 365 DAT. After each harvest the plants were weighed, dried in an oven to obtain the dry matter and was distilled in apparatus of Clevenger type to obtain the essential oil. Subsequently, the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results of field were compared by and regression analysis and the results of the chemical components were analyzed by Tukey test at 5 %. The cultivar showed suffer little influence of organic fertilizer rates for the variables: height (120, 242 and 365 DAT), dry and fresh weight (365 DAT), and essential oil content (120, 242 and 365 DAT). The cultivar showed satisfactory correlation for the variables: plant diameter (120 and 365 DAT) and fresh matter (242 DAT). Furthermore, was highly influenced by the levels of...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:43:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bueno_dpr_dr_botfca.pdf: 778318 bytes, checksum: bd350b6d1753a1044bed883fd67e222c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Sabendo da importância da citricultura paulista e da crescente busca pela produção de alimentos que não causem danos ao solo e ao meio ambiente, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de doses de composto orgânico nas características químicas do solo, desenvolvimento, produção, nutrição e qualidade de frutos de tangerineira 'Poncã' (Citrus reticulata). O trabalho foi conduzido no pomar de tangerineira 'Poncã' enxertada em Citrumeleiro 'Swingle', implantado em dezembro de 2001, no espaçamento de 6 x 4 m, na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Câmpus de Botucatu-SP. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de doses com 50, 100, 150 e 200% de nitrogênio presente no composto orgânico comercial, mais o tratamento testemunha, equivalendo no ano de 2009 a, T1= 0 g de N/planta (dose zero do composto - Testemunha); T2= 192 g N/planta (41,5 kg composto/planta); T3= 384 g N/planta (83 kg composto/planta); T4= 576 g N/planta (124,5 kg composto/planta) e T5= 768 g N/planta (166 kg composto/planta). No ano de 2010, as doses diminuíram devido a queda de produtividade, equivalendo às seguintes doses: T1= 0 g N/planta (dose zero do composto - Testemunha); T2= 108 g N/planta (27,5 kg composto/planta); T3= 216 g N/planta (55 kg composto/planta); T4= 324 g N/planta (82,5 kg composto/planta); T5= 432 g N/planta (110 kg composto/planta). As adubações foram feitas na projeção da copa, parceladamente, nos meses de janeiro (40%), fevereiro (30%) e março (30%), em 2009 e setembro (40%), novembro (30%) e janeiro (30%) no ano de 2010. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos, 4 repetições e 2 plantas por parcela. Foi utilizado o programa SAS (Statistical Analysis System), realizando a análise de variância e a regressão... / Knowing the importance of the citrus culture in the State of São Paulo and the growing demand for food production that do not cause damage to soil and the environment, the objective of the research was to evaluate the effects of rates organic compost on soil chemical characteristics, development, production, nutrition and fruit quality of 'Poncã' mandarin (Citrus reticulata). The research was conducted in the orchard of 'Poncã' grafted on Citrumeleiro 'Swingle' deployed in December 2001, at a spacing of 6 x 4 m in Experimental Farm of the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas/ UNESP, located in São Manuel city, São Paulo State, Brazil. The treatments consisted of rates at 50, 100, 150 and 200% of nitrogen present in organic compost, more on witness treatment, amounting in 2009 to T1= 0 g N/plant (zero rate of the organic compost - witness); T2= 192 g N/plant (41.5 kg compost/plant), T3= 384 g N/plant (83 kg compost/plant), T4= 576 g N/plant (124.5 kg compost/plant) and T5= 768 g N/plant (166 kg compost/plant). In 2010, the rates decreased due to decreased productivity: T1= 0 g N/plant (zero rate of the organic compost - witness), T2= 108 g N/plant (27.5 kg compost/plant), T3= 216 g N/plant (55 kg compost/plant), T4= 324 g N/plant (82.5 kg compost/plant), T5= 432 g N/plant (110 kg compost/plant). The fertilization was realized in the crown projection, installments in January (40%), February (30%) and March (30%) in 2009 and in September (40%), November (30%) and January ( 30%) in 2010. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments, four replications and two plants per plot. Were used the SAS (Statistical Analysis System) performing the analysis of variance and regression in each evaluation period. The characteristics of vegetative development were:... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)