Orientador: Sarita Leonel / Coorientador : Roberto Lyra Villas Boas / Coorientador : Francisco Artés Calero / Coorientador: Pablo Melgarejo Moreno / Banca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Banca: Aloísio Costa Sampaio / Banca: Danilo Eduardo Rozane / Banca: Andréa Carvalho da Silva / Resumo: É sabido que a absorção de nutrientes, a translocação de carboidratos e consequentemente o crescimento da planta variam com as diferentes condições de manejo. Desse modo, a suplementação hídrica adequada e um bom manejo da fertilização são fundamentais para o adequado desenvolvimento das plantas de figueira. Sendo assim, realizou-se um experimento no pomar experimental do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu-SP, o qual teve o objetivo de determinar a curva de absorção de nutrientes e correlacionar o acúmulo de carboidrato total com as fases fenológicas de plantas de figueiras 'Roxo de Valinhos', cultivadas sob manejo da irrigação. Realizou-se um segundo experimento no laboratório de pós-colheita da Universidade Politécnica de Cartagena-Espanha, onde o objetivo foi analisar as características morfológicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais dos frutos de quatro variedades de figueira cultivadas, no sudeste da Espanha. No primeiro experimento os tratamentos foram constituídos de oito épocas de coleta de plantas de figueira associadas ou não ao uso da irrigação. As coletas foram realizadas em um período compreendido entre Agosto de 2011 a abril de 2012, os intervalos das coletas foram de 40 dias a partir da poda de julho (40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 dias após a poda). Foram realizadas análises de crescimento não destrutivas a cada 40 dias, nos quais os seguintes atributos foram mensurados: diâmetro do caule, diâmetro do ramo (mm), com uso de paquímetro digital, comprimento do ramo, altura da planta (cm) com o auxílio de uma régua graduada, número de folhas, número de entrenós e número de frutos por planta. Após cada coleta, as plantas foram seccionadas em raízes, caule, ramos, folhas e frutos, ... / Abstract: It is known that the nutrients absorption, carbohydrates translocation and consequently growth plant varies with the different management conditions. Thus, an adequate water supplementation and good fertilization management are essential for the proper fig plants development. Thus, this experiment was conducted in the Department of Plant Production experimental orchard, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, which aimed to determine the nutrients absorption curve and to correlate the total carbohydrate accumulation with phenological phases of fig Roxo de Valinhos plants, grown with irrigation management. We conducted a second experiment in the Postharvest laboratory at Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain, where the objective was to analyze the morphological, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of four fig fruit varieties grown in Southeastern Spain. In the first experiment, the treatments were eight fig plants harvest time associated or not with the irrigation. The samples were collected between August 2011 to April 2012, the collections range were 40 days from the July's pruning (40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 days after the pruning). The nondestructive growth analyses were done once every 40 days and during these the following parameters were measured: stem diameter, branch diameter (mm), using a digital caliper, branch length, plant height (cm) with a graduated tape, number of leaves, number of internodes and number of fruits per plant. After each harvest, the plants were sectioned into root, stem, branches, leaves and fruits performing the destructive analysis: length and root volume, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight of all organs sectioned. The nutrient analysis was performed according Malavolta et al. (1997) and total carbohydrate analysis was performed based on the method described by Dubois et al. (1956). The second... / Doutor

O processamento anaeróbio da vinhaça pode ser útil para reduzir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa após a aplicação do seu efluente, com menos C lábil, em solos. O presente trabalho mediu as emissões de gases de efeito estufa através do método de câmaras estáticas após a aplicação das duas formas de vinhaça (in natura e processada anaerobiamente ) e a interação com ureia em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO simulando a camada 0-20 cm de um solo em uma coluna de PVC. Foi observado que a aplicação de vinhaça processada ao solo emitiu 2.592 µg C-CH4 m-2 ao final de 90 dias, mais do que os tratamentos com vinhaça processada com ureia (-590 µg C-CH4 m-2), controle (-601 g C-CH4 m-2), vinhaça in natura (-1.176 µg C-CH4m-2), vinhaça in natura com ureia (-1.533 µg C-CH4 m-2), e ureia (-2.760 µg C-CH4 m-2). A adição de vinhaça in natura estimulou a emissão de CO2 produzindo 60,2 g C-CO2 m-2 ao longo de 90 dias, valor superior aos tratamentos vinhaça processada com ureia (36,7 g C-CO2 m-2), ureia (35,1 g C-CO2m-2), controle (25,8 g C-CO2m-2) e vinhaça processada (22,1 g C-CO2 m-2). A adição de vinhaça in natura com ureia (45,0 g C-CO2 m-2) emitiu mais CO2 em relação aos tratamentos controle e vinhaça processada, além disso, a aplicação da ureia junto da vinhaça processada provocou um aumento na emissão de CO2 em relação a vinhaça processada sozinha. Os maiores fluxos de N2O foram observados no solo fertilizado com vinhaça processada com ureia (302,8 mg N-N2O m-2) e apenas ureia (199,4 mg N-N2 m-2), seguido da fertilização com vinhaça in natura com ureia (70,9 mg N- N2O m-2) superior aos tratamentos com vinhaça processada (12,14mg N-N2O m-2), controle (7,54 mg N-N2O m-2) e vinhaça in natura (6,64 mg N- N2O m-2). Com a realização das primeiras medições das emissões de gases do efeito estufa após a aplicação da vinhaça processada no solo concluiu-se que as emissões de CO2 são mitigadas, porém provoca aumento fluxo de CH4 e N2O do solo para a atmosfera em relação à vinhaça in natura. / The vinasse anaerobic digestion migh be usefull to avoid greenhouse gases emissions after apply the effluent on soil due the low labile C content. This research measured during 90 days the greenhouse gases emissions using the static chamber method after the application of two forms of vinasse (in natura and digested) and the interaction of both with urea in a soil PVC column simulating the 0-20 cm layer of a Red Latossol. The digested vinasse application in the soil produced 2,592 µg C-CH4 m-2 at the end of 90 days, more than soil with digested vinasse with urea (-590 µg C-CH4 m-2), control (-601 µg C-CH4 m-2), vinasse in natura (-1,176 µgC-CH4m-2), vinasse in natura with urea (-1,533 µg C-CH4 m-2), urea (-2,760 µg C-CH4 m-2). Vinasse in natura induced soil CO2 emission, producing 60.2 g C-CO2 m-2 at the end of 90 days, greater than digested vinasse with urea (36.7 g C-CO2 m-2), urea (35.1 g C-CO2 m-2), control (25.8 g C-CO2 m-2), and diested vinasse (22.1 g C-CO2 m-2). The interaction between vinasse in natura and urea in the soil emitted (45.0 g C-CO2 m-2) more CO2 than soil control and digested vinasse, furthermore the interaction between urea and digested vinasse resulted in a greater CO2 release to atmosphere than only digested vinasse. The greater N2O efflux was provided by digested vinasse with urea (302.8 mg N- N2O m-2) and only urea (199.4 mg N-N2O m-2) application, followed by vinasse in natura (70.9), which emitted more nitrous oxide than digested (12.14 mg N-N2O m-2), control (7.54 mg N- N2O m-2), and vinasse in natura (6.64 mg N- N2O m-2). After this first measurement of greenhouse gases efflux after soil fertilization with anaerobic digested vinasse was observed a CO2 mitigation, however the CH4 and N2O efflux from soil to atmosphere can be greater than vinasse in natura.

O processamento anaeróbio da vinhaça pode ser útil para reduzir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa após a aplicação do seu efluente, com menos C lábil, em solos. O presente trabalho mediu as emissões de gases de efeito estufa através do método de câmaras estáticas após a aplicação das duas formas de vinhaça (in natura e processada anaerobiamente ) e a interação com ureia em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO simulando a camada 0-20 cm de um solo em uma coluna de PVC. Foi observado que a aplicação de vinhaça processada ao solo emitiu 2.592 µg C-CH4 m-2 ao final de 90 dias, mais do que os tratamentos com vinhaça processada com ureia (-590 µg C-CH4 m-2), controle (-601 g C-CH4 m-2), vinhaça in natura (-1.176 µg C-CH4m-2), vinhaça in natura com ureia (-1.533 µg C-CH4 m-2), e ureia (-2.760 µg C-CH4 m-2). A adição de vinhaça in natura estimulou a emissão de CO2 produzindo 60,2 g C-CO2 m-2 ao longo de 90 dias, valor superior aos tratamentos vinhaça processada com ureia (36,7 g C-CO2 m-2), ureia (35,1 g C-CO2m-2), controle (25,8 g C-CO2m-2) e vinhaça processada (22,1 g C-CO2 m-2). A adição de vinhaça in natura com ureia (45,0 g C-CO2 m-2) emitiu mais CO2 em relação aos tratamentos controle e vinhaça processada, além disso, a aplicação da ureia junto da vinhaça processada provocou um aumento na emissão de CO2 em relação a vinhaça processada sozinha. Os maiores fluxos de N2O foram observados no solo fertilizado com vinhaça processada com ureia (302,8 mg N-N2O m-2) e apenas ureia (199,4 mg N-N2 m-2), seguido da fertilização com vinhaça in natura com ureia (70,9 mg N- N2O m-2) superior aos tratamentos com vinhaça processada (12,14mg N-N2O m-2), controle (7,54 mg N-N2O m-2) e vinhaça in natura (6,64 mg N- N2O m-2). Com a realização das primeiras medições das emissões de gases do efeito estufa após a aplicação da vinhaça processada no solo concluiu-se que as emissões de CO2 são mitigadas, porém provoca aumento fluxo de CH4 e N2O do solo para a atmosfera em relação à vinhaça in natura. / The vinasse anaerobic digestion migh be usefull to avoid greenhouse gases emissions after apply the effluent on soil due the low labile C content. This research measured during 90 days the greenhouse gases emissions using the static chamber method after the application of two forms of vinasse (in natura and digested) and the interaction of both with urea in a soil PVC column simulating the 0-20 cm layer of a Red Latossol. The digested vinasse application in the soil produced 2,592 µg C-CH4 m-2 at the end of 90 days, more than soil with digested vinasse with urea (-590 µg C-CH4 m-2), control (-601 µg C-CH4 m-2), vinasse in natura (-1,176 µgC-CH4m-2), vinasse in natura with urea (-1,533 µg C-CH4 m-2), urea (-2,760 µg C-CH4 m-2). Vinasse in natura induced soil CO2 emission, producing 60.2 g C-CO2 m-2 at the end of 90 days, greater than digested vinasse with urea (36.7 g C-CO2 m-2), urea (35.1 g C-CO2 m-2), control (25.8 g C-CO2 m-2), and diested vinasse (22.1 g C-CO2 m-2). The interaction between vinasse in natura and urea in the soil emitted (45.0 g C-CO2 m-2) more CO2 than soil control and digested vinasse, furthermore the interaction between urea and digested vinasse resulted in a greater CO2 release to atmosphere than only digested vinasse. The greater N2O efflux was provided by digested vinasse with urea (302.8 mg N- N2O m-2) and only urea (199.4 mg N-N2O m-2) application, followed by vinasse in natura (70.9), which emitted more nitrous oxide than digested (12.14 mg N-N2O m-2), control (7.54 mg N- N2O m-2), and vinasse in natura (6.64 mg N- N2O m-2). After this first measurement of greenhouse gases efflux after soil fertilization with anaerobic digested vinasse was observed a CO2 mitigation, however the CH4 and N2O efflux from soil to atmosphere can be greater than vinasse in natura.

The general objective of the research effort reported in this thesis was to develop the knowledge required to optimize the design and operation of solid and semi-solid manure handling and land application equipment. Selected physical and rheological properties of manure products deemed to have an influence on the performances of manure handling and land application equipment were measured and general trends were identified among the measured properties. Relationships were also established between the measured properties and the type of manure as well as its total solids concentration. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of selected mechanical configurations, operating parameters and product properties on the discharge of manure spreaders. The influence of the type of conveying system (scraper conveyor and system of four augers) and the velocity at which it is operated, the geometry of the holding system and the position of a flow-control gate were all included in the analysis. The discharge rates of the machines as well as the specific energy required by the unloading operations were measured. A numerical modeling method called discrete element method (DEM) was used to create virtual manure, a numerical model of the real product. The measured physical and flow properties were used to develop and validate the virtual manure models. It was found that manure products could successfully be represented in a DE framework and that several parameters defining the contact constitutive model in the DEM had an influence on the behaviour of the virtual products. The DEM was then used to study machine-product interactions taking place in handling and land application equipment. Results from field experiments carried out using various land application equipment were used in the development and validation of the interaction models. The predicted flow rates and power requirements were in good agreement with measured data. The results obtained allowed for a better understanding of the flow of manure products in manure handling and land application equipment. It was found that the constitutive model used for the product influenced the results of the machine-product interactions models. A precision banded applicator under development at the University of Saskatchewan was also modeled. The discharge rate of this equipment is influenced by a number of parameters. The predicted mass distribution across the width of the banded applicator was well correlated to the experimental results. The models developed in this thesis have the potential to become powerful engineering tools for the design of improved machines for the handling and land application of solid and semi-solid manure.

The general objective of the research effort reported in this thesis was to develop the knowledge required to optimize the design and operation of solid and semi-solid manure handling and land application equipment. Selected physical and rheological properties of manure products deemed to have an influence on the performances of manure handling and land application equipment were measured and general trends were identified among the measured properties. Relationships were also established between the measured properties and the type of manure as well as its total solids concentration. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of selected mechanical configurations, operating parameters and product properties on the discharge of manure spreaders. The influence of the type of conveying system (scraper conveyor and system of four augers) and the velocity at which it is operated, the geometry of the holding system and the position of a flow-control gate were all included in the analysis. The discharge rates of the machines as well as the specific energy required by the unloading operations were measured. A numerical modeling method called discrete element method (DEM) was used to create virtual manure, a numerical model of the real product. The measured physical and flow properties were used to develop and validate the virtual manure models. It was found that manure products could successfully be represented in a DE framework and that several parameters defining the contact constitutive model in the DEM had an influence on the behaviour of the virtual products. The DEM was then used to study machine-product interactions taking place in handling and land application equipment. Results from field experiments carried out using various land application equipment were used in the development and validation of the interaction models. The predicted flow rates and power requirements were in good agreement with measured data. The results obtained allowed for a better understanding of the flow of manure products in manure handling and land application equipment. It was found that the constitutive model used for the product influenced the results of the machine-product interactions models. A precision banded applicator under development at the University of Saskatchewan was also modeled. The discharge rate of this equipment is influenced by a number of parameters. The predicted mass distribution across the width of the banded applicator was well correlated to the experimental results. The models developed in this thesis have the potential to become powerful engineering tools for the design of improved machines for the handling and land application of solid and semi-solid manure.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Agriculture)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2011.

published_or_final_version / Botany / Master / Master of Philosophy

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami 2012 metais „Sostinių golfo klubo" aikštyno sportinės vejos, tręštos skirtingomis organinių trąšų normomis, kokybinių rodiklių tyrimų duomenys. Darbo objektas – Sportinės vejos žolynas tręštas skirtingomis organinėmis trąšomis bei jų normomis. Darbo metodai: Dirvožemio ėminių paėmimas, granuliometrinės sudėties ir agrocheminių rodiklių nustatymas. Žolyno tankumo įvertinimas, nustatant varpinių žolių ūglių skaičių dm2 (naudojantis Ramenskio rėmeliu); chlorofilo kiekio varpinių žolių lapuose nustatymas; vejos žolyno atžėlimo įvertinimas, matuojant žolės aukštį; varpinių žolių šaknų išsivystymo nustatymas, matuojant jų ilgį. Darbo rezultatai. Organinės trąšos turėjo įtakos sportinės vejos kokybiniams rodikliams. Žolyno kokybiniai rodikliai gerėjo visuose tręšimo variantuose, tačiau didžiausią teigiamą įtaką turėjo granuliuotas paukščių mėšlas ir vermikompostas. Tręšimas granuliuotu paukščių mėšlu ir vermi kompostu esmingai gerino sportinės vejos tankumą, chlorofilo kiekį žolių lapuose, žolyno atžėlimą bei žolių šaknų ilgį. Mažesnę įtaką sportinės vejos kokybiniams rodikliams turėjo tręšimas huminėmis trąšomis. / Final work of University Undergraduate/Master Studies 41 pages, 11 figures, 1 tables, 40 references, the Lithuanian language. Object of the research: sports lawn grass. Aim of the research: to evaluate three different organic fertilizers and their concentracions to sport lawn quality rate. Objectives of the research: 1. To reveal soil agrochemical composition; 2. To compare different organic fertilizers and their amounts; 3. To identify sport lawn density, the amount of chlorophyll in sport lawn grass leaves, sport lawn regeneration, sport lawn grass roots lenght. Research methods: review of scientific literature logical analysis and synthesis, statistical analysis, comparative analysis, graphical modeling techniques. Research results: ○ Part One (Organic fertilizers have had influence to sports lawn quality rate). ○ Part Two (Sport lawn quality rate have bin increased in all variantions but the highest influence have bin made by granulated birds manure and vermicompost). ○ Part Three (Birds manure and vermicompost fertilizers increased sport lawn density, the amount of chlorophyll, lawn regeneration and sports lawn roots lenght. The lower influence to sport lawn quality rate have bin made by humic fertilizers).

Zugl.: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2005

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.