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This thesis is a pilot study, designed to test and develop methods suitable for the study of Scandinavian flint spearhead functionality. The functionality of projectile and lithic point armament has not been studied for almost 30 years in Scandinavia. Meanwhile, methods used to analyse lithic projectiles have developed considerably. However, few of these methods are precise enough to be used in conjunction with Scandinavian stone technological analyses that emphasize the societal aspect of lithic points. Consequently, two methods were chosen that could provide data for Scandinavian research issues: 3D-scanning/continuum mechanical simulations and organic residue analysis. The methods were tested on 6 experimental spearheads. The continuum mechanical simulation generated both visual and numerical data that could be used to create precise functional-morphological descriptions. The data could also potentially be used for projectile point classification. The organic residue analysis revealed promising results for the use of an artefact and activity specific analysis, with a sequential extraction protocol. In unison, the results from both analyses could be used to reveal how spearheads were functionally designed and used in Stone Age Scandinavia, even though there are methodological and technological issues that need solving.

A number of charred surface residues, adhering to ceramic containers, were obtained from various coastal and inland sites in north-west Europe dating from the sixth to the fourth millennium cal bc. In order to investigate the use of these vessels and in particular to identify any marine products, the residues were subjected to carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Variation in carbon isotope ratios between different samples indicated that some vessels may have been used to process marine products. This analysis was corroborated by specific identification of aquatic products following structural and isotopic characterization of lipids extracted from selected samples.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-06T15:17:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA138.pdf: 912589 bytes, checksum: e5b07ea296848a30ed648704a6e622c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-06T15:17:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS16MA138.pdf: 912589 bytes, checksum: e5b07ea296848a30ed648704a6e622c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / The sludge from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of meat processing requires proper disposal, to reduce negative environmental impacts. This study aimed to test the composting process as an alternative to the neutralization and use of the sludge from WWTP of a poultry meat industry. Composting was carried out in 1.0 m³ composters kept under roof. The treatments were the following five combinations of sludge, sawdust and additives: 40% sludge + 60% sawdust; 35% sludge + 65% sawdust; 30% sludge + 70% sawdust; 30% sludge + 65% sawdust + 5% poultry litter; and 30% sludge + 60% sawdust + 10% ash from the combustion of forest biomass. During the composting time the material was turned over and the temperature (T), humidity and pH of the windrows were measured periodically. The content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, B and Mn, and some biological properties of the compost were determined. All the five combinations allowed the sludge neutralization by composting. During the most active phase of the process, the windrows had moisture between 40 and 65% and T between 60-75 °C. However, the T and pH vary depending on the windrow moisture. The compound has potential fertilizer, with average of total N, P, K, Ca, and Mg of 6.6, 1.11, 1.42, 1.1 and 6.6 g kg-1 (dry) respectively. The content of heavy metals and contaminants in the organic compound generally were within the limits allowed by law / O lodo gerado em estação de tratamento de efluente (ETE) do processamento de carnes requer destinação adequada, para minimizar seus impactos ambientais negativos. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a compostagem como alternativa para a neutralização e aproveitamento do lodo de ETE de uma indústria de carne avícola. A compostagem foi conduzida em compartimentos de 1,0 m³ mantidas sob telhado. Os tratamentos foram as seguintes combinações de lodo, serragem e aditivos: 40% lodo + 60% serragem; 35% lodo + 65% serragem; 30% lodo + 70% serragem; 30% lodo + 65% serragem + 5% cama de aviário; e 30% lodo + 60% serragem + 10% cinza da queima de biomassa florestal. Durante o tempo da compostagem o material foi revolvido e os parâmetros temperatura (T), umidade e pH das leiras foram determinados periodicamente. Os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, B e Mn, e alguns atributos biológicos foram determinados no composto gerado. Todas as cinco combinações avaliadas possibilitaram a neutralização do lodo pela compostagem. Na fase de maior atividade do processo, as leiras apresentaram umidade entre 40 e 65% e T na faixa de 60 a 75 °C. Entretanto, a T e o pH variaram entre os tratamentos em função do teor de umidade das leiras. O composto apresentou potencial fertilizante, com teores totais médios de N, P, K, Ca e, Mg de 6,6, 1,11, 1,42, 1,1 e 6,6 g kg-1 (base seca), respectivamente. Os teores de metais pesados e contaminantes no composto orgânico em geral se situaram dentro dos limites permitidos pela legislação

No / A number of charred surface residues, adhering to ceramic containers, were obtained from various coastal and inland sites in north-west Europe dating from the sixth to the fourth millennium cal bc. In order to investigate the use of these vessels and in particular to identify any marine products, the residues were subjected to carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Variation in carbon isotope ratios between different samples indicated that some vessels may have been used to process marine products. This analysis was corroborated by specific identification of aquatic products following structural and isotopic characterization of lipids extracted from selected samples.

Yes / Vast numbers of votive mummies were produced in Egypt during the Late Pharaonic, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods. Although millions remain in situ, many were removed and have ultimately entered museum collections around the world. There they have often languished as uncomfortable reminders of antiquarian practices with little information available to enhance their value as artefacts worthy of conservation or display. A multi-disciplinary research project, based at the University of Manchester, is currently redressing these issues. One recent aspect of this work has been the characterization of natural products employed in the mummification of votive bundles. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and the well-established biomarker approach, analysis of 24 samples from 17 mummy bundles has demonstrated the presence of oils/fats, natural waxes, petroleum products, resinous exudates, and essential oils. These results confirm the range of organic materials employed in embalming and augment our understanding of the treatment of votives. In this first systematic initiative of its kind, initial findings point to possible trends in body treatment practices in relation to chronology, geography, and changes in ideology which will be investigated as the study progresses. Detailed knowledge of the substances used on individual bundles has also served to enhance their value as display items and aid in their conservation. / RCB is supported by a PhD studentship from the Art and Humanities Research Council (43019R00209). L.M. and S.A.W. are supported by a Leverhulme Trust Research Project Award (RPG-2013-143).

Yes / Ceramic containers, intentionally deposited into wetlands, offer detailed insights into Early Neolithic culinary practices. Additionally, they are key for ascertaining the Neolithisation process in Denmark since they appear to form a typo-chronological sequence. Here, we use a combination of organic residue analysis (ORA) of pottery alongside Bayesian chronological modelling of the radiocarbon dates obtained on these vessels to explore the initial stages of votive deposition in wetlands, a practice that stretches from the Mesolithic to the onset of Christianity in Northern Europe. We consider 34 Early-Middle Neolithic (c. 3900–2350 cal BC) ‘bog pots’ from Denmark, of which 20 have ORA data, and 26 have been dated directly. Carbonised surface residues and absorbed lipids from powdered sherds were analysed using a combination of bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and GC-combustion-isotope ratio MS (GC-C-IRMS). The molecular and isotopic compositions of the analysed samples revealed the presence of aquatic, ruminant carcass and dairy fats as well as plant waxes with the majority containing mixtures thereof. Dairy fats were present from the onset of the Funnel Beaker culture, whilst aquatic foods, prevalent at the close of the preceding Mesolithic period, continued to be processed in pottery for the following thousand years. / UK Arts and Humanities Research Board Grant B/RG/AN1717/APN14658 (to O.E.C.) and the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council Grant AH/E008232/1 (to C.P.H and O.E.C.) for funding this research. H.K.R. acknowledges the British Academy for funding during the preparation of the manuscript.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Dentre as alternativas para recuperar Ãreas degradadas està a adiÃÃo de resÃduos orgÃnicos visando melhorar a estrutura e a disponibilidade de nutrientes no substrato degradado. No Estado do CearÃ, o resÃduo orgÃnico proveniente de tanques de criaÃÃo de camarÃes (carcinicultura) merece destaque por apresentar teores relevantes de nutrientes e matÃria orgÃnica. O objetivo deste estudo foi comprovar a hipÃtese de que o resÃduo de carcinicultura favorece o desenvolvimento de leguminosas arbÃreas e melhora o substrato degradado. Na etapa inicial do estudo foi feita a caracterizaÃÃo geoquÃmica e fÃsico-quÃmica do resÃduo para identificar a presenÃa de pirita e o risco potencial de acidificaÃÃo. Posteriormente, foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegetaÃÃo com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados e esquema fatorial 5x3, com quatro repetiÃÃes. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses de resÃduo de carcinicultura (0; 2; 4; 8; 12 Mg ha-1) e trÃs espÃcies de leguminosas: Sabià (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth), Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) e Jurema Preta (Mimosa hostilis). TrÃs meses apÃs a adiÃÃo do resÃduo de carcinicultura foi avaliado o crescimento das leguminosas, bem como a fitomassa e o acÃmulo de nutrientes na parte aÃrea e nas raÃzes. TambÃm foi avaliada a disponibilidade de nutrientes no substrato. Por meio dos resultados da anÃlise geoquÃmica do ferro foi observado baixo grau de piritizaÃÃo e, consequentemente baixo risco de acidificaÃÃo ao utilizar o resÃduo de carcinicultura. Ao final do perÃodo de trÃs meses de avaliaÃÃo do experimento em casa de vegetaÃÃo, constatou-se que as leguminosas arbÃreas responderam positivamente Ãs doses de resÃduo. As espÃcies que apresentaram maior crescimento em altura e maior fitomassa foram Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia e Mimosa hostilis, apresentando tambÃm maior acÃmulo de nutrientes. Os efeitos do resÃduo de carcinicultura no solo foram: aumento na condutividade elÃtrica e no pH. Conclui-se que o resÃduo da carcinicultura favorece o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das leguminosas arbÃreas avaliadas no presente estudo, sem prejudicar atributos quÃmicos e fÃsicos do substrato e permitindo maior disponibilidade de nutrientes de modo a favorecer o processo de revegetaÃÃo da Ãrea degradada. / The addition of organic residues is among the alternatives to rehabilitate degraded lands, aiming to improve the structure as well as the nutrients availability of mining spoils. In the Cearà State, the organic residue from shrimp farms (carcinicultura) deserves attention because it contains relevant amount of nutrients and organic matter. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that residue from shrimp farms improves the development of leguminous trees as well as the degraded land. In the initial phase of this study both geochemical and physical-chemical characterization of the organic residue were done aiming to identify the presence of pirite, and the potential risk of acidification. One experiment was set up under controled conditions, in the experimental design of randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 5x3, with four replications. The treatments were five rates of organic residue from shrimp farms (0; 2; 4; 8; 12 Mg ha-1) and three leguminous trees species: Sabià (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth), Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Jurema Preta (Mimosa hostilis). Three months after addition of the organic residue were evaluated the growth of leguminous trees, the fitomass, as well as the nutrients accumulation in the above ground, and bellow ground parts of the plants. The availability of nutrients in the substrate also was evaluated. The results of the geochemical analysis showed low amount of pirite, and consequently the low risk of acidification by the use of organic residue from shrimp farms. After a period of three months was observed that leguminous trees presented positive answer to rates of organic residue. The species that presented higher growth and fitomass production were Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia and Mimosa hostilis, presenting also the higher nutrients accumulation. The effects of the organic residue in the soil were: increase in soil eletric conductivity, and pH. The conclusion is that the organic residue from shrimp farms improved the growth and development of leguminous trees in the present study, and it did not damage soil chemical and physical attributes, allowing higher availability of nutrients to favour plant growth in degraded land.

Orientador: João Antonio Galbiatti / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Danilo César Checchio Grotta / Resumo: A produção de lixo urbano está estreitamente relacionada com o crescimento populacional e industrial em todo o mundo, e o reaproveitamento desse resíduo torna-se uma alternativa eficaz para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Com o objetivo de caracterizar os resíduos orgânicos urbanos descartados por uma amostra populacional, avaliar a produção do biogás, biofertilizante, composto de lixo e os efeitos de adubações e irrigações para a formação de mudas de quaresmeiras (Tibouchina granulosa), realizou-se um experimento no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da FCAV/UNESP - Câmpus de Jaboticabal - SP, utilizando-se os seguintes tratamentos: 100% de lixo orgânico urbano; 75% de lixo orgânico urbano + 25% de esterco bovino; 50% de lixo orgânico urbano + 50% de esterco bovino; 10% de composto de lixo; 15% de composto de lixo; 20% de composto de lixo; adubação mineral e sem adubação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial com 8 fertilizações, 2 lâminas de irrigação (80 e 100% da evapotranspiração) e 3 repetições. Da caracterização dos resíduos, verificou-se que 58% são orgânicos; o potencial de produção do biogás foi superior para o tratamento contendo lixo orgânico urbano com 50% de esterco bovino; o crescimento das plantas, quando associado à irrigação calculada para 100% da evapotranspiração de referência e substrato contendo lixo orgânico urbano com 50% de esterco bovino, apresentou altura, diâmetro do colmo, xii matéria seca da raiz e da parte aérea superiores aos demais tratamentos. O uso do resíduo orgânico urbano com 50% de esterco bovino aumentou o índice de produção de biogás, e o biofertilizante obtido atuou como condicionador, alterando as características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. / Abstract: The production of urban waste is closely linked to population and industrial growth around the world, and recycle this waste becomes a very effective alternative for sustainable development. Aiming to characterize the organic waste discarded by a sample population, to evaluate the production of biogas, biofertilizer, compost and study the effects of fertilization and irrigation, an experiment was conducted at the Department Rural Engineering FCAV/UNESP - Campus of Jaboticabal - SP, using the following treatments: 100% Organic Waste Urban; 75% of Urban Organic Waste + 25% of cattle manure; 50% of Urban Organic Waste + 50% of cattle manure; 10% compost; 15% Composed of Junk; 20% compost; Mineral Fertilizer and Without Fertilization. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial with 8 fertilizations, two water slides (80 and 100% of potential evaporation) and three replicates. Of waste characterization, it was found that 58% are organic; the potential and the production of the biogas went superior to the treatment contends urban organic garbage with 50% of bovine manure, as well as for the growth of the plants, when associated to 100% of the evapotranspiration, presenting diameter of the stem, dry matter of the root and of the part aerial superiors to the others. The use of the urban organic residue with 50% of bovine manure increased the index of biogas production xiv and the obtained biofertilizer it acted as conditioning, altering the physical characteristics, chemistries and biological of the soil. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 caramelo_ad_me_jabo.pdf: 661142 bytes, checksum: 6656263d5fe7654750a497ac1adbdae0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A produção de lixo urbano está estreitamente relacionada com o crescimento populacional e industrial em todo o mundo, e o reaproveitamento desse resíduo torna-se uma alternativa eficaz para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Com o objetivo de caracterizar os resíduos orgânicos urbanos descartados por uma amostra populacional, avaliar a produção do biogás, biofertilizante, composto de lixo e os efeitos de adubações e irrigações para a formação de mudas de quaresmeiras (Tibouchina granulosa), realizou-se um experimento no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da FCAV/UNESP – Câmpus de Jaboticabal - SP, utilizando-se os seguintes tratamentos: 100% de lixo orgânico urbano; 75% de lixo orgânico urbano + 25% de esterco bovino; 50% de lixo orgânico urbano + 50% de esterco bovino; 10% de composto de lixo; 15% de composto de lixo; 20% de composto de lixo; adubação mineral e sem adubação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial com 8 fertilizações, 2 lâminas de irrigação (80 e 100% da evapotranspiração) e 3 repetições. Da caracterização dos resíduos, verificou-se que 58% são orgânicos; o potencial de produção do biogás foi superior para o tratamento contendo lixo orgânico urbano com 50% de esterco bovino; o crescimento das plantas, quando associado à irrigação calculada para 100% da evapotranspiração de referência e substrato contendo lixo orgânico urbano com 50% de esterco bovino, apresentou altura, diâmetro do colmo, xii matéria seca da raiz e da parte aérea superiores aos demais tratamentos. O uso do resíduo orgânico urbano com 50% de esterco bovino aumentou o índice de produção de biogás, e o biofertilizante obtido atuou como condicionador, alterando as características físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. / The production of urban waste is closely linked to population and industrial growth around the world, and recycle this waste becomes a very effective alternative for sustainable development. Aiming to characterize the organic waste discarded by a sample population, to evaluate the production of biogas, biofertilizer, compost and study the effects of fertilization and irrigation, an experiment was conducted at the Department Rural Engineering FCAV/UNESP - Campus of Jaboticabal – SP, using the following treatments: 100% Organic Waste Urban; 75% of Urban Organic Waste + 25% of cattle manure; 50% of Urban Organic Waste + 50% of cattle manure; 10% compost; 15% Composed of Junk; 20% compost; Mineral Fertilizer and Without Fertilization. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial with 8 fertilizations, two water slides (80 and 100% of potential evaporation) and three replicates. Of waste characterization, it was found that 58% are organic; the potential and the production of the biogas went superior to the treatment contends urban organic garbage with 50% of bovine manure, as well as for the growth of the plants, when associated to 100% of the evapotranspiration, presenting diameter of the stem, dry matter of the root and of the part aerial superiors to the others. The use of the urban organic residue with 50% of bovine manure increased the index of biogas production xiv and the obtained biofertilizer it acted as conditioning, altering the physical characteristics, chemistries and biological of the soil.