No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The focus of this paper concerns different verbal expressions found within the ancient Egyptian historical and archaeological record that describes the act of playing different instruments. This paper sheds light on ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic terminology by presenting the corresponding translations and transliterations from the Pharaonic Period. A discussion is carried out concerning whether or not the terms in question have any polysemic meanings as well as any traceable etymology or developmental aspects. Tomb scenes with captions of expressions on how to play musical instruments are the primary sources for this paper to demonstrate the different variations of the terminology.

Despite popular and scientific interest in mummies, very few studies of ancient Egyptian mummy collections, especially from the same area, have been conducted. As such, this research is the first comprehensive analysis of mummies from Akhmim, Egypt and is one of only a few studies that investigate a large mummy collection from both a biological and cultural point of view. A group of 25 mummies from the Akhmim Mummy Studies Consortium database was evaluated using computed tomography. Using computed tomography and the associated imaging software, two dimensional (2D) x-ray scan images were analyzed, then processed and edited to generate three dimensional (3D) models of each mummy. Both the 2D and 3D images of each mummy were used to collect both biological information and cultural data in a nondestructive manner. Results from this study indicated that the population of Akhmim was very diverse. Furthermore, this research both supports and challenges conventional wisdom on how ancient Egyptians were mummifying their dead.

The Ancient Egyptians have always had a strong connection with their animals. This can be seen in the depictions of their gods as well as in their way of writing in hieroglyphics, in which multiple animal figures are used. The Ancient Egyptians are also associated strongly with the afterlife and their interest in the deceased and funerary texts. Much of the Ancient Egyptian material culture that has been preserved has some connection to one of these aspects. Their funerary culture has been well-preserved thanks to the dry and arid conditions of the desert, while the Nile has almost completely destroyed the rest of their culture. This dissertation focuses on the relationship of the Ancient Egyptians with animals, specifically canines, in association with death and the afterlife. The focus is on the similarities between canines and the main canine deities: Anubis, Wepwawet, and Duamutef, listing the connections between the funerary, canine gods and the animals the Egyptians linked to them. It also looks at the hieroglyphic representation of both the gods and the canines. The animals in question are also briefly discussed, analysing their behaviour, and linking it to the information gathered on the canine deities. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Ancient Languages / MA / Unrestricted

This thesis discusses the interaction between the concepts of ”justice” (ma‛at) and ”law” (hpw) in ancient Egypt. Ma‛at, one of the earliest abstract terms in human speech, was a central principle and, although no codex of Egyptian law has been found, there is abundant evidence of written law, designed to realise ma‛at on earth. The king, as the highest legal authority, was the nexus between ma‛at and the law. Egyptologists have few sources of knowledge about law and justice in ancient Egypt because the ancient Egyptians used commonplace language in legal documents and they only had a few imprecise technical terms relating to law. For Egyptology to advance, therefore, we need to reappraise its sources. The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant has a strong legal background and should be treated as an additional source of information about how law and justice were perceived and carried out in ancient Egypt. / Classics and Modern European Languages / M.A. (Ancient Languages and Cultures)