Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 1999. / Adviser: Terry E. Haas. Submitted to the Dept. of Chemistry. Includes bibliographical references. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Dielectric, d. c. conductivity and electrolysis measurements have been made principally on solid imidazole and urea. Electrode effects, especially the development of a suitable protode, and techniques for detecting mobile protons in solids were pursued. The dielectric data have been correlated with the d. c. results. A mechanism for extrinsic proton conduction in urea has been proposed.

A produção de fertilizantes organominerais envolve o uso de matéria-prima orgânica e mineral, onde as reações químicas desenvolvidas por microrganismos promovem a solubilização dos nutrientes minerais necessários à plantas. O processo de vermicompostagem da matéria orgânica é regido por reações químicas realizadas no sistema digestivo das minhocas, promovendo assim, melhora física, química e biológica do material original, facilitando a absorção de nutrientes pelas plantas. Procura-se obter uma maximização do processo de vermicompostagem, enriquecendo a matéria-prima original com fertilizantes minerais, possibilitando assim, a busca de um melhor processo de reações químicas que promova maior disponibilidade dos nutrientes minerais à plantas. / The production of organomineral fertilizer involves the use of organic end mineral raw-materials where chemical reactions developed by microrganisms promote dissolving of necessary mineral nutrients for plants. The vermicomposting of organic material is ruled by chemical reactions made in the digestive system of the earthworns. In this way, that original material is improved physically, chemically and biologically and nutrient absovation by plant is made easier. Optimization of the vermicomposting is armed to be obtained. Enriching the original raw-materials with mineral fertilizers, makes the search for better process of chemical reactions that promot greater avaliability of mineral nutrients to plants.

O presente trabalho avaliou a geração de biogás em um reator de duas fases, operado em bateladas sequencias, com resíduos coletados no CEAGESP de São Paulo-SP. O reator com volume efetivo de 10,7 L, era composto por um biofiltro anaeróbio em sua parte inferior, seguido por um separador de gases e posteriormente por um depósito de resíduos a digerir na parte superior. O inóculo era proveniente do fundo de uma lagoa de lixiviados do aterro de São Carlos-SP. O experimento foi conduzido em temperatura controlada em 30 ± 2 ºC nas Etapas 1, 2 e 3. A Etapa 1 consistiu na ativação e adaptação da biomassa, utilizando-se etanol e posteriormente resíduo orgânico do CEAGESP. A Etapa 2 consistiu na operação anaeróbia do sistema com resíduo do CEAGESP com lodo já adaptado. Na Etapa 3, verificou-se o efeito da aeração no compartimento de resíduos. Na Etapa 4, avaliou-se a influência da temperatura na digestão anaeróbia e com isto foi possível a obtenção do coeficiente de Arrhenius. Na Etapa 5, comparou-se o sistema de duas fases com um segundo reator anaeróbio, com configuração parecida com a convencional. Os resultados obtidos de todas as etapas na geração de biogás no reator de duas fases foram de 0,44; 0,44; 0,47 m3 /Kg SV e as eficiências de remoção de Sólidos Voláteis foram de 82,1%; 84,5% e 84,8% nas Etapa 1, 2 e 3, respetivamente, com um tempo de ração de 14 d nas três etapas. As concentrações de metano foram de 68,4; 67,1 e 66,6%, respectivamente. Na Etapa 4, os resultados da geração de biogás foram de 0,36; 0,38; 0,41; 0,41 m3 biogás/Kg SV nas temperaturas 25,6 ºC; 28,9 ºC; 34,0 ºC e 38,1 ºC, respetivamente. Denotando que a temperatura é um fator importante na geração de biogás em digestão anaeróbia. No reator convencional, a geração de biogás foi de 0,32 m3 biogás/Kg SV. / The present work evaluated the biogas generation in a two-phase reactor, operated in batch sequences, with residues collected at CEAGESP in São Paulo-SP. The reactor with an effective volume of 10.7 L was composed of an anaerobic biofilter in its lower part, followed by a gas separator and later by a deposit of waste to digest in the upper part. The inoculum was from the bottom of a leachate pond in the São Carlos-SP landfill. The experiment was conducted at a temperature of 30 ± 2 º C in Steps 1, 2 and 3. Step 1, consisted of the activation and adaptation of the biomass using ethanol and then organic waste from CEAGESP. Step 2, consisted of the anaerobic operation of the system with residue of the CEAGESP with already adapted sludge. In Step 3, the effect of aeration on the waste compartment was verified. In Step 4, the influence of temperature on the anaerobic digestion was evaluated and with this it was possible to obtain the Arrhenius coefficient. In Step 5, the two-phase system was compared with a second anaerobic reactor, with the same configuration as conventional. The results of all stages in the biogas generation in the two-phase reactor were 0.44; 0.44; 0.47 m3 / Kg SV and the removal efficiencies of Volatile Solids were 82.1%; 84.5% and 84.8% in Step 1, 2 and 3 respectively; and a feed time were of 14 d in the three steps. Consequently, the percentage of methane was 68.4; 67.1 and 66.6%. In stage 4 the results in the biogas generation were 0.36; 0.38; 0.41; 0.41 m3 biogas / Kg SV at temperatures 25.6 ° C; 28.9 ° C; 34.0 ° C and 38.1 ° C respectively. In the conventional reactor the biogas generation was 0.32 m3 biogas / Kg SV.

O presente trabalho avaliou a geração de biogás em um reator de duas fases, operado em bateladas sequencias, com resíduos coletados no CEAGESP de São Paulo-SP. O reator com volume efetivo de 10,7 L, era composto por um biofiltro anaeróbio em sua parte inferior, seguido por um separador de gases e posteriormente por um depósito de resíduos a digerir na parte superior. O inóculo era proveniente do fundo de uma lagoa de lixiviados do aterro de São Carlos-SP. O experimento foi conduzido em temperatura controlada em 30 ± 2 ºC nas Etapas 1, 2 e 3. A Etapa 1 consistiu na ativação e adaptação da biomassa, utilizando-se etanol e posteriormente resíduo orgânico do CEAGESP. A Etapa 2 consistiu na operação anaeróbia do sistema com resíduo do CEAGESP com lodo já adaptado. Na Etapa 3, verificou-se o efeito da aeração no compartimento de resíduos. Na Etapa 4, avaliou-se a influência da temperatura na digestão anaeróbia e com isto foi possível a obtenção do coeficiente de Arrhenius. Na Etapa 5, comparou-se o sistema de duas fases com um segundo reator anaeróbio, com configuração parecida com a convencional. Os resultados obtidos de todas as etapas na geração de biogás no reator de duas fases foram de 0,44; 0,44; 0,47 m3 /Kg SV e as eficiências de remoção de Sólidos Voláteis foram de 82,1%; 84,5% e 84,8% nas Etapa 1, 2 e 3, respetivamente, com um tempo de ração de 14 d nas três etapas. As concentrações de metano foram de 68,4; 67,1 e 66,6%, respectivamente. Na Etapa 4, os resultados da geração de biogás foram de 0,36; 0,38; 0,41; 0,41 m3 biogás/Kg SV nas temperaturas 25,6 ºC; 28,9 ºC; 34,0 ºC e 38,1 ºC, respetivamente. Denotando que a temperatura é um fator importante na geração de biogás em digestão anaeróbia. No reator convencional, a geração de biogás foi de 0,32 m3 biogás/Kg SV. / The present work evaluated the biogas generation in a two-phase reactor, operated in batch sequences, with residues collected at CEAGESP in São Paulo-SP. The reactor with an effective volume of 10.7 L was composed of an anaerobic biofilter in its lower part, followed by a gas separator and later by a deposit of waste to digest in the upper part. The inoculum was from the bottom of a leachate pond in the São Carlos-SP landfill. The experiment was conducted at a temperature of 30 ± 2 º C in Steps 1, 2 and 3. Step 1, consisted of the activation and adaptation of the biomass using ethanol and then organic waste from CEAGESP. Step 2, consisted of the anaerobic operation of the system with residue of the CEAGESP with already adapted sludge. In Step 3, the effect of aeration on the waste compartment was verified. In Step 4, the influence of temperature on the anaerobic digestion was evaluated and with this it was possible to obtain the Arrhenius coefficient. In Step 5, the two-phase system was compared with a second anaerobic reactor, with the same configuration as conventional. The results of all stages in the biogas generation in the two-phase reactor were 0.44; 0.44; 0.47 m3 / Kg SV and the removal efficiencies of Volatile Solids were 82.1%; 84.5% and 84.8% in Step 1, 2 and 3 respectively; and a feed time were of 14 d in the three steps. Consequently, the percentage of methane was 68.4; 67.1 and 66.6%. In stage 4 the results in the biogas generation were 0.36; 0.38; 0.41; 0.41 m3 biogas / Kg SV at temperatures 25.6 ° C; 28.9 ° C; 34.0 ° C and 38.1 ° C respectively. In the conventional reactor the biogas generation was 0.32 m3 biogas / Kg SV.

Abstract not available

Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed Mar. 3, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

A produção de fertilizantes organominerais envolve o uso de matéria-prima orgânica e mineral, onde as reações químicas desenvolvidas por microrganismos promovem a solubilização dos nutrientes minerais necessários à plantas. O processo de vermicompostagem da matéria orgânica é regido por reações químicas realizadas no sistema digestivo das minhocas, promovendo assim, melhora física, química e biológica do material original, facilitando a absorção de nutrientes pelas plantas. Procura-se obter uma maximização do processo de vermicompostagem, enriquecendo a matéria-prima original com fertilizantes minerais, possibilitando assim, a busca de um melhor processo de reações químicas que promova maior disponibilidade dos nutrientes minerais à plantas. / The production of organomineral fertilizer involves the use of organic end mineral raw-materials where chemical reactions developed by microrganisms promote dissolving of necessary mineral nutrients for plants. The vermicomposting of organic material is ruled by chemical reactions made in the digestive system of the earthworns. In this way, that original material is improved physically, chemically and biologically and nutrient absovation by plant is made easier. Optimization of the vermicomposting is armed to be obtained. Enriching the original raw-materials with mineral fertilizers, makes the search for better process of chemical reactions that promot greater avaliability of mineral nutrients to plants.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mateus Cunha Mayer.pdf: 1482093 bytes, checksum: 6ef7ab7f3428e39fcb866641ec5568e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Municipal solid waste are produced daily from commercial, industrial and domestic sectors, thus becoming one of the biggest environmental problems nowadays. There are several techniques for treatment of solid waste, mainly organic fraction, which is liable to biological degradation. Anaerobic digestion has been widely used for this purpose. One of the most important stages of anaerobic digestion is hydrolysis, which promotes the breakdown of organic polymer complex to simple molecules by extracellular enzymes. Prior preparation of inoculum is an example of pre-treatment that can increase the efficiency of anaerobic process, achieving higher yields in the production of biogas and further biostabilized final compound.This study aimed to evaluate the conduct of different inoculum in anaerobic digestion of food waste, analyze the soluble fraction of each treatment, determine the kinetic constant of biodegradation and quantify the production of biogas. The experimental system was installed and monitored premises Experiment Station Biological Treatment of Sewage from the State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande. The substrate used in the experiment was added to the inoculum and fed to different reactors (leachate, UASB effluent, adapted leachate and adapted UASB), composing the treatments. The adapted leachate and UASB inoculum were pre-treated under anaerobic conditions for four months before starting the experiment. One of the treatments was studied as a blank test without the addition of inoculum.Soluble fractions were analyzed for each treatment from weekly collection of the liquid sample. The biogas volume quantification was performed daily using manometric system. After 104 days of monitoring, it was observed that among the conditions studied, the treatment process to better answered biological solubilization was that containing leachate, getting larger value of biodegradation kinetics constant. The biogas production obtained low variation of results, with unit values of 0.13 L and accumulated volumes around 9.5 L in treatments studied. / Os resíduos sólidos urbanossão produzidos diariamente a partir de setores comerciais, industriais e domésticos, constituindo-se em um dos maiores problemas ambientais da atualidade. Existem diversas técnicas de tratamento de resíduos sólidos, principalmente, a fração orgânica, que é passível de degradação biológica.A digestão anaeróbia vem sendo amplamente utilizada para tal finalidade. Uma das etapas mais importantes constituintes da digestão anaeróbia é a hidrólise, que promove a quebra de complexos poliméricos orgânicos a moléculas mais simples,através de enzimas extracelulares. A preparação prévia de inóculosé um exemplo de pré-tratamento que pode aumentar a eficiência da partida do processo anaeróbio, obtendo-se maiores rendimentos na produção de biogás e um composto final mais bioestabilizado. Esse estudo teve como objetivos avaliar o comportamento de diferentes inóculos na digestão anaeróbia de resíduos alimentícios, analisar a fração solúvel de cada tratamento, determinar a constante cinética de biodegradação e quantificara produção de biogás. O sistema experimental foi instalado e monitorado nas dependências da Estação Experimental de Tratamentos Biológicos de Esgotos Sanitários da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande. O substrato utilizado no experimento foi adicionado a diferentes inóculos e alimentado aos reatores (lixiviado, efluente UASB, lixiviado adaptado e UASB adaptado), compondo os tratamentos estudados. Os inóculos lixiviado e UASB adaptados foram pré-tratados em condições anaeróbias durante quatro meses antes da partida do experimento. Um dos tratamentos foi estudado como prova em branco, sem a adição de inóculo. Foram analisadas as frações solúveis de cada tratamento a partir da coleta semanal de amostra líquida. A quantificação do volume de biogás gerado foi realizada diariamente utilizando sistema manométrico. Após 104 dias de monitoramento, observou-se que,dentre as condições estudadas, o tratamento que melhor respondeu ao processo de solubilização biológica foi o que continha lixiviado, obtendo maior valor da constante cinética de biodegradação. A produção de biogás obteve baixa variação dos resultados, com valores unitários da ordem de 0,13 L e volumes acumulados em torno de 9,5 L nos tratamentos estudados.

To-date, sanitation has mainly been approached from a public and environmental health perspective and this implies that excreta and other organic waste streams are seen not only as a hazard to quickly get rid of but also as a very costly menace to manage. However, looking at sanitation management from a resource recovery perspective provides an avenue for solutions with multiple co-benefits. Revenues from sanitation end-use products can act as an incentive for improving sanitation infrastructure while also covering part or all of the investment and operation costs for the same. Until now, estimating the potential for resource recovery from sanitation systems and technologies has largely been done on a case by case basis according to project or geography with no standardized universal tools or methodologies being used across the world. This study is aimed at developing a generic model for the rapid estimation of the quantities of various resources that can be recovered from sanitary waste streams in urban areas. Key waste streams from sanitation systems in low and middle income countries were identified and their major characterization parameters identified. The mathematical relationships between key waste stream characterization parameters and the potential amounts of resource products derived from treatment were determined and then used to develop the model in MS Excel. The model was then tested with waste stream flow rates and characterization data (for faecal sludge, sewage sludge and organic municipal solid waste) from the city of Kampala with two scenarios; the current collection amounts (390 m3 of faecal sludge, 66 tonnes of sewage sludge and 700 tonnes of organic solid waste) and the potential amounts with increased collection efficiency and coverage (900 m3 of faecal sludge, 282 tonnes of sewage sludge and 2199 tonnes of organic solid waste). The results were shared with Kampala city authorities to obtain feedback. The results showed that there is significant potential in utilizing the daily amounts of the three waste streams collected in Kampala. With increased collection coverage and efficiency, they could altogether yield; up to 361,200 Nm3 of biogas per day which could meet the daily energy needs of 824,000 people that are currently met by firewood. Alternatively, the three sources could produce, 752 tonnes of solid combustion fuel per day which could meet the daily energy needs of 1,108,700 people that are currently met by firewood. As a third alternative, the three sources could produce 198 tonnes of Black Soldier Fly prepupae per day which could substitute for 134 tonnes of dry fish per day currently used as animal feed ingredient and up to 909 tonnes of compost fertilizer per day which is enough to substitute two tonnes of urea that is currently used by farmers. The model thus proved to be a simple way to provide decision support by making rapid estimations of the potential for resource recovery in urban areas, without the burden of having to do full scale feasibility studies. It is expected that this model could be a useful complement to the excreta flow diagrams (SFDs) developed within the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) and hence give a holistic picture of the potential of a closed loop approach to excreta and waste management in cities.