Despite the extensive research carried out on waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) over the past decades, little is known about the quality of electronic products discarded and the extent to which quality affects the decisions to dispose and reuse these products as well as the impact of the current design of products for reuse and remanufacture. This information is fundamental to understand the reasons for the recent unfettered growth in electronic waste, and to propose solutions to address this problem. In this thesis, using a multi-method approach, face to face semi-structured interviews and product fault find surveys, the author investigates and reports the reasons consumers dispose of microwave ovens and the quality of the products, in particular microwave ovens, that are discarded in the United Kingdom as well as recommended design changes to original equipment manufacturers in order to facilitate reuse and increase the lifespan of such products. By collecting and testing 189 microwave ovens disposed of cosmetic imperfections, as well as electrical and mechanical defects, the results revealed that: (i) a fifth of all microwaves disposed are in perfect working condition and can be reused without any reuse process, (ii) a high percentage of the microwaves discarded have only very minor defects, (iii) almost all microwaves discarded with minor defects can be safely refurbished for re-use, (iv) very few components are responsible for most mechanical and electrical faults, (v) for most microwaves disposed of, the prices of the parts necessary for repair are a very small fraction of the average price of a new microwave. Using face to face interviews with 82 persons disposing electronic microwaves it was also found that: (i) consumers are largely unaware of alternative routes to send their end-of-life/use functional products other than the public recycling facilities, and (ii) a large proportion of the consumers disposing of microwaves intend to buy a similar product, only partially supporting the widely-held belief that e-waste is driven by a desire for the latest technology. Based on these results, the author argues that, for microwave ovens disposed in the United Kingdom via household waste recycling centres, the quality of the products discarded is not a serious impediment for reuse, neither are the prices of spare parts. Furthermore, the major factor preventing reuse is the current design of this product, which makes remanufacturing difficult and onerous, as well as the receptiveness of the market for second hand items. Using this information, the author also proposes small changes in design that can significantly improve reusability and, as a consequence, increases the life span of these products.

Furnace slag is the by-product from steel making process. Desulfurization slag (DS) was produced from the desulphurization process of molten irons in high temperature furnaces processes. DS is heterogeneous oxide materials which are compounded by some main oxides such as SiO2, FeO, CaO, SiO2, MnO, Al2O3, and MgO due to their mass percentage. Because DS has high pH characteristics (12.5), this limits its recycle and reuse. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of applying DS as the construction materials or amendments in the aquacultural industry to improve the aqualcultural water quality in the fish farm. The basic characteristic analyses show that the major chemical compositions of powder DS were CaO, SiO2, Fe2O3 and Al2O3. The major crystalline phase composed of SiO2, Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3. Results of DS release test show that when DS could increase pH and alkalinity value in water. Results of micro-structure analysis of powder DS surface showed there were many non-porous materials and heavy metals on DS. Results from the nutrient removal tests show that the ammonia nitrogen adsorption capacity were 0.036 mg/L and 0.069 mg/L when the initial concentration were 10 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively. Results form the adsorption model validation test indicate that the adsorption phenomena could fit in Langmuir model. The adsorption capacities of phosphate were 26.4 mg/L and 76.6 mg/L when the initial phosphate concentrations were 10 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively. The calculated values of thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption reaction for ammonia nitrogen was endothermic non-spontaneous process, and the adsorption reaction for phosphate was exothermic spontaneous process. However, the enthalpy change (£GH) showed that adsorption reaction of DS for ammonia nitrogen was physical adsorption, and the adsorption reaction for phosphate was chemical sorption. In the algae culture experiment, results show that when 25 mg/L of DS was supplied, the growth rate of Chlorella sp. could be enhanced. Thus, the powder DS could enhance the growth of Chlorella sp. A field study using a fish farm as the study site was conducted to evaluate the impact of DS on fish farm water quality when DS was applied as the filling and construction materials of the fish farm. Results show that addition of DS had no significant effect on groundwater and pond water quality. Results from the organic matter analysis of the pond water using EEFM show that humus-like and soluble microbial product (SMP) materials were detected. The dominant algae in the pond water included Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sp. indicating the pond water quality was in good conditions. Addition of DS would increase of water alkalinity preventing the acidification of pond water due to the fish feed and fish excreta. Results of heavy metal analysis of soil, groundwater, and pond water complied with the relevant environmental standards. Results of this study will aid in understanding the characteristics of DS and the results will be useful in designing a DS reuse system to achieve the zero waste and resource reuse goal.

To-date, sanitation has mainly been approached from a public and environmental health perspective and this implies that excreta and other organic waste streams are seen not only as a hazard to quickly get rid of but also as a very costly menace to manage. However, looking at sanitation management from a resource recovery perspective provides an avenue for solutions with multiple co-benefits. Revenues from sanitation end-use products can act as an incentive for improving sanitation infrastructure while also covering part or all of the investment and operation costs for the same. Until now, estimating the potential for resource recovery from sanitation systems and technologies has largely been done on a case by case basis according to project or geography with no standardized universal tools or methodologies being used across the world. This study is aimed at developing a generic model for the rapid estimation of the quantities of various resources that can be recovered from sanitary waste streams in urban areas. Key waste streams from sanitation systems in low and middle income countries were identified and their major characterization parameters identified. The mathematical relationships between key waste stream characterization parameters and the potential amounts of resource products derived from treatment were determined and then used to develop the model in MS Excel. The model was then tested with waste stream flow rates and characterization data (for faecal sludge, sewage sludge and organic municipal solid waste) from the city of Kampala with two scenarios; the current collection amounts (390 m3 of faecal sludge, 66 tonnes of sewage sludge and 700 tonnes of organic solid waste) and the potential amounts with increased collection efficiency and coverage (900 m3 of faecal sludge, 282 tonnes of sewage sludge and 2199 tonnes of organic solid waste). The results were shared with Kampala city authorities to obtain feedback. The results showed that there is significant potential in utilizing the daily amounts of the three waste streams collected in Kampala. With increased collection coverage and efficiency, they could altogether yield; up to 361,200 Nm3 of biogas per day which could meet the daily energy needs of 824,000 people that are currently met by firewood. Alternatively, the three sources could produce, 752 tonnes of solid combustion fuel per day which could meet the daily energy needs of 1,108,700 people that are currently met by firewood. As a third alternative, the three sources could produce 198 tonnes of Black Soldier Fly prepupae per day which could substitute for 134 tonnes of dry fish per day currently used as animal feed ingredient and up to 909 tonnes of compost fertilizer per day which is enough to substitute two tonnes of urea that is currently used by farmers. The model thus proved to be a simple way to provide decision support by making rapid estimations of the potential for resource recovery in urban areas, without the burden of having to do full scale feasibility studies. It is expected that this model could be a useful complement to the excreta flow diagrams (SFDs) developed within the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) and hence give a holistic picture of the potential of a closed loop approach to excreta and waste management in cities.

A quitosana é um polímero catiônico obtido da desacetilação da quitina, encontrada abundantemente nos exoesqueletos de crustáceos, utilizada como um biomaterial por apresentar propriedades biológicas de biocompatibilidade, biodegradabilidade, atoxicidade e atividade antimicrobiana. Neste sentido, o tema desenvolvido neste trabalho foi dirigido para a extração de quitosana a partir de resíduos de camarão com diferentes tamanhos de partículas usando a técnica do micro-ondas, comparação de tempos diferentes de irradiação, caracterização físico-química e biológica da quitosana obtida e avaliação da aplicação biotecnológica considerando a sua versatilidade de aplicações. Os resíduos foram triturados (16, 32 e 60 mesh), despigmentados, desmineralizados e desproteinizados para obtenção de quitina. E em seguida desacetiladas com NaOH a 45% sob irradiação do micro-ondas a 600w, 15 ou 30 min. As quitosanas foram caracterizadas e os resultados mostraram que a partícula com 32 mesh apresentou maior rendimento de quitosana (52,2%) e grau de desacetilação de 92%. Em relação a ação antimicrobiana obtivemos uma CIM entre 0,23 μg.mL-1 e 30 μg.mL-1 para o gênero Candida e 0,46 μg.mL-1 e 60 μg.mL-1 para as bactérias. Foram preparados hidrogéis de quitosana a 2,5% (w/v), que apresentaram pH 3.3 e viscosidade de 119,2 a 38,7 cP e condutibilidade de ondas ultrassônicas. Com base nos resultados a irradiação por micro-ondas pode ser utilizada como um método de aquecimento simples e rápido para a extração de quitosana. Os resíduos de camarão foram uma excelente fonte de quitina e quitosana. O grau máximo de desacetilação foi obtido a partir de amostras de quitina irradiadas com seis pulsos e tamanho de partícula de 32 mesh. Os efeitos inibitórios diferiram dependendo do micro-organismo testado. Os hidrogéis de quitosana apresentaram uma viscosidade adequada e um pH compatível para a aplicação na pele, o que sugere a sua utilização como condutores para terapia ultrassônica. / Chitosan is a cationic polymer obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, found abundantly in the exoesqueletos of crustaceans, used as a biomaterial because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, toxicity and antimicrobial activity. In this sense, the theme developed in this work was directed to chitosan extraction from shrimp residues with different particle sizes using the microwave technique, compaction of different irradiation times, physico-chemical and biological characterization of the obtained chitosan And evaluation of the biotechnological application considering its versatility of applications. The residues were clasified according to the particle sizes in 16, 32 and 60. Subsequently the samples were ground, depigmented, demineralized and deproteinized in order to obtain chitin. Afterward the products were deacetylated with 45% NaOH under microwave irradiation at 600w, for 15 or 30 min to obtain chitosan. Then the products were characterized and showed the best results when it was used particle size of 32, with 92% deacetylation degree with the higher chitosan yield (52.2%). The antimicrobial activity was tested using Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) between 0.23 μg.mL-1- 30 μg.mL-1, and 0.46 μg.mL-1 - 60 μg.mL-1 against Candida sp. and bacteria respectively. Chitosan hydrogels were prepared at 2.5% (w/v), pH 3,3, viscosity from 119.2 to 38.7 cP and ultrasonic wave conductivity. Based on the results, the microwave irradiation may be used as a simple and rapid heating method for chitosan extraction. Shrimp residues were an excellent source of chitin and chitosan. The maximum degree of deacetylation was obtained from chitin samples irradiated with six pulses and particle size of 32 according to the used mesh. The inhibitory effects differed depending on the microorganism tested. The chitosan hydrogels showed a suitable viscosity and compatible pH for the skin application which suggests its used as conductors for ultrasonic therapy.

La industria de la acuicultura se está expandiendo debido a la demanda de alimentos por el crecimiento de la población. En 2019, en España, la producción alcanzó 342.867 toneladas y un valor de primera venta de 501 millones de euros (APROMAR 2020). Las principales especies producidas fueron los mejillones (77%), la lubina (8%) y la dorada (4%), todas especies cultivadas en zonas costeras. Las principales estructuras donde se cultivaban estas especies son bateas y long lines para mejillones (4.793 instalaciones) y jaulas flotantes para lubina y dorada (43 instalaciones) (APROMAR 2020). Ambos cultivos producen enriquecimiento por MO y acumulación de restos de valva de mejillón en los sedimentos marinos. Sin embargo, existe una falta de conocimiento para poder entender todas las consecuencias ecológicas de la interacción entre el enriquecimiento por MO y la acumulación de valvas de mejillón en los ecosistemas bentónicos, ya que aunque se ha estudiado en profundidad el efecto del enriquecimiento por MO sobre los sedimentos (Holmer et al. 2005a; Apostolaki et al. 2007; Holmer et al. 2007), los efectos de acumulación los restos de valva de mejillón en los ecosistemas de sedimentos apenas se han investigado (Newell 2004; Wilding 2012; Wilding and Nickell 2013). Por lo tanto, para mejorar el conocimiento de los impactos de la acuicultura y sus interacciones en los sedimentos, los objetivos generales de la presente tesis doctoral han sido: Capítulo 2) Analizar el efecto de la bioturbación en la capacidad metabólica de los sedimentos a lo largo de un gradiente de enriquecimiento por MO derivado de la acuicultura marina. Capítulo 3) Investigar la interacción entre el enriquecimiento por valva de mejillón y por MO derivado de la acuicultura en flujos biogeoquímicos de sedimentos marinos. Capítulo 4) Comprobar el efecto del enriquecimiento por valva de mejillón y por MO procedente de la acuicultura en la capacidad de bioturbación de la comunidad de la macrofauna de los sedimentos marinos. Las principales conclusiones de esta tesis son: 1. Los sedimentos bioturbados, al promover las condiciones óxicas, pueden amortiguar las consecuencias negativas relacionadas la limitación de oxígeno producidas por el aporte extra de materia orgánica de la actividad acuícola. 2. La prevalencia de condiciones óxicas a través de la bioturbación de la macrofauna puede disminuir la importancia de las vías anaeróbicas de mineralización de la materia organica del sedimento bajo la influencia de la acuicultura, limitando la capacidad metabólica del sedimento. 3. En sedimentos bioturbados, su capacidad metabólica puede no seguir una relación lineal con el nivel de enriquecimiento por materia orgánica derivado de la actividad acuícola, aumentando la acumulación de contenido de MO en el sedimento a altas tasas de aporte de la materia orgánica. 4. Analizar la capacidad metabólica de los sedimentos podría ser una herramienta relevante para predecir la respuesta de los sedimentos frente al enriquecimiento de materia orgánica de los sistemas de acuicultura. 4. El análisis de la capacidad metabólica de los sedimentos puede ser una herramienta relevante para predecir la respuesta de los sedimentos frente al enriquecimiento por materia orgánica derivada de la acuicultura. 5. Los restos de valva de mejillón procedentes de los sistemas acuícolas sobre sedimentos arenosos sin macrofauna, en condiciones de enriquecimiento por materia orgánica, pueden disminuir la tasa de liberación de amonio a la columna de agua, limitando las consecuencias ecológicas negativas derivadas de la eutrofización. 6. Los restos de valva de mejillón, procedentes de los sistemas acuícolas, en sedimentos arenosos contaminados por materia orgánica pueden reducir la acumulación de los subproductos de vías metabólicas anaeróbicas, mejorando el estado ecológico del sedimento impactado. 7. Los restos de valva de mejillón, procedentes de los sistemas acuícolas, pueden modificar la comunidad de la macrofauna de los sedimentos arenosos en áreas oligotróficas, triplicando su abundancia y biomasa, y promoviendo la abundanica de familias con mayor capacidad de bioturbación, específicamente las familias Nassaridae y Nereididae. El efecto de los restos de valva de mejillón en la comunidad de la macrofauna bentónica está modulado por las características del sedimento, específicamente por el tamaño del grano y el contenido natural de materia orgánica. No se han obtenido efectos negativos significativos de los restos de valva de mejillón sobre la comunidad de sedimentos macrofaunales y sobre sus parámetros fisicoquímicos. 10. Los restos de valva de mejillón procedentes de los sistemas acuícolas, que suelen tratarse como un producto de desecho, podrían utilizarse para mitigar los efectos negativos de la contaminación por materia orgánica en los sedimentos marinos, particularmente en sitios defaunados. 11.Mantener los restos de conchas de mejillón derivados del sistema de acuicultura en sedimentos arenosos podría beneficiar la capacidad de bioturbación de la comunidad de la macrofauna que podría mejorar el metabolismo aeróbico de los sedimentos, reduciendo el coste de su gestión de extracción del sedimento y previniendo las posibles perturbaciones asociadas. / La parte experimental de la presente tesis doctoral ha sido costeada por el proyecto del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades títulado "IMPLICACIONES ECOLOGICAS DE FONDOS MARINOS BIOGENICOS ARTIFICIALES: ACUMULOS DE RESTOS DE BIVALVOS COMO HERRAMIENTA DE MITIGACION ORGANICA Y SUMIDERO DE CARBONO" (CGL2015-70136-R).

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-21T14:49:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Otavio Raymundo L?.pdf: 585290 bytes, checksum: ee9c2ebbd0832facdf245e177fef5fa4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Otavio Raymundo L?.pdf: 585290 bytes, checksum: ee9c2ebbd0832facdf245e177fef5fa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Agricultural use of sewage sludge has become, increasingly, a practice adopted by sanitation companies to solve partly the problem of final disposal of waste. As the sludge to be used generally need to be dry and that the drying process can alter the distribution of metals, the general aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of drying temperature and storage time on chemical parameters and the metal availability and distribution. The specific objectives were: (i) to study how the drying temperature (air, 40?C and 65?C) sludge, associated with the storage time (zero-fresh, and one year), influenced the availability of metals and the possible chemical changes induced in the sludge, (ii) to evaluate how the high content of iron present and the microbial activity affect the availability of metals in the sludge studied, as a function of temperature of drying, and (iii) to characterize the soluble organic fraction leached by infrared absorption spectrometry in samples of dried sludge at different temperatures and stored for one year. Fresh and stored for one year sludge were dried with forced air circulation, grounded and chemical analyzed. The BCR sequential extraction was applied to assess the availability and distribution of metals. The drying of sewage sludge in the air encouraged increasing availability of metals, however, where temperature increased it diminished due to binding of metals with more stable compounds. The reduction of total organic carbon due to volatilization and biodegradation was favored by increased temperature. The decrease in the levels of iron and zinc, with increasing time and temperature drying to constant weight and pH close to neutral, favored readsorption and/or precipitation of metals to less labile forms. The wet sewage sludge, stored in refrigerated conditions (4?C), was subjected to different times and drying temperatures in the greenhouse and, after being re-moistened been and incubated (28 ? 1?C) for zero, one and three days. The methods of fumigation extraction and Mehlich3 were used to assess the microbial activity and availability of metals, respectively. Increased levels of soluble organic carbon and iron were directly related to the increase of incubation time and temperature drying. For leaching, the dried sludge?s were packed in PVC columns of 50 mm and related to the mass of wet sludge, on a dry basis. The increase in drying temperature of the sludge increased the organic carbon dissolved in the leachate extract, without, however, a corresponding increase in metal content in this extract. / A utiliza??o agr?cola de lodos de esgoto tem se tornado, cada vez mais, uma pr?tica adotada pelas companhias de saneamento, para resolver, em parte, o problema da disposi??o final do res?duo. Como o lodo para ser utilizado geralmente necessita estar seco, e que o processo de secagem pode alterar a distribui??o de metais, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura de secagem e do tempo de estocagem em par?metros qu?micos e na disponibilidade e distribui??o de metais. Os objetivos espec?ficos foram: (i) estudar em como a temperatura de secagem (ao ar, 40?C e 65?C) do lodo, associada ao tempo de estocagem (zero ? fresco, e um ano), influencia na disponibilidade de metais e quais as poss?veis altera??es qu?micas provocadas no lodo; (ii) avaliar em como os elevados teores de ferro presentes e a atividade microbiana afetam a disponibilidade de metais no lodo estudado em fun??o da varia??o da temperatura de secagem e (iii) caracterizar a fra??o org?nica sol?vel lixiviada por espectrometria de absor??o no infravermelho, nas amostras de lodo secas em diferentes temperaturas e estocadas por um ano. O lodo fresco e estocado por um ano, ap?s secagem em estufa com circula??o for?ada de ar, foi mo?do e submetido ?s an?lises qu?micas. Na avalia??o da disponibilidade e distribui??o de metais foi utilizado o m?todo de extra??o seq?encial do BCR. A secagem do lodo ao ar favoreceu o aumento da disponibilidade de metais, por?m, em temperaturas maiores esta diminuiu devido ? liga??o dos metais com compostos mais est?veis. A redu??o de carbono org?nico total devido ? volatiliza??o e biodegrada??o foi favorecida pelo aumento de temperatura. A diminui??o nos teores de ferro e zinco com o aumento do tempo e da temperatura de secagem a peso constante e o pH pr?ximo da neutralidade favorecem a readsor??o e/ou precipita??o de metais para formas menos l?beis. O lodo de esgoto ?mido, estocado em condi??es refrigeradas (4?C), foi submetido aos diferentes tempos e temperaturas de secagem na estufa e, ap?s ser re-umedecido e incubado (28 ? 1?C) por zero, um e tr?s dias. Para avalia??o da atividade microbiana e disponibilidade de metais foi utilizado o m?todo de fumiga??o extra??o e o extrator Mehlich 3, respectivamente. O aumento dos teores de carbono org?nico sol?vel e ferro foi diretamente relacionado ao aumento do tempo de incuba??o e temperatura de secagem. Para a lixivia??o, as amostras de lodos secas foram empacotadas em colunas de PVC de 50 mm e relacionados ? massa do lodo ?mido, em base seca. O aumento na temperatura de secagem do lodo causou o aumento no teor de carbono org?nico dissolvido no extrato lixiviado, n?o havendo, por?m, aumento correspondente no teor de metais nesse extrato.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama atliekų panaudojimo teisinio reguliavimo problema ir jos aspektai, jame taikant dokumentų analizės, istorinį bei lyginamąjį metodus išsiaiškinta ES atliekų tvarkymo teisinių ir strateginių priemonių įtaka Lietuvos vykdomai atliekų panaudojimo politikai, atskleista ,,atliekų panaudojimo“ samprata, atskleistos kylančios problemos Lietuvoje, įgyvendinant atliekų tvarkymo ir panaudojimo teisinį reguliavimą, taip pat atskleistas atliekų tvarkymo ir panaudojimo modelis Danijoje. Magistro baigiamajame darbe, įvertinus Europos Sąjungos ir Lietuvos teises aktus, teismų praktiką, padarytos tokios išvados: Lietuvoje esantis atliekų panaudojimo teisinis reguliavimas tik iš dalies atitinka Europos Sąjungos teisinį reguliavimą, probleminių aspektų yra pakankamai daug, ir juos reikia spręsti, Danijos pavyzdys atliekų tvarkymo ir panaudojimo teisinio reguliavimo prasme yra sektinas. / This Master‘s thesis focuses on problemical aspects in waste reuse legal regulation. Invoking analysis of documents, historical and comparative methods the impact of EU waste management implements in law and strategic implements towards waste management in Lithuania was found out, therefore the conception of ,,waste reuse“ was disclosed, furthermore were shown waste reuse legal regulation problems in Lithuania and was revealed Danish model on waste legal regulation. Conclusions were made: the waste legal regulation model corresponds to EU model only partly, there are too many problemical aspects in this area, which need to be resolved, Danish example is the one to strive to.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-07-11T13:40:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 daniel_carlos_nunes.pdf: 1961797 bytes, checksum: ac4ddcf7ff5eb0c542a1981ce4b8934c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T13:40:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 daniel_carlos_nunes.pdf: 1961797 bytes, checksum: ac4ddcf7ff5eb0c542a1981ce4b8934c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / A localization model was developed and simulated in a spreadsheet for a pre-cast production process made by coaxial pressing, composed of a mixture of gypsum and coal ash used as fuel in a thermoelectric plant. The encapsulation of coal ash with a high sulfur content has been recommended to attenuate environmental liabilities and its use as an input of pre-cast gypsum based presents itself as an environmental solution of this residue and reduces the cost of material for civil construction. However, the geographical points where this waste is produced requires scholars to develop efficient logistic strategies, such as a model for optimized conditions, so that transport costs do not negate the high availability of these wastes to the areas located in Their environments. Preliminarily, experimental conditions were studied for the definition of proportions of components in precast. Next, a localization model was elaborated based on the geographic distances of the production points of the inputs, on the transportation costs of these materials and on the use of the mass / load center definition methodology. The routes of the means of transport were traced with the help of resources available on the Internet, allowing the creation of physical geographic models (maps). The mathematical localization model was simulated using the Solver tool from the Excel spreadsheet of Microfoft®. The installation point chosen for a company of gypsum and coal ash precast is at coordinates x = 0 and y = 589, in the city of Araripina (PE). The production of pre-cast with gypsum and charcoal gray, in addition to filling environmentally friendly solutions, contributes to increase the supply of new gypsum-based products. / Foi elaborado e simulado em planilha eletrônica um modelo de localização para um processo de produção de pré-moldado confeccionado por prensagem coaxial, composto por uma mistura de gesso e cinza de carvão mineral utilizada como combustível em usina termelétrica. O encapsulamento de cinzas de carvão mineral com alto teor de enxofre tem sido recomendado para atenuar passíveis ambientais e seu uso como insumo de pré-moldados a base de gesso apresenta-se como solução ambiental desse resíduo e redutor de custo de material para a construção civil. Contudo, os pontos geográficos onde esse resíduo é produzido exige dos estudiosos a elaboração de estratégias eficientes de logísticas, tais como um modelo de localização de condições otimizadas, para que os custos de transporte não venham anular a grande disponibilidade desses resíduos para as áreas localizadas em seus entornos. Preliminarmente, foram estudadas condições experimentais para definição de proporções das componentes em pré-moldados. Em seguida, foi elaborado um modelo de localização com base nas distâncias geográficas dos pontos de produção dos insumos, em custos de transportes desses materiais e no emprego da metodologia de definição de centros de massa/carga. Os percursos dos meios de transportes foram traçados com auxílio de recursos disponíveis na Internet, permitindo a confecção de modelos geográficos físicos (mapas). O modelo matemático de localização foi simulado com auxílio da ferramenta Solver da planilha eletrônica Excel da Microfoft®. O ponto de instalação escolhido para uma empresa de pré-moldados de gesso e cinzas de carvão mineral encontra-se nas coordenadas x = 0 e y = 589, na cidade de Araripina (PE). A produção de pré-moldados com gesso e cinza de carvão mineral, além de preencher soluções amigáveis ambientalmente, contribui para aumentar a oferta de novos produtos à base de gesso.

[EN] The international debate on the environmental crisis, known since the 70's, pushes to review priorities in light of today's time to safeguard the future. In this regard, the problem of waste disposal takes on a great importance, especially from the construction sector. At the same time, it is necessary to revamp the Italian architectural heritage. The research identifies the implementation of regeneration building through the transformation of waste into resources for the area. The study of regulatory laws and best practices in the field of construction make it possible to identify effective ways of reusing components. In addition, the methods, tools, and techniques of demolition are analysed to ensure the uniformity of the merceologic fraction and the integrity of the elements. In the goal to promote the exploitation of the residual performances of materials that derive from selective demolitions, such as wood and steel, methodological and operational processes aimed at maximizing their reuse are further explained. The developed theories have been tested in the territory of L'Aquila, Italy. The city was severely damaged by the earthquake on the 6th of April, 2009. The reconstruction is an opportunity for the regeneration and development of the whole territory; however, it has many logistical, environmental, and economical problems. The restoration of the roads and the preservation of buildings necessitated the construction of safety systems. When reconstruction operations of a building begin, safety systems should be gradually dismantled. At present, end-life scenarios are not programmed, and the materials that constitute the safety systems are temporarily stored or transported to the landfill. The enormous quantity of waste results in economic and environmental damage, along with logistical disruptions. The research defines methodological-operative lines to reuse and recycle the materials that make up the safety systems, identify ways to pursue the optimization and sustainability of the rebuilding process. It has defined a process for the specific reuse in the seismic crater. Two lines of research developed from the data, and they are detailed below. Endogenous reuse: the materials that are derived from the dismantling of safety systems are immediately reused in sites for the construction of temporary buildings, i.e., construction site offices, changing rooms, refectories, toilets, etc. Temporary endogenous reuse is included in the reconstruction project with the matching function of structural or technological adjustment. Endogenous permanent reuse occurs through the improvement for the installations or redefinition of the internal space. Exogenous reuse: the materials that are derived from the dismantling of safety systems, are reused in neighbouring reconstruction sites within a radius of 100 km. The materials can also be used for the construction of temporary structures designed to accommodate the functions related to the community, such as school, offices, residences, etc. Finally, through the use of the prices present in the Region Abruzzo 2014 Price List, and by using the data previously obtained, a spread sheet for the assessment of the economic and environmental gain resulting from the reuse by businesses and public administrations was created. The research was used to define and develop sustainable methods for regeneration building, which also apply to the reconstruction of L'Aquila, to promote local resources and to resolve logistical, economical, and environmental issues related to this process. / [ES] El debate internacional sobre la crisis ambiental, desarrollada desde los años setenta, anima a revisar las prioridades de la época actual para salvaguardar el futuro. En este sentido tiene una gran importancia el problema de la eliminación de residuos, especialmente cuando provienen del sector de la construcción. Paralelamente existe la necesidad de renovar el patrimonio arquitectónico italiano. La investigación identifica las modalidades de ejecución en cuanto a la regeneración de las construcciones a través de la transformación de los residuos en recursos medioambientales o sostenibles. El estudio de las normas y de las buenas prácticas en el campo de la construcción, ha hecho posible determinar modalidades de actuación para la reutilización de componentes. Además, se han analizado los métodos, herramientas y técnicas para la demolición garantizando la uniformidad de los materiales y la integridad de los elementos. Con el objetivo de promover la explotación de las prestaciones residuales de los materiales resultantes de la demolición selectiva, en el caso de la madera y el acero fueron elaborados procesos metodológicos-operativos para la optimización de su reutilización. Las teorías desarrolladas han sido experimentadas en el territorio de L'Aquila (Italia), severamente dañado por el terremoto ocurrido el día 6 de abril de 2009. La reconstrucción es, de hecho, una oportunidad para la regeneración y el desarrollo de todo el territorio, pero en la actualidad tiene muchos problemas de orden logístico, ambiental y económico. La recuperación de la viabilidad y la preservación de los edificios han necesitado operaciones de consolidación de los edificios. Cuando comiencen las operaciones de reconstrucción del edificio, estos sistemas deben ser desmantelados. En la actualidad no han sido programados escenarios contemplen la viabilidad del final del ciclo de vida y los materiales que componen los sistemas de seguridad, por lo tanto, van a confluir en el almacenamiento o el vertedero temporal. Resulta un daño muy importante tanto a nivel económico, como ambiental y logístico. El proyecto de investigación define líneas metodológico-operativas para la reutilización/recuperación de los materiales que componen los sistemas de seguridad de los edificios e identifica maneras de conseguir la optimización y la sostenibilidad del proceso de reconstrucción. Se ha definido un proceso de reutilización específico para el territorio de L'Aquila, desarrollando dos líneas de investigación: reutilización endógena: los materiales provenientes del desmantelamiento de los sistemas de seguridad que son inmediatamente reutilizados dentro de la obra para la edificación de construcciones temporales o servicios, como oficinas, vestuarios, aseos, etc. (reutilización endógena temporal) o se insertan en el proyecto de reconstrucción con función de ajuste/mejoría de las estructuras, de las instalaciones o de los aspectos o la redefinición del espacio interno (reutilización endógena permanente); reutilización exógena: los materiales que derivan del desmantelamiento de los sistemas de seguridad se reutilizan en las obras de reconstrucción vecinas (en un radio de 100 km), o para la construcción de estructuras temporales que albergan las funciones relacionadas con la comunidad (escuelas, oficinas, residencias , etc.). Por último, a través de la utilización de la lista de precios de la Regione Abruzzo 2014 y el uso de los datos obtenidos previamente, ha sido elaborada una hoja de cálculo para evaluar el beneficio ambiental y económico resultante de la reutilización para las empresas y para las administraciones públicas. La investigación ha permitido desarrollar métodos de regeneración de la construcción sostenible, que pueden ser aplicados también a la reconstrucción en curso en la zona de L'Aquila, para promover los recursos locales y al mismo tiempo para resolver los problemas logístic / [CAT] El debat internacional sobre la crisi ambiental, desenvolupada des dels anys setanta, anima a revisar les prioritats de l'època actual per salvaguardar el futur. En aquest sentit té una gran importància el problema de l'eliminació de residus, especialment quan provenen del sector de la construcció. Parallelament existeix la necessitat de renovar el patrimoni arquitectònic italià. La investigació identifica les modalitats d'execució quant a la regeneració de les construccions a través de la transformació dels residus en recursos mediambientals o sostenibles. L'estudi de les normes i de les bones pràctiques en el camp de la construcció, ha fet possible determinar modalitats d'actuació per a la reutilització de components. A més, s'han analitzat els mètodes, eines i tècniques per a la demolició garantint la uniformitat dels materials i la integritat dels elements. Amb l'objectiu de promoure l'explotació de les prestacions residuals dels materials resultants de la demolició selectiva, en el cas de la fusta i l'acer van ser elaborats processos metodològics-operatius per a l'optimització de la seva reutilització. Les teories desenvolupades han estat experimentades al territori de L'Aquila (Itàlia), severament danyat pel terratrèmol ocorregut el dia 6 d'abril de 2009. La reconstrucció és, de fet, una oportunitat per a la regeneració i el desenvolupament de tot el territori, però en l'actualitat té molts problemes d'ordre logístic, ambiental i econòmic.. La recuperació de la viabilitat i la preservació dels edificis han necessitat operacions de consolidació dels edificis. Quan comencin les operacions de reconstrucció de l'edifici, aquests sistemes han de ser desmantellats. En l'actualitat no han estat programats escenaris que contemplen la viavilitat de la fi del cicle de vida i els materials que composen els sistemes de seguretat, per tant, van a confluir en l'emmagatzematge o l'abocador temporal. Resulta un dany molt important tant a nivell econòmic, com ambiental i logístic. El projecte de recerca defineix línies metodològic-operatives per a la reutilització/recuperació dels materials que composen els sistemes de seguretat dels edificis i identifica maneres d'aconseguir l'optimització i la sostenibilitat del procés de reconstrucció. S'ha definit un procés de reutilització específic per al territori de L'Aquila, desenvolupant dues línies de recerca: reutilització endogena: els materials provinents del desmantellament dels sistemes de seguretat que són immediatament reutilitzats dins de l'obra per a l'edificació de construccions temporals o serveis, com a oficines, vestuaris, banys, etc. (reutilització endogena temporal) o s'insereixen en el projecte de reconstrucció amb funció d'ajust/millora de les estructures, de les instal·lacions o dels aspectes o la redefinició de l'espai intern (reutilització endogena permanent); reutilització exògena: els materials que deriven del desmantellament dels sistemes de seguretat es reutilitzen en les obres de reconstrucció veïnes (en un radi de 100 km), o per a la construcció d'estructures temporals que alberguen les funcions relacionades amb la comunitat (escoles, oficines, residències, etc.). Finalment, a través de la utilització de la llista de preus de la Regione Abruzzo 2014 i l'ús de les dades obtingudes prèviament, ha estat elaborat un full de càlcul per avaluar el benefici ambiental i econòmic resultant de la reutilització per a les empreses i per a les administracions públiques. La investigació ha permès desenvolupar mètodes de regeneració de la construcció sostenible, que poden ser aplicats també a la reconstrucció en curs a la zona de L'Aquila, per promoure els recursos locals i al mateix temps per resoldre els problemes logístics, econòmics i ambientals relacionats amb aquest procés. / De Gregorio, S. (2016). FROM POST-EARTHQUAKE WASTE TO RESOURCE [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/64872 / TESIS

Com a Revolução Industrial e a adoção do modelo econômico urbano e industrial, baseado no consumo, ocorreu o aumento da geração de resíduos, frutos das diferentes atividades humanas. A galvanoplastia é um processo que embeleza e protege mecanicamente peças metálicas e está presente nas indústrias do setor metal-mecânico de Nova Friburgo. Neste processo, dois resíduos importantes são gerados: um oriundo do pré-tratamento das peças metálicas e outro das estações de tratamento de efluentes industriais. Neste trabalho, tais resíduos, denominados de (RGs), foram incorporados à borracha natural (NR) em substituição total ou parcial ao óxido de zinco (ZnO). O possível efeito ativador dos RGs sobre a vulcanização e as propriedades da borracha natural foi investigado. As misturas foram realizadas em um misturador de calandras, utilizando-se um sistema convencional (CV). A cinética de vulcanização foi estudada nas temperaturas de 150C, 160C e 170C, através de ensaios reométricos e a determinação de parâmetros tais como: tempo de pré-cura (ts1); tempo ótimo de vulcanização (t90); torques mínimo (Ml) e máximo (Mh); constantes de velocidade; e, energias de ativação. Com relação às propriedades mecânicas, a resistência à tração e a resistência ao rasgamento foram determinadas. As composições de NR contendo RGs apresentaram diminuição do tempo ts1, aumento das constantes de velocidade e diminuição das energias de ativação. No entanto, a resistência ao rasgamento foi mantida em um nível satisfatório apenas nas composições em que o ZnO foi substituído parcialmente em 25%. / With the Industrial Revolution and the adoption of urban and industrial economic model, based on consumption, there was an increased in the generation of wastes, as a result of different human activities. Electroplating is a process that embellishes and mechanically protects metallic parts and it is present in the industries of metalmechanical segment of Nova Friburgo. In this process, two important wastes are generated: one from pre-treatment of metal parts, other from industrial sewage station. In this investigation, these wastes, named RGs, were incorporated in the natural rubber (NR) in partial or total replacement to zinc oxide (ZnO). A possible activator effect of RGs upon vulcanization and properties of natural rubber was investigated. Mixes are prepared in a two-roll mixer using a conventional system (CV). Vulcanization kinetics was studied at 150, 160 and 170C through of rheometric tests and the determination of parameters such as: scorch time (ts1); optimum cure time (t90); minimum torque (Ml); maximum torque (Mh); constants rates (k); and, activation energies. In relation to mechanical properties, tensile and tear strength were determined. NR compositions with RGs presented a diminution in ts1 values, increase in the constants rates and diminution of activation energies. However, tear strength is maintained in a satisfactory level only in the compositions where ZnO was partially replaced in 25%.