Organic wastes like sewage sludge and dairy manure were subjected to microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process ( MW/H₂0₂-AOP). The MW/H₂O₂-AOP was developed to release nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen in the soluble form from the organic waste; these nutrients could be further recovered and reused. In the past, this process has been successfully applied to a series of organic waste for the purpose of solubilizing nutrients. The objectives of this research were to: (1) improve the MW/H₂0₂-AOP in terms of nutrient release by determining the different factors that influence the treatment, (2) define the factors affecting the process in their order of significance and (3) check the efficacy of the process on various waste. In the MW/H₂0₂-AOP, the role of mixing was verified, using municipal sewage sludge (aerobic and anaerobic). It was speculated that mixing the samples during the process would facilitate uniform heating and thus promote more nutrient release. At a microwave temperature of 80 °C, heating time of 5 minutes and hydrogen peroxide dosage of 1 mL per 1% of total solids, the results showed that mixed samples gave a higher nutrient solubilization compared to the unmixed. Subsequently, mixing and solids concentration were incorporated in a screening design with the other proven important factors viz., microwave temperature and hydrogen peroxide dosage. The results showed that microwave temperature and hydrogen peroxide dosage were the most significant factors for the release of orthophosphate, ammonia and soluble chemical oxygen demand. Preliminary experiments treating anaerobic sludge using MW/H₂O₂-AOP showed a decrease in orthophosphate concentration below the initial untreated value while for ammonia and volatile fatty acids the concentrations remained same as the initial. In this case, the set microwave temperature was 80 °C with 5 minutes heating and hydrogen peroxide dosage of 1 mL per 1% total solids at pH 7. To investigate this behavior, anaerobic sludge was treated at two pH conditions (7.8 and 4) at microwave temperatures ranging from 80 to 160 °C with hydrogen peroxide dosage of lmL per 1% total solids for 5 minutes. The results showed that acid addition helped in the destruction of sludge solids and release of nutrients. TheMW/H₂0₂-AOP was used to treat separated solid dairy manure. Solid dairy manure with total solids 1.6% was subjected to microwave temperature of 120 °C for 10 minutes with a hydrogen peroxide dosage of 2 mL per 1% total solids at three pH conditions (3.5, 7.3 and 12). Only at pH 3.5, substantial quantity of orthophosphate, ammonia, soluble chemical oxygen demands and volatile fatty acids could be released. Further, a screening experiment was designed including microwave temperature, hydrogen peroxide dosage and heating time, to determine the factors most affecting nutrient solubilization from solid dairy manure. Hydrogen peroxide dosage and temperature were important factors in orthophosphate release while microwave temperature and heating time were important in the release of ammonia and volatile fatty acids. The results clearly define the efficacy of the MW/H₂0₂-AOP on various organic waste as well as the conditions under which the treatment can be optimized. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

This study evaluates the enhancement of anaerobic digestion (AD) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) by microwave pretreatment (MW) at high temperatures (115, 145 and 175°C). The highest level of solubilization was achieved at 175ºC, with a supplemental water addition of 30% (SWA30). Pretreatments combining two modalities; MW heating in presence or absence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was also investigated. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were conducted on the whole OFMSW, as well as on the liquid fractions. The whole OFMSW pretreated at 115 and 145 ºC showed little improvement in biogas production over control. When pretreated at 175 ºC, biogas production decreased due to formation of refractory compounds, inhibiting digestion. For the liquid fraction of OFMSW, the effect of pretreatment on the cumulative biogas production (CBP) was more pronounced for supplemental water addition of 20% (SWA20) at 145 ºC. Combining MW and H2O2 modalities did not have a positive impact on OFMSW stabilization and enhanced biogas production. Based on the BMP assay results, the effects of MW pretreatment (145 ºC) on the AD of OFMSW (SWA20) were further evaluated in single and dual stage semi-continuous digesters at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 20, 15, 12 and 9 days. Overall, MW pretreatment did not enhance the AD of the whole waste at the HRTs tested. However, the use of a dual stage reactor digesting non pretreated whole OFMSW had the best performance with the shortest HRT of 9 days. Conversely, for free liquid after pretreatment in two stage reactors at 20 day HRT methane production was tripled. In general, the performance of the dual stage digesters surpassed that of the single stage reactors. Cyclic BMP assays indicated that using an appropriate fraction of recycled effluent leachate can be implemented without negatively effecting methanogenic activity and biogas production. Based on the results obtained in this study, digestion of OFMSW by dual stage reactors without pretreatment appears to provide the best potential for waste stabilization in terms of biogas production and yield, process stability and volumetric loading rates.

A fração orgânica representa uma parte significativa da problemática dos resíduos sólidos dispostos em aterros sanitários. Esses resíduos, quando recebem tratamento apropriado, podem ser assimilados pela natureza, gerando benefícios socioambientais para a produção de alimentos, mitigação de mudanças climáticas e recuperação de solos degradados. O objetivo desta dissertação foi entender o estágio da gestão de resíduos orgânicos na cidade de São Paulo. Elementos da teoria de campos de ação estratégica foram aplicados ao estudo de caso exploratório e qualitativo. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes de organizações da sociedade civil, funcionários de empresas de limpeza pública, gestores públicos para levantamento de dados primários e a análise documental para os dados secundários. A análise sociológica do discurso foi utilizada para a discussão dos resultados. A gestão de resíduos orgânicos está emergindo como campo. Neste caso, os atores estão delineando coletivamente suas ações estratégicas e organizando-se em dois possíveis quadros: o quadro interpretativo dominante modelo de aterros sanitários e dois quadros alternativos: um voltado para a gestão centralizada e o outro que se caracteriza pela visão de uma gestão descentralizada. Por fim, identificou-se uma tendência de tênue mudança na trajetória no campo de gestão dos resíduos orgânicos / The organic waste is a significant problem in landfills disposal of solid waste. When managed appropriately, this fraction can be assimilated by nature, generating socioenvironmental benefits for food production, mitigation of climate change and recovery of degraded soils. This study sought to understand the organic waste management stage in the city of São Paulo. Elements of the theory of strategic fields of action were applied to the exploratory and qualitative case study. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of civil society organizations, public cleaning company employees, public managers for primary data collection, and documentary analysis for secondary data. The sociological discourse analysis was used to discuss the results. Organic waste management is emerging as a field. In this case, the actors are collectively delineating their strategic actions and organizing themselves into two possible frameworks: the dominant interpretive framework - landfill model and two alternative frameworks: one focused on centralized management and the other characterized by a management vision decentralized. Finally, a trend of a slight change in the trajectory in the field of organic waste management was identified

A fração orgânica representa uma parte significativa da problemática dos resíduos sólidos dispostos em aterros sanitários. Esses resíduos, quando recebem tratamento apropriado, podem ser assimilados pela natureza, gerando benefícios socioambientais para a produção de alimentos, mitigação de mudanças climáticas e recuperação de solos degradados. O objetivo desta dissertação foi entender o estágio da gestão de resíduos orgânicos na cidade de São Paulo. Elementos da teoria de campos de ação estratégica foram aplicados ao estudo de caso exploratório e qualitativo. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes de organizações da sociedade civil, funcionários de empresas de limpeza pública, gestores públicos para levantamento de dados primários e a análise documental para os dados secundários. A análise sociológica do discurso foi utilizada para a discussão dos resultados. A gestão de resíduos orgânicos está emergindo como campo. Neste caso, os atores estão delineando coletivamente suas ações estratégicas e organizando-se em dois possíveis quadros: o quadro interpretativo dominante modelo de aterros sanitários e dois quadros alternativos: um voltado para a gestão centralizada e o outro que se caracteriza pela visão de uma gestão descentralizada. Por fim, identificou-se uma tendência de tênue mudança na trajetória no campo de gestão dos resíduos orgânicos / The organic waste is a significant problem in landfills disposal of solid waste. When managed appropriately, this fraction can be assimilated by nature, generating socioenvironmental benefits for food production, mitigation of climate change and recovery of degraded soils. This study sought to understand the organic waste management stage in the city of São Paulo. Elements of the theory of strategic fields of action were applied to the exploratory and qualitative case study. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of civil society organizations, public cleaning company employees, public managers for primary data collection, and documentary analysis for secondary data. The sociological discourse analysis was used to discuss the results. Organic waste management is emerging as a field. In this case, the actors are collectively delineating their strategic actions and organizing themselves into two possible frameworks: the dominant interpretive framework - landfill model and two alternative frameworks: one focused on centralized management and the other characterized by a management vision decentralized. Finally, a trend of a slight change in the trajectory in the field of organic waste management was identified

<p>In the coming years, organic food waste will be collected in the region of Gästrikland, Sweden. The collection is planned to cover the entire region by the end of year 2007. To start with, smaller amounts are being collected and transported to a central composting plant in Sala. However, a central composting plant in the region of Gästrikland is projected.</p><p>The objective of this thesis is to evaluate a number of possible methods for composting of organic food wastes regarding their environmental impacts and localization.</p><p>There are four scenarios for future composting of organic waste that have been evaluated. There are two that consist of membrane composting, either in Sala or in the region of Gästrikland. The other two scenarios consist of tunnel composting in the region of Gästrikland with two possible placements.</p><p>The result from the systems analysis shows a lower environmental impact when using tunnel composting, compared to membrane composting. As the tunnel compost uses technologies for treating the compost gas, the amount of substances that can contribute to acidification and eutrophication is considerably lowered. However, the use of electricity is higher since the automatic process demands a greater electricity input. At a membrane composting plant, vehicles are being used to move compost material. The combustion of diesel oil gives rise to gases that increase the global warming. According to future legislations, tunnel composting gives an easier control of the emissions and optimization of the compost process.</p> / <p>Under de kommande åren kommer organiskt avfall samlas in från Gästrikeregionen för att komposteras. Insamlingen beräknas täcka hela regionen vid årsskiftet 2007/2008. Till en början samlas mindre mängder in och transporteras till en komposterings-anläggning i Sala. I framtiden planeras dock en komposteringsanläggning i Gästrikeregionen.</p><p>Syftet med examensarbetet var att utvärdera ett antal tänkbara komposterings-anläggningar för matavfallet med avseende på deras miljöpåverkan, samt deras lokalisering.</p><p>Fyra framtidsscenarier för kompostering av det organiska avfallet har utvärderats. Två innefattar membrankompostering, antingen i Sala eller i regionen. De följande två scenarierna innebär tunnelkompostering i Gästrikeregionen, vid Forsbacka avfallsdeponi eller vid ett område söder om Forsbacka.</p><p>Resultaten från systemanalysen påvisar en lägre miljöpåverkan från en tunnelkompost än från en membrankompost. På grund av en högre rening av kompostgasen förhindras övergödande och försurande ämnen att släppas ut. Tunnelkompostering innebär dock en högre elförbrukning jämfört med membrankompostering eftersom stora delar av anläggningen är automatiserad. Membrankompostering förbrukar däremot mer diesel än tunnelkompostering vid förflyttning av kompostmaterialet, vilket ger högre utsläpp av framförallt klimatpåverkande gaser. Generellt kan sägas att tunnelkompostering innebär att anläggningens emissioner lättare kan kontrolleras. Dessutom kan styrningen av kompostprocessen lättare förändras i enlighet med framtida krav och bestämmelser.</p>

Master of Landscape Architecture / Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Jason S. Brody / Kansas City is currently under achieving in its capacity of divert recyclable and compostable solid waste from city landfills. The city recycling system provides free access to single family residents, but it does not provide access to high density residential and commercial land uses commonly found Downtown. To solve this dilemma, KCDC has studied the current solid waste systems in the city, and developed its [re]considered proposal through a MARC Solid Waste Management District grant to improve Kansas City waste diversion. This is achieved through a system of links, clusters and nodes which will help to promote and facilitate greater recycling (KCDC 2015 Fall Studio 2015) Compost | KC seeks to answer if the organic nodes as proposed in can effectively compost residential organic waste in down town Kansas City. As part of this system, the organic node at 12th and Holmes functionally demonstrates the potential feasibility and benefits of residential compost of organic solid waste. Through the site design, the proposed organic node creates an integrated system of residential organic waste collection, processing and utilization. Collected form a 15 minute radius the waste is processed into a rich organic compost that is used in various ways to improve soil quality for stormwater management, carbon sequestration, and increased biomass production in and around the site. To compost the organic waste, the site contains a series of in-vessel composting drums, agitated compost piles connected to greenhouses, and an external maturing pile visibly demonstrating and educating the public composting benefits. Managed through a local non-profit organization, compost is used to grow a variety of produce and nursery stock sold to help fund the site management. Organic waste is brought to the site by organized collection with apartment complexes and free public drop-off points. By incentivizing access, ease and appeal of composting in Kansas City for residences, the organic node at 12th and Holmes achieves the goals of both the site design and [re] considered proposals. By meeting those goals, the organic node helps to increase organic waste diversion and increase education and awareness about the benefits of composting in downtown Kansas City.

O lodo de esgoto é associado a altas concentrações de poluentes inorgânicos em amplitudes que podem inviabilizar o uso direto em solo agrícola, de acordo com os limites máximos normatizados pela legislação, cujo destino final são aterros sanitários que, apesar de ser uma alternativa de menor impacto ambiental, é uma prática onerosa e finita. Entretanto, esse material é rica fonte matéria orgânica, macro e micronutrientes para as plantas como boro, cobre, cobalto, ferro, manganês, molibdênio, níquel e zinco para as plantas, comumente deficientes em solos tropicais. Em nosso estudo, exploramos esse subproduto como matriz orgânica para a formulação de um fertilizante organomineral (FOM) como alternativa à adubação mineral convencional para a cultura da soja em solos de Cerrado, além de possíveis alterações na comunidade microbiana do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando dois Latossolos Vermelhos distróficos de texturas distintas (argiloso e franco-argilo-arenoso), diferentes doses de aplicação de FOM (40%, 60%, 80%, 100% e 120%) em três formas físicas (granulada, peletizada e farelada), em comparação com a adubação mineral convencional com (M+Mi+S) e sem (M+S) os micronutrientes B e Zn, além do tratamento sem adubação (CT). O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados. As plantas foram conduzidas até os 60 dias após o plantio (DAP) e foram avaliados os parâmetros fitotécnicos pertinentes a massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), massa seca de raiz (MSR), altura de plantas, diâmetro do colmo e número de nódulos ativos. A análise química da parte aérea (macro e micronutrientes) foi utilizada para cálculo do teor de nutrientes acumulados no tecido vegetal. Para avaliar a atividade microbiana dos solos utilizou-se a respiração basal do solo (RBS), carbono da biomassa microbiana (C-BM) e atividade das enzimas urease, fosfatase ácida e &#946;-glucosidase. Em ambos os solos, tanto o FOM em menores doses (40% e 60%) quanto os tratamentos minerais, apresentaram desempenhos fitotécnicos semelhantes entre si, bem como o acúmulo de nutrientes no tecido vegetal das plantas, exceto para os elementos P, K e B. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no desenvolvimento das plantas e nos atributos microbiológicos que possam ser atribuídas as formas físicas do FOM. Embora a RBS tenha indicado aumento na atividade microbiana dos solos a partir da adição de doses crescentes de FOMs, isso não refletiu nos demais parâmetros fitotécnicos ou microbiológicos avaliados, indicando que a planta foi a principal moduladora do comportamento da comunidade microbiana e da dinâmica de nutrientes. Adicionalmente, as análises enzimáticas mostraram-se pouco efetivas diante de condições de estresse observadas neste estudo para gerar respostas em função dos tratamentos. Conclui-se que a utilização de lodo de esgoto como matriz orgânica na formulação de FOMs pode ser uma alternativa agronomicamente viável e sustentável à adubação mineral convencional para a fertilização da soja em solos de Cerrado. / Sewage sludge is associated with high concentrations of inorganic pollutants in amplitudes that may make direct use in agricultural soil unfeasible, in accordance with the maximum limits established by legislation, the final destination of which are sanitary landfills, which, despite being a lower impact alternative is an onerous and finite practice. However, this material is rich source organic matter, macro and micronutrients for plants such as boron, copper, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel and zinc for plants, commonly deficient in tropical soils. In our study, we explored this by-product as an organic matrix for the formulation of an organomineral fertilizer (FOM) as an alternative to the conventional mineral fertilization for soybean cultivation in Cerrado soils, as well as possible changes in the soil microbial community. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using two different dystrophic Red Latosols of different textures (clayey and sandy loam), different doses of FOM application (40%, 60%, 80%, 100% and 120%) in three (M + Mi + S) and without (M + S) the micronutrients B and Zn, besides the treatment without fertilization (CT). The design was completely randomized blocks. The plants were harvested up to 60 days after planting (DAP) and the relevant plant breeding parameters were evaluated for aerial dry mass (MSPA), dry root mass (DMW), plant height, shoot diameter and number of nodules active. The chemical analysis of aerial part (macro and micronutrients) was used to calculate the nutrient content accumulated in the vegetal tissue. Soil microbial biomass (C-BM) and activity of the enzymes urease, acid phosphatase and &#946;-glucosidase were used to evaluate soil microbial activity. In both soils, FOM at lower doses (40% and 60%) and mineral treatments presented similar phytotechnical performances as well as nutrient accumulation in the plant tissue of the plants, except for the elements P, K and B. No significant differences were observed in the development of the plants and in the microbiological attributes that can be attributed to the physical forms of FOM. Although RBS indicated an increase in microbial activity of the soils from the addition of increasing doses of FOMs, this did not reflect the other phytotechnical or microbiological parameters evaluated, indicating that the plant was the main modulator of microbial community behavior and nutrient dynamics. In addition, the enzymatic analyzes showed little effectiveness in the stress conditions observed in this study to generate responses depending on the treatments. It is concluded that the use of sewage sludge as an organic matrix in the formulation of FOMs can be an agronomically viable and sustainable alternative to conventional mineral fertilization for soybean fertilization in Cerrado soils.

<p>In order to make the biogas plant at Sobacken located 8 km west of Borås more</p><p>profitable you must become aware of flows at the plant. This not only concerning the</p><p>incoming waste to the plant but also the use of energy. Since the rebuilding in 2005 of</p><p>the plant there has been no follow up concerning the energy use. This thesis is meant</p><p>to clarify the use of electricity and heat at the plant. The work determining the use of</p><p>energy at Sobacken biogas plant has been done by collecting data from documentation</p><p>from the builder Läckeby Water but also by obtaining information from the computer</p><p>systems and frequency converters. The results of the study and its calculations shows</p><p>that the plant uses approximately 3,2 GWh of electricity per year and 3,1 GWh of</p><p>biogas, produced at the plant for heating per year. The production of biogas is</p><p>corresponding to 17,7 Gwh per year of which 14,1 GWh reaches the distribution</p><p>network. The biogas is used by the city buses but could also be used by private car</p><p>owners in Borås refuelling at the newly built tank station at Åhaga. The study does</p><p>not only show that the process consumes 6,3 Gwh per year to produce 14,1 Gwh</p><p>per year, there is also a large amount of energy being released in secondary energy</p><p>flows. These energy flows consists mostly by heat form the cooling system which</p><p>could potentially be recovered by heat exchangers and used to heat the process.</p>

In the coming years, organic food waste will be collected in the region of Gästrikland, Sweden. The collection is planned to cover the entire region by the end of year 2007. To start with, smaller amounts are being collected and transported to a central composting plant in Sala. However, a central composting plant in the region of Gästrikland is projected. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate a number of possible methods for composting of organic food wastes regarding their environmental impacts and localization. There are four scenarios for future composting of organic waste that have been evaluated. There are two that consist of membrane composting, either in Sala or in the region of Gästrikland. The other two scenarios consist of tunnel composting in the region of Gästrikland with two possible placements. The result from the systems analysis shows a lower environmental impact when using tunnel composting, compared to membrane composting. As the tunnel compost uses technologies for treating the compost gas, the amount of substances that can contribute to acidification and eutrophication is considerably lowered. However, the use of electricity is higher since the automatic process demands a greater electricity input. At a membrane composting plant, vehicles are being used to move compost material. The combustion of diesel oil gives rise to gases that increase the global warming. According to future legislations, tunnel composting gives an easier control of the emissions and optimization of the compost process. / Under de kommande åren kommer organiskt avfall samlas in från Gästrikeregionen för att komposteras. Insamlingen beräknas täcka hela regionen vid årsskiftet 2007/2008. Till en början samlas mindre mängder in och transporteras till en komposterings-anläggning i Sala. I framtiden planeras dock en komposteringsanläggning i Gästrikeregionen. Syftet med examensarbetet var att utvärdera ett antal tänkbara komposterings-anläggningar för matavfallet med avseende på deras miljöpåverkan, samt deras lokalisering. Fyra framtidsscenarier för kompostering av det organiska avfallet har utvärderats. Två innefattar membrankompostering, antingen i Sala eller i regionen. De följande två scenarierna innebär tunnelkompostering i Gästrikeregionen, vid Forsbacka avfallsdeponi eller vid ett område söder om Forsbacka. Resultaten från systemanalysen påvisar en lägre miljöpåverkan från en tunnelkompost än från en membrankompost. På grund av en högre rening av kompostgasen förhindras övergödande och försurande ämnen att släppas ut. Tunnelkompostering innebär dock en högre elförbrukning jämfört med membrankompostering eftersom stora delar av anläggningen är automatiserad. Membrankompostering förbrukar däremot mer diesel än tunnelkompostering vid förflyttning av kompostmaterialet, vilket ger högre utsläpp av framförallt klimatpåverkande gaser. Generellt kan sägas att tunnelkompostering innebär att anläggningens emissioner lättare kan kontrolleras. Dessutom kan styrningen av kompostprocessen lättare förändras i enlighet med framtida krav och bestämmelser.

In order to make the biogas plant at Sobacken located 8 km west of Borås more profitable you must become aware of flows at the plant. This not only concerning the incoming waste to the plant but also the use of energy. Since the rebuilding in 2005 of the plant there has been no follow up concerning the energy use. This thesis is meant to clarify the use of electricity and heat at the plant. The work determining the use of energy at Sobacken biogas plant has been done by collecting data from documentation from the builder Läckeby Water but also by obtaining information from the computer systems and frequency converters. The results of the study and its calculations shows that the plant uses approximately 3,2 GWh of electricity per year and 3,1 GWh of biogas, produced at the plant for heating per year. The production of biogas is corresponding to 17,7 Gwh per year of which 14,1 GWh reaches the distribution network. The biogas is used by the city buses but could also be used by private car owners in Borås refuelling at the newly built tank station at Åhaga. The study does not only show that the process consumes 6,3 Gwh per year to produce 14,1 Gwh per year, there is also a large amount of energy being released in secondary energy flows. These energy flows consists mostly by heat form the cooling system which could potentially be recovered by heat exchangers and used to heat the process.