With the global campaign of carbon reduction and sustainable development continue to expand, green environmental conservation has become a vital concern in our modern age. The green energy industry is now very important. The recycling and reuse of fermented organic waste contribute to biomass energy that constitutes a basis for strategies by the green energy industry. In ¡¥Challenge 2008 Six-Year National Development Plan¡XGreen Industry¡XResource Recycle and Reuse Project¡¦, approved by the Executive Yuan and implemented by the Environmental Protection Administration in related policies, a recycle and transport system of household organic waste was established and supported by the efforts of all village and township offices across Taiwan. Diverse developments for the use of biomass energy derived from plants, marsh gas, and organic waste have been achieved through innovative approaches and research among industries, government, and academia. The reuse of organic waste, development of organic fertilizer and livestock fodder, and power generation by marsh gas, and bio-fuels are derivative products of biomass energy. Currently, products made from organic waste have been developed and manufactured in counties and cities all over Taiwan, and related products, such as soil conditioners, organic fertilizers and organic fodder, have been promoted in villages and local communities, forming an excellent green energy cycle and fulfilling the public policy of resource recycle and reuse. Inline with the Green Supply Chain, this study aimed to better understand the measures adopted in the promotion of organic waste in local areas from the perspectives of the concepts regarding the recycling of organic waste and public policy. Through qualitative data collection, including in-depth interviews, focus group and participant observation, this research investigated how the recycling of organic waste can be applied in daily life to reach the target of fully recycling garbage and other waste to improve execution efficiency and how the benefits to the general public who join the efforts can be increased in a relatively simple way.

This thesis evaluates the waste management system in the province of Manitoba, Canada and other jurisdictions to identify best practices for, and barriers and opportunities to, improving its impact on the environment. Multiple methods were used. First, a survey of expert stakeholders in the waste management sector in Manitoba was conducted, which was followed by an expert stakeholder meeting that further refined the results of the survey. Second, waste management systems of Manitoba, Canada, Nova Scotia, Canada, New South Wales, Australia, and Denmark were compared to determine which of the options already in use by other jurisdictions might be useful in Manitoba. Finally, an estimation of the amount of organic waste entering landfills in Manitoba was conducted, along with an estimation of the resulting methane emissions from landfills to determine their greenhouse gas emissions.

This thesis evaluates the waste management system in the province of Manitoba, Canada and other jurisdictions to identify best practices for, and barriers and opportunities to, improving its impact on the environment. Multiple methods were used. First, a survey of expert stakeholders in the waste management sector in Manitoba was conducted, which was followed by an expert stakeholder meeting that further refined the results of the survey. Second, waste management systems of Manitoba, Canada, Nova Scotia, Canada, New South Wales, Australia, and Denmark were compared to determine which of the options already in use by other jurisdictions might be useful in Manitoba. Finally, an estimation of the amount of organic waste entering landfills in Manitoba was conducted, along with an estimation of the resulting methane emissions from landfills to determine their greenhouse gas emissions.

Submitted by Natalia de Souza Gonçalves (natalia.goncalves@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-20T14:56:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Alice_Silva (FINAL).pdf: 1981868 bytes, checksum: aa9f9dc8b3610b2ecf9a0894e58cfe5d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T14:56:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Alice_Silva (FINAL).pdf: 1981868 bytes, checksum: aa9f9dc8b3610b2ecf9a0894e58cfe5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / FACEPE / No Brasil, há necessidade urgente de pesquisas para o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de técnicas que viabilizem a gestão sustentável de resíduos. Essa necessidade é especialmente grave nas áreas urbanas, devido ao aumento populacional e aos padrões de consumo. A biomassa residual corresponde a aproximadamente 50% dos resíduos sólidos urbanos e é proveniente principalmente das ações de limpeza urbana, como varrição e podas de áreas públicas, de preparo e consumo de alimentos. Praticamente toda biomassa residual gerada em áreas urbanas é disposta em lixões e aterros controlados, juntamente com os demais tipos de resíduos. Uma das alternativas para a destinação sustentável da biomassa residual urbana é a produção de adubo por meio da compostagem. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a melhor proporção entre biomassa residual do serviço de limpeza urbana e os resíduos de alimentos dos restaurantes e cantinas do campus do UFPE para a produção do adubo orgânico de melhor qualidade em menor tempo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, distribuídos entre proporções diferentes de material vegetal (MV) e resíduo de alimentos (RA): T1 = Material vegetal (MV) 100% + resíduos de alimentos (RA) 0% (v/v); T2 = 90% MV + 10% RA; T3 = 80% MV + 20% RA; T4 = 70% MV + 30% RA; T5 = 60% MV + 40% RA; T6 = 50% MV + 50% RA. Foram realizados testes de compostagem em pilhas de 50 kg de material vegetal e resíduo de alimentos, por um período de 120 dias. Durante o período de compostagem, foram realizadas análises das concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e Carbono orgânico total, bem como monitoramento de pH, temperatura e umidade das pilhas. O tratamento T6 apresentou qualidade superior entre os demais tratamentos, em termos nutricionais. O T3 não apresentou diferenças significativas no tempo de estabilização comparado aos tratamentos T4, T5 e T6, tendo atingido relação C/N de 18/1 em apenas 30 dias. Esses resultados sugerem que, com uma proporção de 20% RA e 80 de MV em apenas 30 dias de estabilização, o composto orgânico estaria pronto para uso, o que poderia otimizar o uso de mão de obra e diminuir a necessidade de água para umidecer as pilhas, além de finalizar o processo mais rapidamente. / In Brazil, there is an urgent need for research to the development and improvement of techniques that enable the sustainable management of waste. This need is particularly acute in urban areas, due to population growth and consumption patterns. The residual biomass corresponds to approximately 50% of municipal solid waste and comes mainly from urban cleaning activities, such as public areas sweeping and pruning, preparation and consumption of food. Virtually all biomass waste generated in urban areas is disposed in open dumps and controlled landfills along with other types of waste. One alternative for sustainable biomass disposal of urban waste is the production of manure by composting. This study aimed to identify the best ratio between residual biomass of urban sanitation services and food waste from campus of UFPE restaurants and canteens, for the production of organic fertilizer better quality in less time. The experimental design was completely selected, with six treatments and four replications, distributed among different proportions of plant material (PM) and waste food (WF): T1 = plant material (PM) 100% + waste food (WF) 0% (v / v); T2 PM = 90% PM + 10% WF; T3 = 80% PM + 20% WF; T4 = 70% PM + 30% WF; T5 = 60% PM + 40% WF; T6 = 50% MV+ 50% WF. Composting tests were performed on batteries 50 kg of plant material and residual food for a period of 120 days. During the composting period, analyzes were made of concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and total organic carbon and pH monitoring, temperature and humidity of the batteries. The T6 treatment showed superior quality among other treatments, nutritionally. T3 no significant differences in the stabilization time compared to treatment T4, T5 and T6, reaching C / N ratio of 18/1 in just 30 days. These results suggest that, with a ratio of 20% of WF and 80 of PM in just 30 days of stabilization, the organic compound would be ready for use, which could optimize the use of manpower and reduce the need for water to humidify the batteries, and complete the process more quickly.

Rural organic waste is becoming a problem in developing countries due to lack of financial and technological support comparing with situation in urban area. A rural organic waste treatment system was designed utilizing vermicomposting technology to treat organic waste generated in rural area. ROWATS is a theoretical facility to treat rural organic wastes in Shandong Peninsula, China where cow dung and domestic organic waste are disposed freely. Theoretical demonstration shows that ROWATS can treat 1,200 kg of organic wastes daily and produce around 20 tons of vermicast and 800 kg of earthworm body and larvae every month. Products of ROWATS can be used as soil fertilizer, fish bait, and biopharmaceuticals and so on. Sufficient financial support is the most important factor for ROWATS in rural area. Cost-Benefit Analysis and Net Present Value Calculation were made to assess the feasibility of ROWATS. Results showed that ROWATS is a profitable project in terms of 2 years and 5 years. Sensitivity Analysis is also applied to evaluate the impact of different factors variation on ROWATS, of which result shows price and productivity variation of products can affect the profit of ROWATS more significantly comparing with cost changes. Hence, operator should keep products production stable. ROWATS can also improve the environmental and hygienic impacts through reduction of leakages, odor and bacteria and virus infection from flies, mosquitoes and other poisonous species.

Nitrogen pollution in the environment creates challenging problems globally and locally and can be effectively controlled by a significant reduction in nitrogen release into the natural water system. In addition, nutrients in high-strength wastewater can be recovered as valuable resources such as different types of ammonium solutions for industrial and agricultural utilizations. Selective ammonia separation from high-strength wastewater can be achieved by bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED), a relatively new ion exchange technology. A series of 8 bench-scale BMED experiments with bipolar membranes and cation exchange membranes were performed under various voltage applications. Ammonia in the wastewater was rapidly separated and recovered as a high purity ammonium hydroxide solution. BMED operation for 30 minutes at 5.0 V per cell pair was found to be ideal for high purity ammonium hydroxide production and low electrical energy consumption. Additionally, effective organic fouling control and low energy consumption were achieved. The experiments showed a decrease in the feed pH making it ideal for applications in solid-state anaerobic digestion with leachate recirculation. The application of leachate recirculation in solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) has proven effective for mobilizing nutrients and diluting toxic byproducts to enhance biogas production. The leachate after recirculation contains accumulated ammonia and an increased pH and requires water and chemicals for dilution and pH adjustment prior to recirculation. The data from the experiments were used to construct a numerical model for a hypothetical lab-scale and pilot-scale bipolar membrane electrodialysis and solid-state anaerobic digestion with leachate recirculation (BMED-SSAD) system. A final ammonia concentration of less than 2000 mg-N/L in the reactor was found to be achievable by lab-scale (6 mA/cm2) and pilot-scale (12 mA/cm2) BMED-SSAD and low electric energy consumption. The results suggest that BMED is an attractive solution for ammonia separation from high-strength wastewater. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This study is part of a larger project in which the Tsumeb municipality, Falun municipality and Falu Energi & Vatten AB work together to change the currently used controlled waste dumping site in Tsumeb into a sanitary landfill. This study aims to recommend a MSWM solution that will divert the organic waste from going to the landfill. The study consist out of a literature study in order to establish a theoretical background for the MSWM solution; a field study in which the current waste flows of Tsumeb were quantified, by using current data, and characterized, by performing a hand-picking analyses according to the UNEP methodology; and an analyses section in which an appropriate MWSM solution was proposed. The current waste consist out of 70% sand and stones, 17% grass and leaves, 6% prunings and trimmings, 4% sewage sludge, 3% branches and stumps, and 1% of other waste. This paper concludes that 99% of the organic waste in Tsumeb can be recycled, by using it as covering material, as biofuel and turning it into compost. This paper also shows that there is a potential for Tsumeb to start economically sound composting facility.

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Jeffery R. Williams / Anaerobic digestion is an alternative solution to organic waste management that offers economic and environmental benefits. The Kawangware open air market in Kenya generates approximately 10 metric tons of organic waste per day as a result of farm produce sold at the market. Fresh fruits and vegetables sold at the market account for more than 80 percent of the organic waste. This organic waste is left uncollected, piling up and therefore becoming pollution to the environment. Instead, this waste can be processed by anaerobic digestion to produce energy, organic fertilizer and greenhouse gas credits. The main objective of this project is to help investors and members of Kawangware Waste Utilization Initiative (a waste management community based organization in the Kawangware area) answer the following questions: (a) Is it economically profitable to invest in an anaerobic digestion system to convert the market organic waste to methane and fertilizer? (b) Is it economically profitable to burn the methane to generate electricity? To answer these questions, the study examines the costs and returns of producing methane, electricity, and fertilizer from organic waste under various scenarios using net present value, internal rate of return and payback period analysis techniques. Three production conditions under various scenarios using the anaerobic digester are examined. The conditions include: (a) Production of methane and organic fertilizer. (b) Production of methane, organic fertilizer, and carbon credits. (c) Production of electricity, organic fertilizer, and carbon credits. From these three production conditions examined, production of methane, organic fertilizer and carbon credits had the highest net present value of $332,610, internal rate of return of 21.4%, and the shortest payback period of 7.9 years. If carbon credits could not be sold the next best alternative would be production and selling of methane and organic fertilizer which has a net present value of $246,752, internal rate of return of 19%, and a payback period 9.2 years.

Organic waste management presents challenges and opportunities alike for community-based economic development. Waste-to-compost transformation can be socially and economically successful by employing ecological design principles, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and values-based supply chains (VCs). An analysis of commercial buyers' preferences for compost will inform approaches to forming effective partnerships of public, private and nonprofit stakeholders to develop a market for local waste resource products. The thesis summarizes the results of a consumer preferences survey of current and prospective bulk compost purchasers and discusses strategies for implementing new organic waste management policies that will strengthen a local market for compost, build social capital and share economic value. A conjoint analysis of bulk compost preferences in Vermont was conducted to identify the market's preference for quality-based attributes of bulk compost. The data was taken from a survey administered by mail to Vermont business professionals in various fields that use--or could potentially use--compost products in providing goods or services. In addition to price (81 percent of the relative importance buyers place on an attribute), local provenance (8 percent) and suitability for organic production (7.6 percent) were demonstrated as statistically significant determinants of the value buyers placed on compost. Willingness to pay for local provenance and suitability for organic production were measured at 15% and 14% above the baseline product price, respectively. Current and prospective compost producers can effectively market their products and retain a competitive edge in the marketplace by collaborating with other businesses. A viable market for Vermont compost could be achieved through cultivation of niche specialties, stable institutional buyers, more stringent regulation of food waste and nutrient management behavior, and a collaborative effort to construct a product narrative that emphasizes compost's role in a larger social-ecological system of nutrient management and sustainable agriculture.

Orientador: Wanderley José de Melo / Resumo: O biochar, biomassa carbonizada por processo de pirólise, foi aplicado na Amazônia, região com diversidade no extrativismo e agricultura, e constituída por exuberante mata espessa com solos bem drenados, pouco férteis e ácidos, com restrita camada de matéria orgânica na sua superfície. Este estudo avaliou a influência do biochar de caroço de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) como condicionador de solo na produção de mudas de pimenta-do-reino (Piper nigrum L.). O experimento foi conduzido com 17 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 4x4+1, sendo 4 granulometrias combinadas com 4 doses de biochar, mais um controle, com 5 repetições, num delineamento em blocos casualizados. Foram avaliados variáveis no solo e na planta. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise da variância pelo teste F, seguindo-se com a análise de regressão polinomial, quando o teste F foi significativo a no mínimo 5 % de probabilidade. O teste de Tukey foi aplicado para comparação de médias. Observou-se que a inserção do biochar de caroço de açaí possibilitou aumento da atividade enzimática do solo e maior desenvolvimento vegetativo das mudas, sendo a dose de 16 t ha-1 e granulometrias de 5 mm o tratamento recomendado. / Abstract: The biochar, carbonized biomass by pyrolysis process, was applied in Amazonia, a region with diversity in extractivism and agriculture, and constituted by an exuberant thick forest with well drained, little fertile and acidic soils with restricted layer of organic matter in its surface. This study evaluated the influence of açaí lump biochar (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) as a soil conditioner in the production of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) seedlings. The experiment was conducted with 17 treatments in a 4x4 + 1 factorial scheme, 4 particle sizes combined with 4 doses of biochar and a control, with 5 replications, in a randomized block design. Variables were evaluated in soil and plant. The results were submitted to analysis of variance by the F test, followed by polynomial regression analysis when the F test was significant at least 5 % probability. The Tukey test was applied for comparison of means. It was observed that the insertion of the biochar of the açaí lump allowed to increase the enzymatic activity of the soil and greater vegetative development of the seedlings, being the dose of 16 t ha-1 and particle sizes of 5 mm the recommended treatment. / Mestre