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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

IMPACTO DE RESÍDUOS ORGÂNICOS DE ABATEDOUROS DE AVES E SUÍNOS NA RESPOSTA DAS CULTURAS E NOS COMPARTIMENTOS DO CARBONO E NITROGÊNIO DO SOLO EM SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO

Romaniw, Jucimare 05 July 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jucimare Romaniw.pdf: 1400489 bytes, checksum: bb5e981f945869a87d2c36817e32582a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The improper disposal of organic waste from poultry and pigs slaughterhouses can promote environmental pollution. The use of waste compost with or without mineral fertilizers in crop rotations in no-tillage system in the Campos Gerais region would be an alternative.. Moreover, it is important to monitor the risks of environmental quality provided by the use of high doses of organic waste applied in soils. Thus, the experiment was conducted using different levels of organic waste (OW) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% of organic waste) combined with mineral fertilization (MF) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 %) for a crop rotation during the period of from 2009 to 2012 under no-tillage Soil samples were collected after 5 crop seasons for assessments of carbon (C) pools. Laboratory experiments to evaluate the of C-CO2 emissions and nitrate leaching and mineralization in columns of PVC with undisturbed and loosened soil. At each columns was applied OW doses such as: (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 Mg ha-1). The cumulative yields have not response to the application of MF and OW. The labile OC fraction extracted by permanganate (C-OXP) had a significant increase in response to the combination between FM and RO (50% OW + 50% MF) which was enabled to increase total organic carbon (TOC). The offset between the C-CO2 emissions and TOC retained soil was positive, and demonstrated the potential for C sequestration with increasing doses of OW in the soil. The nitrates (NO3-) leaching of and its nitrification increases as well increase the N content released by OW. The NO3- showed a lower leaching in columns with loosened soil compared to columns with undisturbed soil. There is confirming their variability in soil upturned the importance of the physical state of the soil nitrification and leaching of NO3-. Residue application from poultry and pigs slaughterhouse increased C mineralization and NO3- promoting increases in productivity, quality chemical, physical and biological soil. The control of the processes of nitrification and leaching of NO3- to the use of ROA need to be considered to synchronize applications via N ROA with losses. / O descarte inadequado de resíduos de abatedouros de aves promove elevado impacto ambiental. A utilização desses resíduos associados ou não ao fertilizante mineral industrial seria uma alternativa para a fertilização das culturas no sistema de plantio direto na região dos Campos Gerais. Dessa forma, o experimento foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de combinar doses do resíduo orgânicos de abatedouro (ROA) com doses do fertilizante mineral industrial (FMI) para as culturas no período de 2009 a 2012 sob sistema de plantio direto. Após 5 safras foram coletadas amostras de solo para avaliações dos compartimentos de carbono (C). Experimentos em laboratório foram implantados para avaliação das emissões de C-CO2, da percolação em colunas com solo indeformado e com revolvimento e sobre a mineralização de NO3- em resposta a doses crescentes de ROA (0, 0,5, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 Mg ha-1). Com relação à produtividade acumulada das culturas não foram observadas respostas entre o tratamento com 100% da dose de FMI e as demais doses e combinações com ROA.O C na fração lábil extraída por permanganato (C-OXP) obteve seu maior acumulo no tratamento com a combinação de FMI e ROA (50 % ROA + 50 % FMI) o que possibilitou o incremento do carbono orgânico total (COT). A compensação entre o C-CO2 emitido e o COT do solo retido foi positiva, demonstrando o potencial de sequestro de C com a aplicação de doses crescentes de ROA no solo. A percolação de nitrato (NO3-) e sua nitrificação aumentaram conforme o aumento no teor de N orgânico na forma de ROA aplicado no solo. O NO3- oriundo da mineralização do ROA apresentou menor percolação em colunas com o solo peneirado comparado a aplicação em solo indeformado, confirmando sua menor mobilidade e disponibilidade em solo peneirado e demonstrando a importância do estado físico do solo na nitrificação e percolação de NO3-. A aplicação de resíduo de abatedouro de aves e suínos aumentou o conteúdo do C e de NO3- promovendo incrementos de produtividade, qualidade química, física e biológica do solo. O controle dos processos de nitrificação e da percolação de NO3- em decorrência do uso de ROA precisam ser considerados para sincronizar aplicações de N via ROA com as perdas.
32

Resposta de Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia à aplicação de soro ácido de leite /

Gheri, Emerson de Oliveira. January 2002 (has links)
Resumo: Foi realizado ensaio em casa de vegetação em que foram avaliados os efeitos de cinco doses de soro ácido de leite na produção de matéria seca e quantidade de nutrientes extraída por Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia. Amostras de um Argissolo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0 a 20; 20 a 40 e 40 a 60 cm e colocadas em colunas de PVC compostas por três anéis correspondentes a cada camada. As doses de soro foram definidas com base na sua concentração de potássio, de modo a adicionar ao solo 0; 75; 150; 225 e 300 kg/ha de K2O em cada aplicação, uma após a semeadura, uma após o primeiro e uma após o segundo corte do capim. O ensaio foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, por 112 dias, e, ao final, as colunas foram desmontadas e o solo foi amostrado para análise. Com a aplicação de soro, houve aumento da produção de matéria seca, com a produção máxima teórica total dos três cortes ocorrendo com a aplicação acumulada de 390 m3/ha. A aplicação de soro aumentou a quantidade absorvida de K, P e Ca. O teor de K no solo aumentou significativamente com as doses de soro. / Abstract: A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of five whey doses on dry matter production and nutrient uptake by Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia. Samples of a sandy soil were collected in 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm layers and were used to fill PVC columns with three rings with 20 cm height, obeying the collecting depth. The doses of whey were based on its K content and 0; 75; 150; 225, and 300 kg/ha K2O were added in each application, being the first one applied after sowing, the second after the first cut and the third after the second cut. It was used a completely randomized design with five replications. The grass was cultivated in the columns for 112 days and at the end of the experiment the rings of the columns were separated and the soil was sampled. The dry matter production increased with whey application and considering the three cuts the maximum theoretical production was obtained with the cumulative application of 390 m3/ha. The K, P, and Ca uptake by the grass and soil K increased with whey application. / Orientador: Manoel Evaristo Ferreira / Coorientador: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz / Banca: Luis Roberto de Andrade Rodrigues / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Mestre
33

Sistema de tratamento aeróbio descentralizado de resíduos sólidos orgânicos no bairro Malvinas, Campina Grande – PB

Nascimento, Cristiane Ribeiro do 29 October 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-10T14:08:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Cristiane Ribeiro do Nascimento.pdf: 1959053 bytes, checksum: 9134b0662dc316265f12a63ef292c489 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-10T14:08:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Cristiane Ribeiro do Nascimento.pdf: 1959053 bytes, checksum: 9134b0662dc316265f12a63ef292c489 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The disposal of household organic waste in landfills is still widespread in Brazil, it is a result of low levels of selective collection and the lack of interest on part ofpublic officials and knowledge of the population in the implementation of appropriate technologies for the treatment of such waste. The aim was toassess the feasibility of decentralized system of implementation for aerobictreatment of organic household waste (RSOD) generated in Malvinas District ,Campina Grande-PB. The research was carried out from June 2013 to June2015. It had been conducted mobilization and sensitization of 63 familiesparticipating through environmental education process, collection andcharacterization of RSOD, the development of the treatment system consists ofthree models of composters furniture, installation and monitoring of thetreatment system and provision of the resulting compound with the community.The experiment consisted of three treatments with three repetitions each,comprised of: rectangular concrete composters (RCC), square concretecomposters (SCC) and composting of aluminum and stainless steel (CAS).Each compost has fed with 30 kg of substrate with the following composition:80% of household organic waste, 3% of floristic waste, leaves 7% and 10%reject. The eversion has been performed twice a week. The temperaturemonitoring has been performed daily and the analysis of pH and total volatilesolids occurred weekly. The average change of 16.50% of household organicwaste into compost class C in 120 days with favorable characteristics toagriculture, expressed the scope of the research objectives. The study showedchanges in the perception of the community regarding the proper disposal of household solid organic waste in the neighborhood and social andenvironmental responsibility. It had been found effective for the treatment of waste by composting, reflected from 100% efficiency in the impracticability ofhelminth eggs and production of a stabilized and sanitized fertilizer.Decentralized composting was a viable alternative to treatment of householdorganic waste, by meeting the principles of sustainability and the law. Ingeneral, the performance of the three models for the treatment of household composting solid organic waste had satisfactory evaluation. The treatment ledto the production of a final compound free of contamination by helminth eggsand characteristics of a stabilized material, lowering the temperature to nearroom temperature, alkaline pH, reduction of volatile total solids. However, thefeasibility of agricultural use has not been tested. The environmental educationprocess contributed to the mobilization and coordination of the various socialactors involved in the composting deployment process. It has been concludedthat the practices reported here contributed to the reduction of contaminationrisks for collectors of recyclable materials, increased marketing potential ofrecyclable waste and reducing the amount of waste sent to municipal landfill. / A disposição de resíduos sólidos orgânicos domiciliares em lixões ainda é ampla no Brasil, consequência dos baixos índices de coleta seletiva e da ausência de interesse por parte dos gestores públicos e de conhecimento da população na implantação de tecnologias adequadas para o tratamento desses resíduos. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade do tratamento aeróbio de resíduos sólidos orgânicos domiciliares gerados no bairro Malvinas, em Campina Grande-PB, a partir do desenvolvimento de três modelos de composteiras móveis e, com isso, possibilitar a diminuição dos riscos de contaminação para os catadores de materiais recicláveis, o aumento do potencial de comercialização dos resíduos recicláveis e a redução da quantidade de resíduos encaminhada ao aterro sanitário. O trabalho foi realizado no período de junho de 2013 a junho de 2015. Os resíduos orgânicos domiciliares foram coletados em diferentes residências do bairro Malvinas, Campina Grande-PB. O delineamento experimental consistiu de três tratamentos com três repetições, totalizando nove composteiras. Estas possuem configuração retangular e quadrada, e foram produzidas em concreto, em alumínio e em aço inoxidável. Cada composteira foi alimentada com 30 kg de substrato nas seguintes concentrações: 80% de resíduos orgânicos domiciliares, 3% de resíduos florísticos, 7% de folhas e 10% de rejeitos. As análises de pH e teor de umidade (%) ocorreram semanalmente e as de ovos de helmintos foram feitas para o substrato inicial e composto final. O reviramento manual foi realizado duas vezes por semana e a temperatura foi monitorada diariamente. A implantação do sistema de tratamento descentralizado de resíduos sólidos orgânicos domiciliares por compostagem no bairro Malvinas, a partir dos modelos de composteiras testados, com transformação média de 16,50% de resíduos orgânicos domiciliares em composto classe C em 120 dias, mostrou-se viável nos aspectos relativos à estabilização, higienização e à participação efetiva das famílias que selecionaram e repassaram os resíduos sólidos orgânicos produzidos, diminuindo a quantidade de resíduos encaminhada ao aterro sanitário e os riscos de contaminação para os catadores de materiais recicláveis e para o meio ambiente. O tratamento possibilitou a produção de um composto final livre de contaminação por ovos de helmintos e com características de um material estabilizado que poderá ser aplicado em hortas, jardins e produção de mudas, requerendo-se, porém, a avaliação fitotóxica. O processo de Educação Ambiental contribuiu para a mobilização e articulação entre os diferentes atores sociais envolvidos no processo de implantação da compostagem. Conclui-se que as práticas relatadas contribuíram para a diminuição dos riscos de contaminação para os catadores de materiais recicláveis, aumento do potencial de comercialização dos resíduos recicláveis e redução da quantidade de resíduos encaminhada ao aterro sanitário municipal.
34

Avaliação das transformações químicas e do potencial agronômico de biofertilizantes líquidos produzidos a partir de resíduos agroindustriais para o manejo sustentável em agricultura orgânica / Evaluation of the chemical transformations and the agronomic potential of biofertilizers produced from agroindustrial residues for sustainable management in organic agriculture

Leandro Antunes Mendes 20 October 2017 (has links)
Nas últimas duas décadas a produção de alimentos utilizando menos insumos sintéticos tem atraído a atenção em muitos campos, como indústria e pesquisa. Esta forma de produção é conhecida como agricultura orgânica e enaltece a ausência de produtos químicos industrializados no sistema produtivo agropecuário. Uma prática útil e de baixo custo é o emprego de biofertilizantes, principalmente pelo fato da crescente procura por tecnologias de produção que apresentem redução de custos e uma melhora na qualidade de vida. Esses fatos, contudo, têm incentivado pesquisadores e produtores rurais a experimentarem biofertilizantes preparados a partir da digestão aeróbia ou anaeróbia de materiais orgânicos em substituição aos fertilizantes minerais. Biofertilizante é a designação dada ao efluente líquido obtido da fermentação aeróbia ou anaeróbia da matéria orgânica e água, cujo produto final contém células vivas ou latentes de microrganismos. Assim, neste trabalho, os biofertilizantes foram preparados a partir dos resíduos orgânicos em quatro misturas (esterco bovino + bagaço de laranja (M1); cama de frango + bagaço de laranja (M2); esterco bovino + cama de frango (M3) e esterco bovino + cama de frango + bagaço de laranja (M4), que foram caracterizados em diversas etapas quanto à acidez, condutividade elétrica, concentração de macro e micronutrientes, teor de matéria orgânica e de substâncias húmicas, atributos de qualidade sanitária (coliformes termotolerantes, totais e E. colli) dentre outros e foi testado o potencial agronômico de biofertilizantes associados ao sistema convencional de manejo e a técnica do cultivo hidropônico, com o objetivo de contribuir para o menor consumo de reservas naturais de nutrientes do planeta. Os resultados mostraram que a mistura M3 produziu o melhor biofertilizante por obter os melhores resultados biométricos quando aplicado à cultura, demonstrando que foi possível a produção de um bom biofertilizante em relação ao potencial agronômico. / In the last two decades, there has been a worldwide trend in producing food using less synthetic inputs. This form of production is known as organic agriculture and it praises the absence of industrialized chemicals in the agricultural production system. A useful and low-cost practice is the use of biofertilizers, mainly due to the growing demand for production technologies that reduce costs and provide a better quality of life. However, those facts have encouraged researchers and farmers to experiment biofertilizers prepared from aerobic or anaerobic digestion of organic materials instead of mineral fertilizers. Biofertilizer is the name given to the liquid effluent obtained from aerobic or anaerobic fermentation of organic material and water, and the final product contains live cells or latent microorganisms. In this work, the biofertilizers were prepared from the organic residues in four mixtures (cow manure + orange bagasse (M1), poultry + orange bagasse (M2), cow manure + poultry (M3) and cow manure + poultry + orange bagasse (M4)), which were characterized in several stages regarding acidity, electrical conductivity, concentration of macro and micronutrients, organic material and humic substances content, antibacterial activity (thermotolerant coliforms, total and e-coli) among others, to test the agronomic potential of biofertilizers associated with the conventional management system and the hydroponic cultivation technique, in order to contribute to a lower consumption of natural nutrients reserves from the planet. The results showed that the mixture M3 produced the best biofertilizer, because of the biometric results when it was applied to the crop, demonstrating to be a successful biofertilizer in terms of agronomic potential.
35

Biometanização: estudo da influência do lodo e da serragem no tratamento anaeróbio da fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (FORSU) / Biomethanization: study of the influence of sludge and sawdust on the anaerobic treatment of an organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW)

Vilela, Fernanda Resende 23 October 2015 (has links)
A grande evolução no tratamento dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos foi obtida com a Biometanização ou, simplesmente, Digestão Anaeróbia, que ao tratar a fração orgânica produz um composto que pode ser utilizado como condicionador do solo e propicia a recuperação da energia com a utilização do metano produzido no biogás. Esta pesquisa se propôs a analisar a técnica de biometanização, avaliando a influência do lodo e da serragem no tratamento anaeróbio da FORSU em biometanizadores de 50 L e 5 L, operados sob regime batelada e temperatura mesofílica por 150 e 78 dias, respectivamente. Foram analisadas amostras de chorume, do biogás e do digestato (material sólido obtido pós-tratamento, com a abertura dos biometanizadores). Na primeira etapa, quatro reatores de 50 L foram operados com alto teor de sólidos, sob condições distintas: reator 1 - controle (preenchido somente com FORSU); reator 2 (preenchido com FORSU, 5% de lodo e serragem); reator 3 (preenchido com FORSU, 10% de lodo e serragem); reator 4 (preenchido com FORSU e serragem). Com o monitoramento do processo foi possível concluir que a manutenção de um pH ácido, mesmo nos biometanizadores com adição de lodo, propiciou uma condição ácida que foi responsável por inibir a biometanização em todos os tratamentos, que apresentaram baixa remoção de matéria orgânica e ausência de produção de metano. Com isso, iniciou-se a segunda etapa da pesquisa, onde foram operados três reatores de 5 L com baixo teor de sólidos, com o intuito de testar dois tipos de lodos e elevar a porcentagem de inoculação, nas seguintes configurações: reator ETE 1 - preenchido com FORSU, lodo de esgoto e serragem (proporção 3:1:1); ETE 2 preenchido com FORSU, lodo de esgoto e serragem (proporção 2:2:1) e DACAR preenchido com FORSU, lodo do tratamento anaeróbio de efluente de avícula e serragem(proporção 2:2:1). Após 78 dias de operação, constatou-se que maiores proporções de inóculo e uma temperatura mais elevada (30 a 35ºC) favoreceram o pH, a alcalinidade, a umidade, a degradação da matéria orgânica e a produção de metano, observada no reator ETE 2. Contudo, as condições operacionais adotadas e os fatores ambientais não foram adequadas para o sucesso da biometanização. Não houve uma redução significativa de matéria orgânica e a produção de metano foi constatada somente em um dos reatores da segunda etapa. / The major evolution in the treatment of organic solid waste has been achieved by biomethanization, or simply Anaerobic Digestion. When treating the organic fraction, biomethanization produces a compound that can be used as a soil conditioner and provides energy recovery through the use of methane in the biogas produced. This dissertation reports on an analysis of the biomethanization technique and evaluates the influence of sludge and sawdust on the anaerobic treatment of OFMSW in 50 L and 5 L reactors operating under batch regime and mesophilic temperatures for 155 and 78 days, respectively. Slurry samples of biogas and digestato (solid material obtained after treatment with the opening of reactors) were analyzed. In the first stage, four 50 L reactors were operated with high solids content and under different conditions: Reactor 1 - control (filled only with OFMSW); Reactor 2 (filled with OFMSW, 5% sludge and sawdust); Reactor 3 (filled with OFMSW, 10% sludge and sawdust); Reactor 4 (filled with OFMSW and sawdust). The monitoring of the process enabled the maintenance of an acidic pH, even in reactors filled with sludge, and led to an acidic condition responsible for the inhibition of biomethanization in all treatments, which showed low organic matter removal and no production of methane. In the second stage of the study, three 5 L reactors were operated with low solids content for the testing of two types of sludge and increase in the percentage of inoculation, according to the following configurations: ETE 1 reactor - filled with OFMSW, sewage sludge and sawdust (3: 1: 1 ratio); ETE 2 - filled with OFMSW, sewage sludge and sawdust (2: 2: 1 ratio) and DACAR - filled with OFMSW, sludge from the anaerobic treatment of poultry effluent and sawdust (2: 2: 1 ratio). After 78 days of operation, higher proportions of inoculum and a higher temperature (30 to 35ºC) favored pH, alkalinity, degradation of organic matter and production of methane, observed in reactor ETE 2. However, the operating conditions adopted and environmental factors were not suitable for the success of biomethanization. No significant reduction in the organic matter was achieved and methane was produced only in one of the reactors of the second stage.
36

Avaliação das transformações químicas e do potencial agronômico de biofertilizantes líquidos produzidos a partir de resíduos agroindustriais para o manejo sustentável em agricultura orgânica / Evaluation of the chemical transformations and the agronomic potential of biofertilizers produced from agroindustrial residues for sustainable management in organic agriculture

Mendes, Leandro Antunes 20 October 2017 (has links)
Nas últimas duas décadas a produção de alimentos utilizando menos insumos sintéticos tem atraído a atenção em muitos campos, como indústria e pesquisa. Esta forma de produção é conhecida como agricultura orgânica e enaltece a ausência de produtos químicos industrializados no sistema produtivo agropecuário. Uma prática útil e de baixo custo é o emprego de biofertilizantes, principalmente pelo fato da crescente procura por tecnologias de produção que apresentem redução de custos e uma melhora na qualidade de vida. Esses fatos, contudo, têm incentivado pesquisadores e produtores rurais a experimentarem biofertilizantes preparados a partir da digestão aeróbia ou anaeróbia de materiais orgânicos em substituição aos fertilizantes minerais. Biofertilizante é a designação dada ao efluente líquido obtido da fermentação aeróbia ou anaeróbia da matéria orgânica e água, cujo produto final contém células vivas ou latentes de microrganismos. Assim, neste trabalho, os biofertilizantes foram preparados a partir dos resíduos orgânicos em quatro misturas (esterco bovino + bagaço de laranja (M1); cama de frango + bagaço de laranja (M2); esterco bovino + cama de frango (M3) e esterco bovino + cama de frango + bagaço de laranja (M4), que foram caracterizados em diversas etapas quanto à acidez, condutividade elétrica, concentração de macro e micronutrientes, teor de matéria orgânica e de substâncias húmicas, atributos de qualidade sanitária (coliformes termotolerantes, totais e E. colli) dentre outros e foi testado o potencial agronômico de biofertilizantes associados ao sistema convencional de manejo e a técnica do cultivo hidropônico, com o objetivo de contribuir para o menor consumo de reservas naturais de nutrientes do planeta. Os resultados mostraram que a mistura M3 produziu o melhor biofertilizante por obter os melhores resultados biométricos quando aplicado à cultura, demonstrando que foi possível a produção de um bom biofertilizante em relação ao potencial agronômico. / In the last two decades, there has been a worldwide trend in producing food using less synthetic inputs. This form of production is known as organic agriculture and it praises the absence of industrialized chemicals in the agricultural production system. A useful and low-cost practice is the use of biofertilizers, mainly due to the growing demand for production technologies that reduce costs and provide a better quality of life. However, those facts have encouraged researchers and farmers to experiment biofertilizers prepared from aerobic or anaerobic digestion of organic materials instead of mineral fertilizers. Biofertilizer is the name given to the liquid effluent obtained from aerobic or anaerobic fermentation of organic material and water, and the final product contains live cells or latent microorganisms. In this work, the biofertilizers were prepared from the organic residues in four mixtures (cow manure + orange bagasse (M1), poultry + orange bagasse (M2), cow manure + poultry (M3) and cow manure + poultry + orange bagasse (M4)), which were characterized in several stages regarding acidity, electrical conductivity, concentration of macro and micronutrients, organic material and humic substances content, antibacterial activity (thermotolerant coliforms, total and e-coli) among others, to test the agronomic potential of biofertilizers associated with the conventional management system and the hydroponic cultivation technique, in order to contribute to a lower consumption of natural nutrients reserves from the planet. The results showed that the mixture M3 produced the best biofertilizer, because of the biometric results when it was applied to the crop, demonstrating to be a successful biofertilizer in terms of agronomic potential.
37

A New Technology for the Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste

Guilford, Nigel 19 January 2010 (has links)
The development and patenting of a new technology for the anaerobic digestion of solid waste is described. The design basis is explained and justified by extensive reference to the literature. The technology was specifically designed to be versatile, robust and affordable and is directly derived from other proven processes for organic waste management. The ways in which environmental regulations directly affect the development and commercialization of organic waste processing technologies are described. The great differences in regulations between Europe and North America are analyzed to explain why anaerobic digestion is common in Europe and rare in North America and why this is the result of waste management economics which are driven by these regulations. The new technology is shown to be competitive in the Province of Ontario in particular and North America in general; a detailed financial analysis and comparison with European technologies is provided in support of this conclusion.
38

A New Technology for the Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste

Guilford, Nigel 19 January 2010 (has links)
The development and patenting of a new technology for the anaerobic digestion of solid waste is described. The design basis is explained and justified by extensive reference to the literature. The technology was specifically designed to be versatile, robust and affordable and is directly derived from other proven processes for organic waste management. The ways in which environmental regulations directly affect the development and commercialization of organic waste processing technologies are described. The great differences in regulations between Europe and North America are analyzed to explain why anaerobic digestion is common in Europe and rare in North America and why this is the result of waste management economics which are driven by these regulations. The new technology is shown to be competitive in the Province of Ontario in particular and North America in general; a detailed financial analysis and comparison with European technologies is provided in support of this conclusion.
39

Recyling potential of phosphorus in food : a substance flow analysis of municipalities

Weddfelt, Erika January 2012 (has links)
In this study the opportunities to recycle the phosphorus contained in food handling were identified in four municipalities in the county of Östergötland. The aim was to map the flow and find out whether there were differences between municipalities with food processing industries generating large amounts of waste or phosphorus rich wastewater, or if there were differences between municipalities of different size. It was also investigated to what extent the agricultural demand of phosphorus could be covered by recycling of phosphorus from the food handling system. The result showed that between 27% and 73% of the phosphorus was found in the sludge from wastewater treatment, and that between 13% and 49% of the phosphorus was found in the centrally collected organic waste. This corresponded to 11% of the phosphorus demand on arable land in municipalities with food processing industries generating large amounts of waste or phosphorus rich wastewater, and 8% of the phosphorus demand on arable land in municipalities without such industries.
40

A GIS-based study of sites for decentralized composting and waste sorting stations in Kumasi, Ghana

Öberg, Hanna January 2011 (has links)
Developing countries are facing a great challenge to collect, treat and dispose their waste in a more sustainable way. Today, most of the produced waste ends up on landfills, where they pose a great threat to the environment and human health. Kumasi, the second largest city in Ghana, faces the same issues as other cities in developing countries; waste management is run poorly and most waste ends up on the cities largest landfill, Dompoase, which will be full in a few years time. Issues such as low financial resources, bad urban planning and a growing population aggravate the implementation of a more sustainable development. Since most solid waste in developing countries is organic, composting is a good option towards a more sustainable waste management. There are numerous amounts of articles stating that decentralized composting is the best option for developed countries. Decentralized compost facilities are less costly to install and maintain, they require less technology and decrease the cost of waste transportation. Transportation poses a large expense when it comes  to waste management in developing countries. There is an advantage in integrating a more sustainable waste management in to the existing waste infrastructure since cities often are densely built up and there is a shortage of land. Therefore this thesis has investigated the possibilities of having waste sorting stations and decentralized compost facilities at public dumping sites in the Bantama area, one of ten sub--‐metros in Kumasi. Based on literature and observations during field visits in the Bantama area, a classification scheme was developed. The classification scheme was designed to simplify identification and differentiation of the sites. It contains thirteen criteria to consider when planning for organic waste sorting stations and decentralized compost facilities. Suitable sites for sorting stations and decentralized compost facilities were selected by a SQL analyzes in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The analyzes was based on the classification scheme. The result shows that of twenty--‐one public dumpingsites, seven were suitable as sorting stations and two sites were suitable for a decentralized compost facility. The expectation is that in due time and with infrastructure improvements, more than only seven communal sites can become sorting stations. When it comes to sites for composting the result reveals an issue in many cities  there is just not enough land to build as many decentralized facilities as would be necessary to recycle all organic waste. However, due to the advantages of having decentralized facilities, the recommendation is that Kumasi should start with a decentralized approach and as finance and technological skills exists the organic waste management can extend to also include larger facilities. Further this thesis shows the advantage of having decentralized composting when it comes totransportation costs. A transport analyzes was done in a GIS,  which showed the difference intransportation distances between having decentralized and centralized composting. The result showed that waste recycled close to its source, i.e. having decentralized waste management, is transported shorter distance compared to having centralized composting and  thus saving on cost for transportation.

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