A grande evolução no tratamento dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos foi obtida com a Biometanização ou, simplesmente, Digestão Anaeróbia, que ao tratar a fração orgânica produz um composto que pode ser utilizado como condicionador do solo e propicia a recuperação da energia com a utilização do metano produzido no biogás. Esta pesquisa se propôs a analisar a técnica de biometanização, avaliando a influência do lodo e da serragem no tratamento anaeróbio da FORSU em biometanizadores de 50 L e 5 L, operados sob regime batelada e temperatura mesofílica por 150 e 78 dias, respectivamente. Foram analisadas amostras de chorume, do biogás e do digestato (material sólido obtido pós-tratamento, com a abertura dos biometanizadores). Na primeira etapa, quatro reatores de 50 L foram operados com alto teor de sólidos, sob condições distintas: reator 1 - controle (preenchido somente com FORSU); reator 2 (preenchido com FORSU, 5% de lodo e serragem); reator 3 (preenchido com FORSU, 10% de lodo e serragem); reator 4 (preenchido com FORSU e serragem). Com o monitoramento do processo foi possível concluir que a manutenção de um pH ácido, mesmo nos biometanizadores com adição de lodo, propiciou uma condição ácida que foi responsável por inibir a biometanização em todos os tratamentos, que apresentaram baixa remoção de matéria orgânica e ausência de produção de metano. Com isso, iniciou-se a segunda etapa da pesquisa, onde foram operados três reatores de 5 L com baixo teor de sólidos, com o intuito de testar dois tipos de lodos e elevar a porcentagem de inoculação, nas seguintes configurações: reator ETE 1 - preenchido com FORSU, lodo de esgoto e serragem (proporção 3:1:1); ETE 2 preenchido com FORSU, lodo de esgoto e serragem (proporção 2:2:1) e DACAR preenchido com FORSU, lodo do tratamento anaeróbio de efluente de avícula e serragem(proporção 2:2:1). Após 78 dias de operação, constatou-se que maiores proporções de inóculo e uma temperatura mais elevada (30 a 35ºC) favoreceram o pH, a alcalinidade, a umidade, a degradação da matéria orgânica e a produção de metano, observada no reator ETE 2. Contudo, as condições operacionais adotadas e os fatores ambientais não foram adequadas para o sucesso da biometanização. Não houve uma redução significativa de matéria orgânica e a produção de metano foi constatada somente em um dos reatores da segunda etapa. / The major evolution in the treatment of organic solid waste has been achieved by biomethanization, or simply Anaerobic Digestion. When treating the organic fraction, biomethanization produces a compound that can be used as a soil conditioner and provides energy recovery through the use of methane in the biogas produced. This dissertation reports on an analysis of the biomethanization technique and evaluates the influence of sludge and sawdust on the anaerobic treatment of OFMSW in 50 L and 5 L reactors operating under batch regime and mesophilic temperatures for 155 and 78 days, respectively. Slurry samples of biogas and digestato (solid material obtained after treatment with the opening of reactors) were analyzed. In the first stage, four 50 L reactors were operated with high solids content and under different conditions: Reactor 1 - control (filled only with OFMSW); Reactor 2 (filled with OFMSW, 5% sludge and sawdust); Reactor 3 (filled with OFMSW, 10% sludge and sawdust); Reactor 4 (filled with OFMSW and sawdust). The monitoring of the process enabled the maintenance of an acidic pH, even in reactors filled with sludge, and led to an acidic condition responsible for the inhibition of biomethanization in all treatments, which showed low organic matter removal and no production of methane. In the second stage of the study, three 5 L reactors were operated with low solids content for the testing of two types of sludge and increase in the percentage of inoculation, according to the following configurations: ETE 1 reactor - filled with OFMSW, sewage sludge and sawdust (3: 1: 1 ratio); ETE 2 - filled with OFMSW, sewage sludge and sawdust (2: 2: 1 ratio) and DACAR - filled with OFMSW, sludge from the anaerobic treatment of poultry effluent and sawdust (2: 2: 1 ratio). After 78 days of operation, higher proportions of inoculum and a higher temperature (30 to 35ºC) favored pH, alkalinity, degradation of organic matter and production of methane, observed in reactor ETE 2. However, the operating conditions adopted and environmental factors were not suitable for the success of biomethanization. No significant reduction in the organic matter was achieved and methane was produced only in one of the reactors of the second stage.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-07T18:03:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação 2016.pdf: 2038216 bytes, checksum: 9d1aa99ebad2d28646f13558fbedccad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-10T19:54:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação 2016.pdf: 2038216 bytes, checksum: 9d1aa99ebad2d28646f13558fbedccad (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T19:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação 2016.pdf: 2038216 bytes, checksum: 9d1aa99ebad2d28646f13558fbedccad (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / O uso de resíduos como fertilizante tais como cinza de casca de arroz (CCA) e lodo de estação de tratamento de esgoto (LETE) podem contribuir no fornecimento de nutrientes e reduzir custos de produção. Nesse sentido esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar o LETE como complemento da CCA no fornecimento de nutrientes para o milho e consequentemente no desenvolvimento das plantas. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação de setembro a novembro. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 6 x 6, tendo no primeiro fator as doses de CCA: 0; 4; 8; 16; 32; 64 g kg-1e no segundo as doses de LETE: 0; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32 g kg-1, com três repetições. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas de vasos plásticos com 12 dm³ de terra de um Argissolo Vermelho – Amarelo Eutrófico coletado no Centro Agropecuário da Palma-UFPEL, Capão do Leão, RS. Ao final do experimento, com setenta e sete dias, toda a parte aérea do milho foi colhida para quantificar a produção de massa seca e analisar macro (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) e micronutrientes (Fe, Mn, Cu e Zn). Os atributos químicos analisados no solo foram: pH em água, teores de cátions trocáveis (Ca, Mg, K e Na), teores de C, N, P, Si, Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu, bem como, a capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC) a pH 7. Os resultados indicaram que a CCA atuou na correção da acidez do solo, além de contribuir para o crescimento das plantas, se mostrando eficiente como fonte de fósforo e potássio. O uso do LETE contribui no suprimento de nitrogênio e fósforo, proporcionando o aumento da produção de matéria seca das plantas. Com o LETE houve aumento do Zn e Cu, enquanto que a CCA diminuiu a disponibilidade dos mesmos. Embora o LETE possa de fato suprir o N, carente na CCA, ela supre também o P, de modo que, pelo menos em solo bem suprido de K, não há vantagem em misturar CCA ao LETE para suprir estes macronutrientes, ou seja, aquilo que se busca completar na CCA usando o LETE pode ser atendido, mas ao usar o LETE a CCA pode ser dispensada. / The use of waste as fertilizer such as rice husk ash and sewage sludge treatment plant can contribute to the nutrient supply and reduce production costs. In this sense, this research aimed to evaluate the sewage sludge as the rice husk ash complement the supply of nutrients to corn and consequently in plant development. The experiment was carried out in September - November greenhouse. The design was adopted in randomized blocks in a factorial 6 x 6, with the first factor doses of rice husk ash: 0, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 g kg-1 and second doses of sewage sludge: 0; 2; 4; 8; 16; 32 g/kg, with three replications. The experimental units consisted of plastic pots with 12dm³ land Red-Yellow Pozolic soil (Ultisol). At the end of the experiment, seventy-seven days all aerial parts of the corn was harvested to quantify the dry matter yield and analyze macro (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn). Chemical characteristics analyzed in the soil were pH in water exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na) contents of C, N, P, Si, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, as well as the ability to cation exchange (CTC) at pH 7. The results indicated that the rice husk ash acted to correct soil acidity and contributes to plant growth, proving efficient and phosphorus and potassium source. The use of sewage sludge contributes to the supply of nitrogen and phosphorus, providing increased production of dry matter of the plants. With sewage, sludge was increased Zn and Cu, while rice husk ash decreased availability. Although milk may in fact supply the N, lacking the CCA, it also supplies the P, so that at least well supplied ground K, there is no advantage to mix CCA to LETE to meet these macronutrients, namely that we are seeking to complete the CCA using LETE can be served, but to use the LETE CCA may be waived.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of organic waste arising from the production of pigs and cattle is commonly used to fertilize crops. Successive applications of these sources in the same areas over time promote changes in physical, chemical and biological soil, they can play some influence on biomass and activity of soil microbes, which may reflect the availability of nutrients and consequently in crop productivity. This study aimed to evaluate how the activity and microbial biomass can be changed in soil under no-tillage system and with a history of successive applications of organic and mineral sources.The experiment was established in 2004 and has been conducted in the experimental area of the Department of UFSM soils under a Ultisol and design of randomized blocks. The results of this study correspond to the period of the agricultural year 2014/2015 which was grown wheat succession (winter) and maize (summer) .The treatments consist of application of pig slurry (PS), liquid cattle manure (CS) , pig deep-litter (PL), mineral fertilizers (NPK) and a treatment without nutrient source application (TEST), the quantity applied these sources based fertilizer recommendation to the state of RS and determined by the dose N required by the crop When he turned up 11 years of applying treatments, soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm during the wheat crops and corn, in both the flowering period and after harvesting crops . Part of the samples followed for chemical characterization and part was stored at 4 °C for determination of C, N and P of the microbial biomass, respiration rate and activity of B-glucosidase enzyme, urease, aryl sulphatase, acid phosphatase, and hydrolysis of FDA. The results showed differences from organic sources with each other and with respect to TEST and NPK. In wheat cultivation there was no difference between treatments for C-BIO variable. The N-BIO did not differentiate between organic sources, but these were higher compared to TEST and NPK treatments. PL and CS treatments also had higher values for P-BIO. Already maize cultivation PL and CS stood out in relation to other treatments for C, N and P-BIO. These same treatments was observed the highest respiration rates in both the wheat crop as corn, but also had higher qCO2 values. In general for all the enzymes evaluated in this study the PL and CS were the treatments with the highest activities. / A utilização de resíduos orgânicos oriundo da criação de suínos e bovinos é comumente utilizada para fertilização de lavouras. Sucessivas aplicações dessas fontes nas mesmas áreas ao longo do tempo promovem alterações de ordem física, química e biológica no solo, estas podem desempenhar certa influência sobre a biomassa e a atividade da microbiota do solo, o que pode refletir na disponibilidade de nutrientes e consequentemente na produtividade de culturas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar como a atividade e a biomassa microbiana do solo podem ser alteradas em solo cultivado sob sistema de plantio direto e com histórico de sucessivas aplicações de fontes orgânicas e mineral. O experimento foi implantado no ano de 2004 e vem sendo conduzido em área do Departamento de solos da UFSM, sob um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico arênico e em delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Os resultados do presente trabalho correspondem ao período do ano agrícola 2014/2015 onde foi cultivado a sucessão trigo (inverno) e milho (verão). Os tratamentos consistem da aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS), dejetos líquidos de bovinos (DLB), cama sobreposta de suínos (CSS), adubação mineral (NPK) e um tratamento sem aplicação de fonte de nutrientes (TEST), sendo a quantidade aplicada dessas fontes determinada em função da dose de N requerida pela cultura. Após 11 anos de aplicações sucessivas dos tratamentos, amostras de solo foram coletadas na camada de 0-10 cm, durante os cultivos do trigo e do milho, em ambos, no período do florescimento e após a colheita das culturas. Parte das amostras seguiram para caracterização química e parte foi armazenada a 4ºC para as determinação do C, N e P da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal e atividade das enzimas β-glicosidase, urease, aril-sulfatase, fosfatase ácida, e hidrólise do FDA. Os resultados evidenciaram diferenças das fontes orgânicas entre si e em relação a TEST e NPK. No cultivo do trigo não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para variável C-BIO. O N-BIO não se diferenciou entre as fontes orgânicas, mas estas foram maiores em relação aos tratamentos TEST e NPK. Os tratamentos CSS e DLB também obtiveram maiores valores para P-BIO. Já no cultivo do milho a CSS e DLB se destacaram em relação aos demais tratamentos para C, N e P-BIO. Nesses mesmos tratamentos se observou as maiores taxas de respiração tanto no cultivo do trigo quanto no milho, entretanto também obtiveram maiores valores de qCO2. De maneira geral para todas as enzimas avaliadas neste estudo a CSS e DLB foram os tratamentos que apresentaram as maiores atividades.

Can composting save the world from its human generated biological waste problem and give a diversifying organic agriculture a much needed boost at the same time? The age old natural process of composting has been well researched and documented in scientific and other literature. Thermophilic composting transforms biological/organic waste into a stable plant and soil friendly material (compost) that has been sanitised through high temperature and humified at the same time – a true miracle of nature. Mixtures for thermophilic composting can be formulated fairly accurately from their water, C and N content. The pH needs to be within an acceptable range (5-8) but can be adjusted with agricultural lime if needed. The EC and ash content of sludge, together with the C and N content, are fairly reliable indicators of available bio-chemical energy for composting. Monitoring the temperature and water content gives sufficient feedback for proper management of the process. Bio-chemical transformations in composting material tell the tale of the microbial processes at the heart of composting and humification. The quality of compost depends largely on the quality of the raw materials used, even if mixture formulation and process management is effective. The study firstly evaluated the compostability of various types of WWS and eucalyptus sawdust bulking agent with the focus on the known requirements and conditions for thermophilic aerobic composting. This entailed a composting experiment during which the sludge and bulking agent were characterised, feedstock mixtures formulated and certain composting conditions (temperature and water content) and feedstock characteristics (pH, EC and ash content) monitored over time as piles were managed through turning, sampling and watering. Secondly, the study evaluated the quality of compost produced from various types of WWS and eucalyptus sawdust bulking agent as influenced by the raw material and initial feedstock characteristics, microbial dynamics and environmental conditions during composting and as indicated by certain chemical and biochemical transformations (including OM decomposition) during composting and end product (compost) characteristics. Tracking the chemical and biochemical evolution during composting in the four treatments entailed the laboratory analyses of a variety of signature characteristics for samples taken at the start of composting, at the end of the thermophilic phase when pile temperature decreased to below 40ºC and at the end of the curing phase of composting when the temperature of piles did not exceed ambient temperature. Finally, a seedling emergence bioassay was performed as a direct test of compost maturity and quality. The main findings of this study are that dewatered, activated sludge has a high level of thermophilic compostability with Eucalyptus sawdust as bulking agent. Dried, digested sludge has a low level of compostability with Eucalyptus sawdust as bulking agent mainly because of the anaerobic digestion that depleted the C and bio-chemical energy in the sludge. Little value is added to digested sludge through composting with eycalyptus sawdust except that it probably facilitated a further “curing” of the already stable material. Overall, dewatered ACT-MUN sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced the compost of highest quality and stability/maturity in a volume ratio of 1:4 (sludge:sawdust). Dewatered ACT-IND sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced an interesting compost of high stability/maturity with a high level of humification and medium fertility status. Increasing the sludge:sawdust ratio closer to 1:4 (volume) will enhance the chemical quality of this good compost. Dried DIG-MUN sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced a stable compost of very low pH, relatively low fertility, poor physical character and high risk of phytotoxicity. Composting is a great option for WWS treatment that deserves a lot more attention in South Africa. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

This degree project investigated landfills that takes care of municipal solid waste in an area around the Mekong delta, namely An Giang province, Vietnam. The main objective for this study was to provide basic work in order to create a discussion with the local food markets to separate the household’s food waste from the rest. Such a discussion is possible to create through collaboration with local authorities and inform or guide stakeholders on how waste management can be improved, out of existing knowledge from Sweden. Therefore, this study aims to illuminate and give knowledge for improvements in questions regarding efficiency, organisation, participation, recycling and opportunities associated with a more efficient waste management system.Since a significant percentage of the household waste generated in Long Xuyen City, An Giang province are organic, the opportunity to convert organic waste into soil amendments was examined. Leachate from one of the landfills in the area was also analysed in order to get further understanding for its composition, focusing on organic parameters. / Det här examensarbetet undersökte deponier som tar hand om hushållsavfall i ett område runt Mekongdeltat, närmare bestämt An Giang provinsen, Vietnam. Det främsta målet för den här studien var ett ge underlag till att skapa en diskussion med lokala matmarknader för att få dem att separera hushållens matavfall från övrigt avfall. En sådan diskussion är möjlig att skapa genom samarbete mellan lokala myndigheter och att informera eller vägvisa intressenter om hur avfallshanteringen kan förbättras, ut ifrån befintlig kunskap från Sverige. Därför fokuserar den här studien på att förklara och ge kunskap för förbättringar i frågor rörande effektivitet, organisation, deltagande, återvinning och möjligheter associerade med ett mer effektivt avfallshanteringssystem. Eftersom en stor andel av hushållsavfallet som genereras i Long Xuyen, An Giang-provinsen är organiskt, undersöktes möjligheten att konvertera organiskt avfall till jordförbättringsmedel. Lakvatten analyserades från en av deponierna i området för att få en djupare förståelse för dess sammansättning, med fokus på organiska parametrar.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniele Mozzini Silva.pdf: 353385 bytes, checksum: 9acd9685652be97497a877a473ae1f95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-18 / The use of tannery sludge in agriculture represents an alternative disposal of this waste sustainably This study aims to evaluate the use of tannery sludge as a component of commercial substrate, to produce seedlings for reforestation of four native species (Angico red and white, and mutamba mastic) and an exotic (eucalyptus). In this study the incorporation of five doses (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) Slurry commercial tannery in a substrate used for the growth of different plant species suitable for reforestation. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse seedling growth. After seeding in substrate packaged in tubes, according to each treatment, was accompanied on plant development, for 120 days, with periodic assessments of height and final evaluation of biomass (roots and shoots) in plants, as was also the levels of macro and micronutrients and accumulation of chromium in the leaf tissue. Of the five forest species assessed three (mastic, mutamba and eucalyptus) responded positively to the addition of up to 25% of tannery sludge in commercial substrate for seedling production. There were significant adjustments by the regression analysis for the absorption of phosphorus, boron and manganese from the incorporation of the residue in most species evaluated. Occurred phyto-extraction of chromium substrate with significant linear fit in three forest species evaluated. / A utilização do lodo de curtume na agricultura representa uma das alternativas de disposição deste resíduo de forma sustentável Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o emprego do lodo de curtume como componente de substrato comercial, para produção de mudas de reflorestamento de quatro espécies florestais nativas (Angico vermelho e branco, mutamba e aroeira) e uma exótica (eucalipto). Neste estudo foi avaliada a incorporação de cinco doses (5, 10, 15, 20 e 25%) de lodo curtume em substrato comercial utilizado para o crescimento de diferentes espécies de plantas apropriadas para reflorestamentos. O experimento foi conduzido em estufas de crescimento de mudas. Após a semeadura em substrato acondicionado em tubetes, de acordo com cada tratamento, foi acompanhado o desenvolvimento das mudas, durante 120 dias, com avaliações periódicas de altura e avaliação final de produção de biomassa (raiz e parte aérea) nas plantas, como também foram avaliados os teores de macro e micronutrientes e o acúmulo de cromo no tecido foliar. Das cinco espécies florestais avaliadas, três (aroeira, mutamba e eucalipto) responderam positivamente a adição de até 25% de lodo de curtume no substrato comercial para produção de mudas. Ocorreram ajustes significativos pela analise de regressão para absorção de fósforo, boro e manganês, proveniente da incorporação do resíduo, na maioria das espécies avaliadas. Ocorreu fito-extração de cromo do substrato com ajuste linear significativo em três espécies florestais avaliadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniele Mozzini Silva.pdf: 353385 bytes, checksum: 9acd9685652be97497a877a473ae1f95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-18 / The use of tannery sludge in agriculture represents an alternative disposal of this waste sustainably This study aims to evaluate the use of tannery sludge as a component of commercial substrate, to produce seedlings for reforestation of four native species (Angico red and white, and mutamba mastic) and an exotic (eucalyptus). In this study the incorporation of five doses (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) Slurry commercial tannery in a substrate used for the growth of different plant species suitable for reforestation. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse seedling growth. After seeding in substrate packaged in tubes, according to each treatment, was accompanied on plant development, for 120 days, with periodic assessments of height and final evaluation of biomass (roots and shoots) in plants, as was also the levels of macro and micronutrients and accumulation of chromium in the leaf tissue. Of the five forest species assessed three (mastic, mutamba and eucalyptus) responded positively to the addition of up to 25% of tannery sludge in commercial substrate for seedling production. There were significant adjustments by the regression analysis for the absorption of phosphorus, boron and manganese from the incorporation of the residue in most species evaluated. Occurred phyto-extraction of chromium substrate with significant linear fit in three forest species evaluated. / A utilização do lodo de curtume na agricultura representa uma das alternativas de disposição deste resíduo de forma sustentável Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o emprego do lodo de curtume como componente de substrato comercial, para produção de mudas de reflorestamento de quatro espécies florestais nativas (Angico vermelho e branco, mutamba e aroeira) e uma exótica (eucalipto). Neste estudo foi avaliada a incorporação de cinco doses (5, 10, 15, 20 e 25%) de lodo curtume em substrato comercial utilizado para o crescimento de diferentes espécies de plantas apropriadas para reflorestamentos. O experimento foi conduzido em estufas de crescimento de mudas. Após a semeadura em substrato acondicionado em tubetes, de acordo com cada tratamento, foi acompanhado o desenvolvimento das mudas, durante 120 dias, com avaliações periódicas de altura e avaliação final de produção de biomassa (raiz e parte aérea) nas plantas, como também foram avaliados os teores de macro e micronutrientes e o acúmulo de cromo no tecido foliar. Das cinco espécies florestais avaliadas, três (aroeira, mutamba e eucalipto) responderam positivamente a adição de até 25% de lodo de curtume no substrato comercial para produção de mudas. Ocorreram ajustes significativos pela analise de regressão para absorção de fósforo, boro e manganês, proveniente da incorporação do resíduo, na maioria das espécies avaliadas. Ocorreu fito-extração de cromo do substrato com ajuste linear significativo em três espécies florestais avaliadas.

Resumo: Foi avaliado o efeito do lodo de indústria de gelatina na fertilidade do solo, na produção de matéria seca e no acúmulo de nutrientes e de Na na parte aérea das plantas de Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia. Foi utilizado um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, textura argilosa, coletado nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm. O solo foi seco à sombra, passado em peneira de 4 mm de abertura de malha, homogeneizado e colocado em colunas de PVC compostas por quatro anéis correspondentes a cada camada. Foram feitas três aplicações das doses de 0; 30; 60; 90 e 120 t ha-1 (base úmida) de lodo de indústria de gelatina: antes da semeadura, após o primeiro e depois do segundo corte. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com seis repetições, com duração de 113 dias. Ocorreram aumentos significativos no valor de pH e nos teores de Na, P, Ca , Mg e N no solo. Na produção de matéria seca do capim houve aumento no terceiro corte e na quantidade extraída dos elementos pelas plantas, a de Na aumentou nos três cortes, a de Ca no segundo e terceiro cortes e as de N, P e S apenas no terceiro corte. / Abstract: It was evaluated the effect of gelatin industry sludge on soil fertility, on dry matter production and on nutrient and Na accumulation in the aerial part of plants of Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia. The soil used was a clay Oxisol collected in the depths of 0-5, 5-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm. After the soil was air-dried and the clods were broken, it was passed through a 4 mm sieve, homogenized and placed in PVC columns with four rings matching each layer. The gelatin industry sludge was applied in rates equivalent to 0; 30; 60; 90 and 120 t ha-1 in each of the three applications: before sowing and after the first and second cut. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse in a completely randomized design, with six replicates, during 113 days. At the end of the experiment the rings of the columns were taken apart and the soil was taken for analysis. There were significant increases in the pH value and in the contents of Na, P, K, Ca, Mg and N in the soil. There was a significant increase in the dry matter production of the grass only in the third cut, and in relation to the uptake amount of the elements by the plants, Na increased in the three cuts, Ca in the second and third cuts and N, P and S only in the third one. / Orientador: Manoel Evaristo Ferreira / Coorientador: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz / Banca: José Ricardo Mantovani / Banca: Patrícia Sarmento / Mestre

The desire for value addition to the organic waste management chain at Högbytorp using the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) process, as well as the problem of the escalating demand for protein in livestock feed motivated this study. Good quality crop land is devoted to growing feed for animals at the expense of human food, and ironically with a full understanding of the associated environmental footprints. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) feed on organic waste voraciously while building their body composition of 40% protein and 30% fat. Their protein can be used in animal feedstock and pet food, replacing the more expensive but nutritionally comparable fishmeal, while their fat can be used for biodiesel production. They can also reduce a waste pile significantly, minimizing possible pollution. In this study, the process was tried on various waste streams (fruits, manure and ‘slurry reject’) at Högbytorp. Biomass conversion, larval fat and protein content, compost by-product characteristics and residence time requirements for each stream were assessed. The study involved literature review, chemical analyses and experimental design (rearing BSFL on waste through their lifecycle). The study yielded waste reduction up to 83% and fat and protein contents up to 42% and 41% respectively, depending on the waste stream. The residence time depended on the age at which the larvae started feeding, but ranged between 8-11 days. If applied in organic waste management chain, the process could contribute to greener energy provision (biodiesel) as well as sustainable protein provision to the animal, fish and pet industries. It could further reduce waste amounts significantly and generate income while contributing to the saving of Earth’s limited resources.

The management of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste has become a major issue lately in the province of Québec, Canada. Most of it is landfilled today, which increases the burden on landfills and is environmentally unsound. In order to comply with new government guidelines, municipalities have to develop solutions to recover and recycle organic waste. In this context, this study examines two solutions for treating organic waste: home-composting and a separate biodegradable waste collection system combined with large-scale composting. The two scenarios are compared in terms of costs and environmental performance to a reference scenario where all waste is landfilled, using as a case study a fictional city of 50 000 inhabitants. Results indicate that a centralized collection system, combined to large-scale composting, has greater environmental benefits than home-composting. It cuts greenhouse gas emissions by 240% compared to the reference scenario, while emissions from home-composting remain at the reference level. However, when compared to the reference scenario, home-composting reduces waste management costs by 15% while they represent an increase of 4% with large-scale composting. The study concludes that separate biodegradable waste collection combined to large-scale composting is the best way for a municipality to achieve high environmental goals, despite a slight increase of municipal costs. The participation rate of citizens is suggested to be a crucial parameter for the success of organic waste management in the two scenarios and it should be enhanced by different means to ensure the successful implementation of the chosen solution.