Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, many companies have switched to remote work as this has been the recommendations from the Swedish Public Health Agency (Folkhalsomyndigheten, 2021). While some companies have been able to adapt the entire business to remote work, others have not been able to do so since the job requires physical attendance. This has led managers especially within the public sector to work remotely whilst the employees that work hands on still work on site. Current literature is mostly focused on e-leadership within the private sector and where the entire team is working remotely. Thus, we want to answer the following research question:  How do e-leadership influence employees working on site in public welfare organizations in Sweden? The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of e-leadership's influence on employees working on site in public welfare organizations. To answer the research question and fulfill the purpose, we have conducted seven semi-structured interviews. By using a thematic analysis with an inductive approach, findings suggest that leaders performing e-leadership influences employees working on site in public welfare organizations in Sweden through four different dimensions. Firstly, the leader's absence increases employee empowerment. Secondly, the way leaders establish communication controls the employees perception of the relationship. Thirdly, how leaders show presence regulates employees motivation. Lastly, the restructuring of the organization contributes to employees feeling stressed.  This study contributes to leadership theory by bringing new insights to the area of e-leadership, especially for public welfare organizations in Sweden, within teams that are not fully geographically dispersed. Even if e-leadership is similar to face-to-face leadership in many ways, things like informal conversations, personal feedback and insights into the daily work is likely to decrease or disappear. Thus, making sure that continuous follow-ups are made of how the organization's most important asset, its employees, are being influenced by having an e-leader are beneficial. Our research can provide a basis for, or at least a pointer to, public welfare organizations when updating policies on how their leadership should be carried out to achieve organizational leadership success.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the world by changing and affecting the social practices when millions of employees were forced to stay at home and work in the digital context.The aim with this study is to investigate how business travel patterns have changed over time due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, and to investigate what patterns, policies, and behaviors are expected to look like in the future. To investigate this an embedded case study of organizations in Sweden has been conducted. The organizations operate in different sectors which gives a broad view of the case. A qualitative approach was chosen where data was collected from semi-structured interviews as well as from internal documents from the organizations. By using two different data sources together with theory, triangulation was possible. On 13 March 2020, the Swedish government announced restrictions specifying that everyone who could work from home should do so. It is also clearly shown that both domestic and international trips drastically decreased during the pandemic. All the organizations had a decrease in business related travel and only unavoidable trips were made. Habits, patterns, and policies regarding business travel changed during, and after the pandemic, as an effect of institutional processes and an increased awareness of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). It is also clear that organizations in Sweden have realized the benefits of working in a digital context, but still want to meet face-to-face when it is considered necessary. Policies, patterns, and habits have clearly changed as an effect of the pandemic and resulted in increased awareness of sustainability and especially CSR. People require more flexible working methods and organizations prioritize working both cost- and time efficient. In the future business traveling will most likely continue to decrease due to increased awareness of sustainability and development of digital tools that fulfill the requirements and needs of organizations. Also, the development of more sustainable travel options will affect and change travel patterns and behaviors. However, future investigations of organizations in Sweden could include more organizations from other sectors and of different sizes which would give an even broader view of the case. / COVID-19 pandemin rubbade världen genom att förändra och påverka de sociala metoderna när miljontals anställda tvingades att stanna hemma och börja jobba digitalt. Målet med denna studie är att undersöka hur mönster för affärsresande har förändrats över tid till följd av den globala COVID-19 pandemin, men också att undersöka hur mönster, policys och beteenden är förväntade att se ut i framtiden. För att undersöka detta så har en inbäddad fallstudie av organisationer i Sverige genomförts. Organisationerna är verksamma inom olika sektorer för att ge en bred bild av situationen. En kvalitativ metod har använts där data har samlats in från semistrukturerade intervjuer och interna dokument från de olika organisationerna. Två typer av data tillsammans med teori har gjort triangulering möjlig. Den 13 mars 2020 så presenterade Sveriges regering restriktioner som specificerade att alla som kunde arbeta hemifrån skulle göra detta. Det går också tydligt att se att både inrikes- och utrikes resande dramatiskt minskade under pandemin. Samtliga organisationer hade drastiskt minskat resande och endast nödvändiga resor genomfördes. Vanor, mönster och policyer för affärsresor förändrades både under och efter pandemin som en effekt av institutionella processer och en ökad medvetenhet för Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Det är också tydligt att organisationer i Sverige har insett fördelarna med att jobba i en digital miljö, men att de samtidigt vill mötas fysiskt när det är nödvändigt.  Policyer, mönster och beteenden har tydligt förändrats till följd av pandemin samt av ökad medvetenhet kring hållbarhet och mer specifikt CSR. Fler flexibla arbetsmetoder efterfrågas och organisationer prioriterar att arbeta både kost- och tidseffektivt. Affärsresande kommer förmodligen att minska i framtiden till följd av ökad medvetenhet kring hållbarhet samt som en effekt av att digitala verktyg blir alltmer utvecklade och därigenom kan uppfylla krav och önskemål från organisationer. Även utvecklingen av mer hållbara resealternativ kommer att påverka framtida resmönster och beteenden. Framtida studier om organisationer i Sverige bör inkludera fler företag från andra sektorer och av fler storlekar för att ge en ännu bredare bild av situationen.