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This paper explores how CSR can be eliminating the discrimination of sexual orientation in the employment between the constraints of state governance and market competition by applying CSR as a strategy of institutional innovation to reach the goal of protecting equality of rights for gay people in the workplace. From interview data, we find CSR has positive effects to make up the limitations within the social regulations of Taiwan government and heteronormativity. In contrast to the Gender Equality in Employment Act imposed by government, CSR as a bottom-up model of institutional practice it will internally provides corporations advantages to maintain their privileges as passing through the failure of state and enterprise systems. By analyzing the CSR ideas, we contend that CSR is a feasible project of social innovation for corporations to create friendly work environments by planning gender equality programs of training, advocating recognition of gay civil partnership, and including anti-discrimination of sexual orientation into CSR routines.

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No / In normal vision, detecting a kink (a change in orientation) in a line is scale invariant: it depends solely on the length/width ratio of the line (D. Whitaker, D. M. Levi, & G. J. Kennedy, 2008). Here we measure detection of a change in the orientation of lines of different length and blur and show that strabismic amblyopia is qualitatively different from normal foveal vision, in that: 1) stimulus blur has little effect on performance in the amblyopic eye, and 2) integration of orientation information follows a different rule. In normal foveal vision, performance improves in proportion to the square root of the ratio of line length to blur (L: B). In strabismic amblyopia improvement is proportional to line length. Our results are consistent with a substantial degree of internal neural blur in first-order cortical filters. This internal blur results in a loss of scale invariance in the amblyopic visual system. Peripheral vision also shows much less effect of stimulus blur and a failure of scale invariance, similar to the central vision of strabismic amblyopes. Our results suggest that both peripheral vision and strabismic amblyopia share a common bottleneck in having a truncated range of spatial mechanisms-a range that becomes more restricted with increasing eccentricity and depth of amblyopia. / Leverhulme Trust, Wellcome Trust, NIH

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Yes / Humans manipulate objects chiefly within their lower visual field, a consequence of upright posture and the anatomical position of hands and arms.This study tested the hypothesis of enhanced sensitivity to a range of stimuli within the lower visual field. Following current models of hierarchical processing within the ventral steam, discrimination sensitivity was measured for orientation, curvature, shape (radial frequency patterns), and faces at various para-central locations (horizontal, vertical, and main diagonal meridians) and eccentricities (5° and 10°). Peripheral sensitivity was isotropic for orientation and curvature. By contrast, observers were significantly better at discriminating shapes throughout the lower visual field compared to elsewhere. For faces, however, peak sensitivity was found in the left visual field, corresponding to the right hemispheric localization of human face processing. Presenting head outlines without any internal features (e.g., eyes, mouth) recovered the lower visual field advantage found for simple shapes. A lower visual field preference for the shape of an object, which is absent for more localized information (orientation and curvature) but also for more complex objects (faces), is inconsistent with a strictly feed-forward model and poses a challenge for multistage models of object perception. The distinct lower visual field preference for contour shapes is, however, consistent with an asymmetry at intermediate stages of visual processing, which may play a key role in representing object characteristics that are particularly relevant to visually guided actions.

This thesis consists of five essays on the economic outcomes of immigrants and homosexuals on the labour and housing market. Essay I evaluates the effect of an in-work benefit on the labour supply of single immigrant women by means of simulation. Although, on average, there is no significant effect, we find that the in-work benefit increases the working hours of single women with low incomes and slightly decreases the working hours of those with high incomes. The increase in working hours is primarily a result of increased participation. As expected, the positive effect is largest for the immigrant groups with the lowest participation rates and lowest labour incomes. Essay II studies intergenerational transmissions in self-employment. The results show that immigrants transfer general human capital over three generations in the sense that individuals whose fathers and grandfathers are self-employed have a higher self-employment propensity. For natives, only the father’s self-employment affects the son’s probability of becoming self-employed. Furthermore, the results show that natives transfer specific human capital from father to son, which increases the probability of sons becoming self-employed in the industry in which their fathers are self-employed. Essay III explores the effect of self-employment experience on subsequent earnings and the employment of male and female immigrant wage earners. We find that, relative to continued wage employment, self-employment is associated with lower earnings and difficulties in returning to paid employment for both immigrant men and women. The effect is less severe for natives. Among immigrant groups, the results give little support that self-employment experience improves earnings and employment prospects compared to experience from wage employment.  Essay IV applies a field experiment to investigate how increasing the information about applicants affects discrimination against male Arab/Muslim applicants on the rental housing market. The Arab/Muslim applicants received fewer responses from the landlords than did the Swedish applicants. All of the applicants gained by providing more information about themselves, but the magnitude of discrimination against the Arab/Muslim applicants remained unchanged, indicating that increasing the amount of applicant information will not reduce discrimination. Essay V studies possible discrimination against lesbians in the rental housing market using a field experiment. We let two fictitious couples, one heterosexual and one homosexual, apply for vacant apartments on the Internet. We then explored if there were differences in callbacks, invitations to further contact and/or showings. The results show no indication of differential treatment of lesbians by landlords.

Formål: Formålet med denne undersøgelse er at få viden om, og belyse fænomenet seksuel orienterings diskrimination (SOD), og få indsigt i hvordan homoseksuelle mænd, på en mandsdomineret arbejdsplads som det danske Forsvar, oplever SOD og hvilken betydning det har for dem. Desuden er hensigten at få viden om og indsigt i hvordan problematikker vedrørende SOD på en mandsdomineret arbejdsplads, som Forsvaret i Danmark kan imødegås og håndteres. Metode: Transskriberede semi-strukturede dybde interviews er anvendt som undersøgelsesredskab. Teoretisk udvælgelse, kodning, komparation og konceptualisering som beskrevet i ”Grounded Theory” er anvendt som analyseinstrument. Resultater: Ud fra analysen af data voksede en kernekategori og fire hovedkategorier frem, som tilsammen udgør kerneprocessen. Minoritetsstyrkeblev studiets kernekategori, som har sit udspring fra de fire hovedkategorier: Stressorer, Identifikation, Mestring og Miljø. Ud fra resultaterne voksede en Minoritesstyrkemodelfrem. Konklussion: Homoseksuelle mænd håndterer et komplekst udvalg af mestringsstrategier, som anvendes i forskellige situationer hvor diskriminering på baggrund af seksuel orientering finder sted. På trods af de negative minoritetsstressorer, som homoseksuelle mænd i den danske Forsvar erfarer, så udviser informanterne en unik Oplevelse af sammenhæng; Meningsfuldhed; Begribelighedog Håndterbarhed, hvilket leder til Minoritetsstyrke. For at forskningen skal være til gavn for hele befolkningen, så gøres i denne undersøgelse opmærksom på nødvendigheden af at inkludere spørgsmål om seksuel orientering i folkesundhedsvidenskabelig forskning. En inkluderende personale politik, undervisning vedrørende HBT personers vilkår og rekrutteringskampagner specielt rettet mod homoseksuelle, medføre større kompetence blandt alle på arbejdspladsen. Studiet har vist at arbejdet, med at forebygge diskriminering på baggrund af seksuel orientering, kræver en multistrategisk indsats på tværfagligt, intersektorielt niveau og et salutogent perspektiv uden at placere alt ansvar på det enkelte individ / Aim: This study aimed to improve knowledge about and illuminate the phenomenon of sexual orientation discrimination (SOD), particularly as perceived by homosexual men in a male-dominated workplace such as the Danish Armed Forces. We also sought to increase understanding of how such discrimination affects those individuals. Moreover, wesought to increase knowledge about and highlight the challenges and problems regarding SOD in the context of coping strategies. Method: We used transcribed semi-structured in-depth interviews as our survey tool. To analyze our results, we used open, axial, and selective coding, as described in grounded theory. Results: Data analysis allowed us to identify minority power (MP) as a core variable. Further, MP is sourced in the four main categories: stressors, coping, environment, and identity, which are elements of the core process. The MP model that emerged from our results illustrates the core process. Conclusion: The study shows that homosexual men use a complex range of coping strategies in different situations where SOD occurs. Despite the negative minority stressors experienced by homosexual men in the Danish Armed Forces, the subjects showed a unique sense of coherence—meaningfulness, comprehension, and manageability—that leads to MP. To benefit the entire population, this study emphasized the need to include questions about sexual orientation in public health research. The study shows that training about the special social conditions for the LGBT population, a diversity policy, and recruitment campaigns aimed at homosexuals result in greater competence among all individuals in the workplace. Preventing discrimination based on sexual orientation requires a salutogen perspective and multifactorial strategy on an intersectorial and interdisciplinary level without placing all responsibility on the individual / <p>ISBN 978-91-85721-72-6</p>