京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22653号 / 工博第4737号 / 新制||工||1740(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 山田 忠史, 教授 藤井 聡, 准教授 SCHMOECKER Jan-Dirk / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Today’s metropolitan areas see changes in populations and land development occurring at faster rates than transportation planning can be updated. This dissertation explores the use of a new dataset from the location-based social networking spectrum to analyze origin-destination travel demand within Austin, TX. A detailed exploration of the proposed data source is conducted to determine its overall capabilities with respect to the Austin area demographics. A new methodology is proposed for the creation of origin-destination matrices using a peer-to-peer modeling structure. This methodology is compared against a previously examined and more traditional approach, the doubly-constrained gravity model, to understand the capabilities of both models with various friction functions. Each method is examined within the constructs of the study area’s existing origin-destination matrix by examining the coincidence ratios, mean errors, mean absolute errors, frequency ratios, swap ratios, trip length distributions, zonal trip generation and attraction heat maps, and zonal origin-destination flow patterns. Through multiple measures, this dissertation provides initial interpretations of the robust Foursquare data collected for the Austin area. Based upon the data analytics performed, the Foursquare data source is shown to be capable of providing immensely detailed spatial-temporal data that can be utilized as a supplementary data source to traditional transportation planning data collection methods or in conjunction with other data sources, such as social networking platforms. The examination of the proposed peer-to-peer methodology presented within this dissertation provides a first look at the potential of many-to-many modeling for transportation planning. The peer-to-peer model was found to be superior to the doubly-constrained gravity model with respect to intrazonal trips. Furthermore, the peer-to-peer model was found to better estimate productions, attractions, and zone to zone movements when a linear function was used for long trips, and was computationally more proficient for all models examined.

No description available.

Apresenta-se um procedimento para estimativa da matriz origem-destino (O/D) a partir de um modelo de escolha discreta em combinação com uma matriz O/D de transporte público, a qual pode ser estimada de maneira relativamente fácil e rápida. O modelo de escolha discreta utilizado para realizar a divisão modal é o modelo logit multinomial. A calibração do modelo logit é realizada com base em 505 observações e considerando três situações: a população de viajantes sem segmentação, com segmentação segundo posse de automóvel no domicílio, e com segmentação segundo a distância de viagem. Analisa-se a precisão da estimativa do número de viagens quando as zonas de controle que formam a área de estudo são divididas segundo o critério de distância de acesso às linhas de ônibus. Na verificação realizada são empregados dados obtidos da pesquisa domiciliar realizada na cidade de Bauru, SP. Os erros cometidos na estimativa são medidos e comparados com os resultados obtidos na pesquisa domiciliar sem expansão. O trabalho demostrou experimentalmente que o procedimento proposto é uma alternativa viável para se obter a distribuição de viagens e, portanto, para determinar a matriz O/D. / A procedure is presented for estimating an origin-destination (O/D) matrix using a discrete choice model jointly with a public transport O/D matrix; the latter being relatively easy and fast to obtain. A multinomial logit discrete choice model is used to determine the mode split of travelers among several available modes. The model is estimated using a sample of 505 observations chosen from a household 0/D survey in the city of Bauru, state of Sao Paulo. This survey is used throughout to verify the results of the proposed methodology. Three different models are considered: one without segmentation of the population, one with segmentation according to car ownership and one with segmentation according to travel distance. An examination is made of the changes on the level of precision of the number of trips estimated with the division of the control zones that conform the study area; the aforementioned division was carried out on the basis of an access distance to the bus network criterion. The estimation errors are measured and compared to the unexpanded O/D survey results. The research shows empirically that the proposed procedure can be used to obtain the distribution of trips and hence to determine an aggregate O/D matrix.

Apresenta-se um procedimento para estimativa da matriz origem-destino (O/D) a partir de um modelo de escolha discreta em combinação com uma matriz O/D de transporte público, a qual pode ser estimada de maneira relativamente fácil e rápida. O modelo de escolha discreta utilizado para realizar a divisão modal é o modelo logit multinomial. A calibração do modelo logit é realizada com base em 505 observações e considerando três situações: a população de viajantes sem segmentação, com segmentação segundo posse de automóvel no domicílio, e com segmentação segundo a distância de viagem. Analisa-se a precisão da estimativa do número de viagens quando as zonas de controle que formam a área de estudo são divididas segundo o critério de distância de acesso às linhas de ônibus. Na verificação realizada são empregados dados obtidos da pesquisa domiciliar realizada na cidade de Bauru, SP. Os erros cometidos na estimativa são medidos e comparados com os resultados obtidos na pesquisa domiciliar sem expansão. O trabalho demostrou experimentalmente que o procedimento proposto é uma alternativa viável para se obter a distribuição de viagens e, portanto, para determinar a matriz O/D. / A procedure is presented for estimating an origin-destination (O/D) matrix using a discrete choice model jointly with a public transport O/D matrix; the latter being relatively easy and fast to obtain. A multinomial logit discrete choice model is used to determine the mode split of travelers among several available modes. The model is estimated using a sample of 505 observations chosen from a household 0/D survey in the city of Bauru, state of Sao Paulo. This survey is used throughout to verify the results of the proposed methodology. Three different models are considered: one without segmentation of the population, one with segmentation according to car ownership and one with segmentation according to travel distance. An examination is made of the changes on the level of precision of the number of trips estimated with the division of the control zones that conform the study area; the aforementioned division was carried out on the basis of an access distance to the bus network criterion. The estimation errors are measured and compared to the unexpanded O/D survey results. The research shows empirically that the proposed procedure can be used to obtain the distribution of trips and hence to determine an aggregate O/D matrix.

For most kind of analyses in the field of traffic planning, there is a need for origin--destination (OD) matrices, which specify the travel demands between the origin and destination nodes in the network. This thesis concerns the OD-matrix estimation problem, that is, the calculation of OD-matrices using observed link flows. Both time-independent and time-dependent models are considered, and we also study the placement of link flow detectors. Many methods have been suggested for OD-matrix estimation in time-independent models, which describe an average traffic situation. We assume a user equilibrium to hold for the link flows in the network and recognize a bilevel structure of the estimation problem. A descent heuristic is proposed, in which special attention is given to the issue of calculating the change of a link flow with respect to a change of the travel demand in a certain pair of origin and destination nodes. When a time-dimension is considered, the estimation problem becomes more complex. Besides the problem of distributing the travel demand onto routes, the flow propagation in time and space must also be handled. The time-dependent OD-matrix estimation problem is the subject for two studies. The first is a case study, where the conventional estimation technique is improved through introducing pre-adjustment schemes, which exploit the structure of the information contained in the OD-matrix and the link flow observations. In the second study, an algorithm for time-independent estimation is extended to the time-dependent case and tested for a network from Stockholm, Sweden. Finally, we study the underlying problem of finding those links where traffic flow observations are to be performed, in order to ensure the best possible quality of the estimated OD-matrix. There are different ways of quantifying a common goal to cover as much traffic as possible, and we create an experimental framework in which they can be evaluated. Presupposing that consistent flow observations from all the links in the network yields the best estimate of the OD-matrix, the lack of observations from some links results in a relaxation of the estimation problem, and a poorer estimate. We formulate the problem to place link flow detectors as to achieve the least relaxation with a limited number of detectors.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-09T17:56:30Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Halley Wesley Alexandre Silva Gondim - 2016 (1).pdf: 15892728 bytes, checksum: e9684125eabb07d49d83c85ef1bbf09f (MD5) Tese - Halley Wesley Alexandre Silva Gondim - 2016 (2).pdf: 10523014 bytes, checksum: 52042d7327e7971273d29f0761db1474 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-13T19:13:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Halley Wesley Alexandre Silva Gondim - 2016 (1).pdf: 15892728 bytes, checksum: e9684125eabb07d49d83c85ef1bbf09f (MD5) Tese - Halley Wesley Alexandre Silva Gondim - 2016 (2).pdf: 10523014 bytes, checksum: 52042d7327e7971273d29f0761db1474 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-13T19:13:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Halley Wesley Alexandre Silva Gondim - 2016 (1).pdf: 15892728 bytes, checksum: e9684125eabb07d49d83c85ef1bbf09f (MD5) Tese - Halley Wesley Alexandre Silva Gondim - 2016 (2).pdf: 10523014 bytes, checksum: 52042d7327e7971273d29f0761db1474 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-26 / Most of the medium and large cities in the world suffer from the problems related to the growth of the number of vehicles. Congestion, air pollution and weather are some examples of these problems, today constantly reminded of the great damage done to citizens. The use of Information Visualization techniques can serve to support the analysis of these problems and help identify viable and effective solutions for them. On the other hand, the application of Information Visualization to the problems of urban traffic is still a poorly explored area and generally focused on simple aspects of traffic. The present thesis thus addresses the lack of studies in this area, especially in the representation of data related to origin-destination (OD) matrices. In order to do so, a specific classification is proposed for visualizations aimed at the urban traffic scenario, with the purpose of facilitating the identification of works and authors related to the area. In addition, there is the creation of new visualizations, directed to OD arrays, in order to offer different alternatives in the representation of traffic data. Finally, an approach is proposed to evaluate visualizations of OD matrices and correlated information, with the intention of offering adequate feedback to interface designers and enabling the creation of more effective visualizations. / A maioria das cidades de médio e grande porte no mundo sofre dos problemas relacionados ao crescimento do número de veículos. Congestionamentos, poluição do ar e desperdício de tempo são alguns exemplos desses problemas, hoje constantemente lembrados frente aos grandes prejuízos causados aos cidadãos. A utilização de técnicas de Visualização de Informações pode servir para apoiar a análise desses problemas e ajudar a identificar soluções viáveis e efetivas para os mesmos. Por outro lado, a aplicação de Visualização de Informações aos problemas de tráfego urbano ainda é uma área pouco explorada e geralmente focada em aspectos simples do trânsito. A presente tese vem, assim, suprir a carência por estudos nessa área, em especial na representação de dados relacionados a matrizes Origem-Destino (OD). Para tanto, propõe-se uma classificação específica para visualizações voltadas ao cenário do tráfego urbano, com o objetivo de facilitar a identificação de trabalhos e autores relacionados à área. Além disso, há a criação de novas visualizações, voltadas para matrizes ODs, com o intuito de oferecer diferentes alternativas na representação de dados do trânsito. Por fim, propõe-se uma abordagem para avaliar visualizações de matrizes OD e informações correlacionadas, com o intuito de oferecer um feedback adequado aos designers de interface e possibilitar a criação de visualizações mais efetivas.

This diploma thesis deals with a proposal and a comparison of several options of transportation planning in the shopping area in the urban area of the town of Modřice, which is enlarging due to the building-up of new commercial centres. The first part of the thesis consists of a treatise on the field of traffic engineering, road-traffic telematics and ITS. The core of the work is formed by a detailed analysis of the current state and calibration of the transport simulation system AIMSUN. The following part shows three different ways of transportation in the given area and all of them include a model of the particular area made in the program AIMSUN and an elaborate analysis of the proposed solution. In the last part of the work all the proposed solutions are compared according to the results gained from the AIMSUN model.

La presente tesis tiene por finalidad proponer rutas alternas a través de la identificación de líneas de deseo en el área delimitada por los alrededores de los ejes Av. Primavera, Jr. El Polo y Av. La Encalada, debido a la alta congestión vehicular que se observa en horas pico, identificadas a través de los aforos vehiculares realizados. En primer lugar, se zonifica el área de estudio según su uso de suelo, la delimitación consta de 11 zonas, siendo 6 microzonas y 5 macrozonas. Seguido del aforo vehicular en 5 puntos estratégicos dentro del área en estudio donde existe ingreso de mayor flujo vehicular a la zona. Con la data obtenida en campo se permite cuantificar el número total de encuestas a realizar en cada uno de los 5 puntos de aforo con y se elabora una matriz O-D que es determinante para identificar las líneas de deseo, estas líneas ayuda a identificar los tipos de viaje, tales son los viajes intrazonales, interzonales, viajes de paso y externos. Por lo que, el estudio se centra en los viajes de paso. Estos son aquellos que no necesitan pasar por el área de estudio para llegar a su destino; las encuestas se destinan para cada tipo de vehículo que circula por la zona y también para los peatones. Una vez obtenida la cantidad de encuestas, se plantea el modelo de encuesta a realizar con el objetivo de tener los motivos y los modos de viaje realizados por los usuarios de la vía. Luego, se procede a realizar los trabajos en gabinete, donde se modela en el Software TransCad toda la red vial a escala y se reconoce todos los accesos y salidas de la zona. Al identificar en el software TransCad la línea de deseo con mayor demanda, se plantea el modelo ideal donde se logra desviar los viajes de paso. Los desvíos propuestos son el giro hacia la izquierda en la Av. Angamos hacia la Av. Velazco Astete con salida a la vía de Evitamiento, para los viajes de la zona XX hacia la zona ZZ. Y el cierre del giro en U en la Av. Primavera entre la Av. Encalada y el Jr. El Polo. Finalmente, a través del modelo gravitacional se pudo evaluar condiciones futuras, calibrando los parámetros. Así, se obtiene la generación y atracción de viajes para el año horizonte de planificación en cada una de las zonas definidas. / This thesis aims to propose detours through the identification of lines of desire in the area demarcated by the vicinity of the axes Av. Primavera, Jr. The Polo and Av. The Encalada, due to the high congestion that is observed in peak times that according to the analysis that through the vehicular capacities could be identified. First, the area of study is zoned according to its use of soil, the delimitation consists of 11 zones, being 6 microzones and 5 superzones. Followed by vehicular capacity in the 4 strategic points established where there is entry of greater vehicular flow to the area. With the data obtained in field allows us to quantify the total number of surveys to be carried out at each gauging point and elaborates a matrix O-D that is determinant for the identification and the lines of desire, these lines will not help to identify Ar the types of travel so we will focus on passing trips, these are those who do not need to pass through the study area to reach their destination; The surveys are destined for every type of vehicle that circulates in the area and also for pedestrians. Once the number of surveys has been obtained, the model of the survey to be carried out with the objective of having the reasons and the modes of travel made by the users of the track is raised. Then, work is done in the cabinet, which will model in the Software TransCad the entire road network to scale and recognize all access and exits of the area. The TRANSCAD will identify the line of desire with the highest demand, and the ideal model where it manages to divert the passing of passages. The possible deviations proposed will be the left turn in Av. Angamos towards Av. Velazco Astete with Exit to the bypass, for trips from the XX zone to the ZZ area. And the closing of the U-turn on Av. Primavera between Av. Encalada and Jr. The pole. Finally, through the gravitational model you can evaluate future conditions, calibrating the parameters. And get the generation and attraction of travel for the year horizon planning in each of the defined areas. / Tesis

L’estimation des matrices origine-destination (OD) est un sujet de recherche important depuis les années 1950. En effet, ces tableaux à deux entrées recensent la demande de transport d'une zone géographique donnée et sont de ce fait un élément clé de l'ingénierie du trafic. Historiquement, les seules données disponibles pour leur estimation par les statistiques étaient les comptages de véhicules par les boucles magnétiques. Ce travail s'inscrit alors dans le contexte de l'installation à Brisbane de plus de 600 détecteurs Bluetooth qui ont la capacité de détecter et d'identifier les appareils électroniques équipés de cette technologie.Dans un premier temps, il explore la possibilité offerte par ces détecteurs pour les applications en ingénierie du transport en caractérisant ces données et leurs bruits. Ce projet aboutit, à l'issue de cette étude, à une méthode de reconstruction des trajectoires des véhicules équipés du Bluetooth à partir de ces seules données. Dans un second temps, en partant de l'hypothèse que l'accès à des échantillons importants de trajectoires va se démocratiser, cette thèse propose d'étendre la notion de matrice OD à celle de matrice OD par lien afin de combiner la description de la demande avec celle de l'utilisation du réseau. Reposant sur les derniers outils méthodologies développés en optimisation convexe, nous proposons une méthode d'estimation de ces matrices à partir des trajectoires inférées par Bluetooth et des comptages routiers.A partir de peu d'hypothèses, il est possible d'inférer ces nouvelles matrices pour l'ensemble des utilisateurs d'un réseau routier (indépendamment de leur équipement en nouvelles technologies). Ce travail se distingue ainsi des méthodes traditionnelles d'estimation qui reposaient sur des étapes successives et indépendantes d'inférence et de modélisation. / Origin Destination matrix estimation is a critical problem of the Transportation field since the fifties. OD matrix is a two-entry table taking census of the zone-to-zone traffic of a geographic area. This traffic description tools is therefore paramount for traffic engineering applications. Traditionally, the OD matrix estimation has solely been based on traffic counts collected by networks of magnetic loops. This thesis takes place in a context with over 600 Bluetooth detectors installed in the City of Brisbane. These detectors permit in-car Bluetooth device detection and thus vehicle identification.This manuscript explores first, the potentialities of Bluetooth detectors for Transport Engineering applications by characterising the data, their noises and biases. This leads to propose a new methodology for Bluetooth equipped vehicle trajectory reconstruction. In a second step, based on the idea that probe trajectories will become more and more available by means of new technologies, this thesis proposes to extend the concept of OD matrix to the one of link dependent origin destination matrix that describes simultaneously both the traffic demand and the usage of the network. The problem of LOD matrix estimation is formulated as a minimisation problem based on probe trajectories and traffic counts and is then solved thanks to the latest advances in nonsmooth convex optimisation.This thesis demonstrates that, with few hypothesis, it is possible to retrieve the LOD matrix for the whole set of users in a road network. It is thus different from traditional OD matrix estimation approaches that relied on successive steps of modelling and of statistical inferences.