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Kateřina Kaderová La réforme de l'orthographe française de 1990 - Reform of the French orthography in 1990 Klíčová slova: French, reform of orthography, 1990, new orthography, teachers, the Czech Republic Diploma thesis - abstract (English) The reform of the French orthography from 1990 has not a clear position more than twenty years after its publication. Lively debates about it are calming down and it is high time to think about its future. We are going to present the reform in the whole in this work with the emphasis to the school environment which has a decisive influence to its expansion. The aim of the work is to gather enough data to formulate recommendations to Czech teachers about how to treat the reform and how much of it include in the lessons, if anything. The reform is gradually spreading especially thanks to the effort of its supporters. In French schools, it has been finally officialised but there are no rules in the Czech Republic. By means of a research among Czech teachers, we have realized that they are quite informed about the new orthography and their approach is rather positive. Some of them have been already teaching the new forms and others can join them after considering all pros and cons.

This diploma thesis builds on the previous final work of the same author, Karel Dáňa. It acquaints the reader with the reform of French orthography of 1990. The aim of the work is, in addition to the description of individual orthography changes (which were described in detail in the previous work and in this are further developed and newly offers readers connections with the original objective and meaning of the orthography phenomenon), especially the analysis of French orthography in French textbooks as a foreign language fourteen orthography rectifications. The work certainly does not aim to prevent or devalue the used French textbooks in any way. It reflects which rules apply to the teaching of French as a foreign language and, if possible, suggests alterations in the interpretation of the orthography phenomenon so that the spelling can be used without compromising the overall grasp of the new grammar curriculum. KEYWORDS ancient French orthography, new French orthography, rules, orthography changes, analysis of textbooks, work with mistakes, application of rules, alterations

Thesis (M.A. ( Translation and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / The aim of this dissertation is to examine the impact of phonetics and phonology on the Xitsonga orthography. It looks at the history of Xitsonga orthography and the developments from the missionaries’ era in the 1800s until 2013. The study also examines the contribution made by the Tsonga Language Board, the Tsonga Language Committee and Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB) in the development of Xitsonga orthography. In addition, the study focuses on the Xitsonga speech sound types and the way they are spelled by the speakers. On the other hand, there are speakers who adhere to the standard orthography whereas on the other hand there are speakers who prefer to use speech sounds according to their respective dialects. The challenges which Xitsonga speakers face on a daily basis have been outlined and what can be done to resolve them. It is suggested that more Xitsonga dictionaries should be written and published and PanSALB should ensure that booklets that deal with Xitsonga spelling rules must be distributed as widely as possible

published_or_final_version / abstract / Psychology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The purpose of this study was to examine first-graders' construction of knowledge of graphophonemic and orthographic relationships. Three levels of treatment were assigned randomly to three groups of first-graders in their first semester of first grade. Treatment varied in student engagement with reading and writing texts based on student interests and in the amount of interaction students had with one another and the researcher as they read, wrote, and examined words, word patterns, and graphophonemic relationships. The study was based on a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design (Campbell & Stanley, 1963) with an added within-subjects factor of 12 weekly test occasions. These weekly tests involved students writing a researcher-dictated continuous text selected by students in the full-treatment group from the larger portion of text read each week. Additional elements of qualitative research were included in the design and analyses. Quantitative analyses revealed statistically significant results. Qualitative data analyses confirmed that students who interacted daily with each other and the researcher in reading and writing activities constructed more knowledge about graphophonemic and orthographic relationships than peers from the partial-treatment group and the control group. Results led to conclusions and implications involving a reexamination of current and traditional methods of spelling instruction and assessment for young children.

Literacy development, particularly spelling development is an important topic in SLA because spelling ability is the foundation of literacy skills (Venezky, 1989). However, little is known about the development of spelling in ESL. Research on the development of spelling skills has focused on native English language. This study investigated English L2 spellings among Korean L1 learners of English on the basis of linguistic differences in their L1 and L2 phonology and orthography. Two groups of 3rd graders, Korean L1 English learners (N=36) and native English speakers (N=30), performed a pseudoword spelling task, in which they listened to an audio recording of a total of 34 pseudowords and dictated what they heard. The task material targeting phonological difference consists of two types of pseudowords: the consonants that exist in both English and in Korean (congruent type) and the consonants that do not exist in Korean but exist English (incongruent type). The task material targeting orthographic difference consists of two types of pseudowords: more consistent vowels and less consistent vowels. Data were tested with an experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial design with “group” and “word type” as independent variables. The groups included two groups who are from contrasting L1 backgrounds: English and Korean. For phonological difference, word type included two contrasting types: congruent and incongruent. For orthographic difference, word type included two contrasting types: more consistent and less consistent. The results support the prediction that Korean L1 learners of English would have difficulty in spelling pseudowords containing phonemes which do not exist in Korean but are present in English phonology and that learners whose L1 is relatively transparent had difficulty in spelling L2 words whose grapheme phoneme correspondence is less transparent. Further analysis on error types and pedagogical implications regarding English L2 spellings are addressed. / Department of English

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-50). / ix, 71 leaves, bound 29 cm

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:48:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Taicara_Farias_Canez_Duarte_Dissertacao.pdf: 2766548 bytes, checksum: cee2d1cd5f8bec04e3cb9eb789417146 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-15 / This research, which is connected to studies of the comprehension of the writing acquisition processes, aims at mapping students representations regarding the orthography and the morphology of Brazilian Portuguese, as well as analyzing the effects of orthography teaching tasks that address the morphology aspects of the orthographic performance and of the representational changes that may happen. The research was carried out in two steps with elementary school students in a public school in Pelotas, RS. By using three tools for data collection and an interview, the fist step evaluated the knowledge students have about certain morphemes of the language and analyzed whether there is a relation between their knowledge about the morphemes and their orthographic performance. The second step consisted of developing a practice to teach orthographic rules with a morphological-grammatical basis and observing the effect of this practice on the student s orthographic performance; modifications may be interpreted as representational changes regarding this knowledge under investigation. In general, results show that students manipulate the morphemes in the language, although the control they have over these processes is related to the type of morpheme, since some are more accessible than others. During the first step of the study, in which the suffix that forms occupations, the negative prefix in-, and verbal flexion were worked on, the students, in general, used the selected suffixes to form agentives and verbally explained their knowledge about the prefix easily. However, they could not verbalize their knowledge about the verbal flexion, even though they had used the verb endings according to verbal paradigms. Regarding the effect of the didactic interventions, there is evidence that work on the explicitation of the relation between morphemes and orthography can make the student re-elaborate his/her representations; however, this result will also be influenced by the type of morpheme under study. On one hand, data collected during the second step show that students have improved regarding the comprehension and the spelling of the morpheme esa. On the other hand, the same evolution was not observed in relation to the knowledge about verbal flexion. In general, the results of the research show the need to carry out studies to investigate the relation between the morphemes of the language and the learning of these units so that verbal explicitation can be achieved. / Esta pesquisa, vinculada a uma linha de estudos voltada à compreensão dos processos de aquisição da escrita, tem como objetivo geral mapear as representações de alunos acerca da ortografia e da morfologia da língua portuguesa e analisar o efeito de atividades de ensino da ortografia, concernentes a aspectos da morfologia, sobre o desempenho ortográfico e sobre as mudanças representacionais que possam vir a ocorrer. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em duas etapas, ambas realizadas com alunos do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola da Rede Pública Municipal de Pelotas. Por meio de três instrumentos de coleta de dados e de uma entrevista clínica, a primeira etapa da pesquisa avaliou o conhecimento dos alunos sobre determinados morfemas da língua e analisou uma possível relação entre o conhecimento sobre os morfemas e o desempenho ortográfico dos alunos. A segunda etapa consistiu em desenvolver uma prática de ensino de regras ortográficas de base morfológico-gramatical e observar o efeito dessa prática sobre possíveis modificações no desempenho ortográfico do aluno, o que pode ser interpretado como mudanças representacionais referentes ao conhecimento enfocado. Os resultados, de modo geral, evidenciam que os alunos manipulam os morfemas da língua, embora o controle que possuam sobre esses processos esteja correlacionado ao tipo de morfema envolvido, sendo alguns mais acessíveis do que outros. Na primeira etapa do estudo, em que se trabalhou com o sufixo formador de profissões, o prefixo de negação in- e a flexão verbal, os alunos, de modo geral, utilizaram os sufixos selecionados pela língua para a formação de agentivos e apresentaram facilidade para explicitar verbalmente seus conhecimentos acerca do prefixo, porém não conseguiram verbalizar seus conhecimentos em relação à flexão verbal, mesmo tendo utilizado as desinências em acordo com os paradigmas verbais. No que diz respeito ao efeito das intervenções didáticas, há indícios de que o trabalho de explicitação da relação entre morfemas e ortografia pode levar o aluno a uma reelaboração de suas representações, entretanto, esse resultado será influenciado também pelo tipo de morfema envolvido. Os dados dessa segunda etapa apontam para um avanço dos alunos no que diz respeito à compreensão e à grafia do morfema esa. Não notamos, porém, a mesma evolução no que tange ao conhecimento acerca das flexões verbais. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam, de modo geral, para a necessidade de que sejam realizados estudos que investiguem a relação entre os morfemas da língua e a aprendizagem dessas unidades em nível de explicitação verbal.

The research in this project shows that spelling needs to be taught through patterns, rhymes and the use of analogies. Weekly spelling tests are effective to assess spelling patterns, instead of useing a pre-determined collection of random words. Additionally, spelling needs to be taught within writing, not as a completely separate subject.