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by Ng Ho Hing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-120). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.2 / Acknowledgement --- p.3 / Content --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Background and Theories --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Background History --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Circuit Theories --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Electromagnetic Wave Theories --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Finite Difference Time Domain Method --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Active Antenna theory --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Active Component Finite Difference Time Domain --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Injection Locked Mixer --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Circuit Topology and Theory --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Mixer Fundamental --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Oscillator Fundamental --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Injection locking theory --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Regenerative mixer theory --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Design Methodology --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- DC Bias point consideration --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- AC signal path consideration --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Mixing and feedback at the base-emitter junction --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Final Circuit Configuration --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4 --- Circuit Characteristics --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Experiment parameters --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- "Relationship between conversion gain, injection power and center frequency" --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Locking Bandwidth and phase shift --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- "Regenerative Effect, Mode 1 injection mixing" --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4 --- Transient simulation --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- DC Bias Simulation --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- AC Simulation --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Injection Locked Transceiver --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1 --- System Architecture --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- Circuit Design --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Up-conversion Consideration --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Local Oscillator Consideration --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Bias Consideration --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Active Down-converting Mixer --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Mode 2 injection Mixing --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3 --- Antenna Design --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Antenna Choice --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- FDTD Characterization --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4 --- Integration --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Matching Techniques --- p.87 / Chapter 4.5 --- INJECTION LOCKED OSCILLATOR (LO) OPTIMIZATION --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Active Mixer Optimization --- p.89 / Chapter 4.6 --- Simulation using Extended FTDT --- p.90 / Chapter 4.7 --- Discussion --- p.91 / Chapter 4.8 --- Summary --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Injection Locked System --- p.92 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2 --- System Requirement --- p.93 / Chapter 5.3 --- System Architecture --- p.93 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Sub-system Choices --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Frequency Synthesizer --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Active Transceiver --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- IF System --- p.97 / Chapter 5.4 --- System Performance --- p.98 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Stability --- p.98 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Field pattern of the antenna --- p.100 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Locking Bandwidth versus Injection Power --- p.101 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Radiative Sensitivity and Image Selectivity --- p.102 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- Intermodulation --- p.103 / Chapter 5.4.6 --- Output Power vs Injection Frequency --- p.105 / Chapter 5.4.7 --- IF Output Vs Frequency --- p.106 / Chapter 5.4.8 --- IF Output vs DC Supply --- p.107 / Chapter 5.4.9 --- Output Power --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4.10 --- Type Approval Consideration --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4.11 --- Manufacturability consideration --- p.113 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.114 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary and Contribution --- p.114 / Chapter 6.2 --- Future Work --- p.115 / Bibliography --- p.118 / Publication List --- p.120

Chung, Wai Fung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-100). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / 摘要 --- p.III / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.IV / CONTENTS --- p.V / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.VIII / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Receiver Architecture --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Zero-IF Receivers --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Low-IF Receivers --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Hartley Architecture --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Weaver Architecture --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Image-rejection ratio --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis Organization --- p.12 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- FUNDAMENTALS OF OSCILLATOR --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Basic Oscillator Theory --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Varactor --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Inductor --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Phase noise --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The Leeson ´ةs phase noise expression --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Linear model --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Linear Time-Variant phase noise model --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- FULLY-INTEGRATED CMOS OSCILLATOR DESIGN --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- Ring oscillator --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- LC oscillator --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- LC-tank resonator --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Negative transconductance --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Generation of quadrature phase signals --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4 --- Quadrature VCO topologies --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Parallel-coupled QVCO --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Series-coupled QVCO --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- QVCO with Back-gate Coupling --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- QVCO using superharmonic coupling --- p.49 / Chapter 3.5 --- Novel QVCO using back-gate superharmonic coupling --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Tuning range --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Negative gm --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Phase noise calculation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Coupling coefficient --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Low-voltage and low-power design --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5.6 --- Layout Consideration --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.6.1 --- Symmetrical Layout and parasitics --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.6.2 --- Metal width and number of vias --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.6.3 --- Substrate contact and guard ring --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.7 --- Simulation Results --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5.7.1 --- Frequency and output power --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5.7.2 --- Quadrature signal generation --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.7.3 --- Tuning range --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.7.4 --- Power consumption --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.7.5 --- Phase noise --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6 --- Polyphase filter and Single-sideband mixer design --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Polyphase filter --- p.72 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Layout Consideration --- p.74 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Simulation results --- p.76 / Chapter 3.7 --- Comparison with parallel-coupled QVCO --- p.78 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS --- p.80 / Chapter 4.1 --- Test Fixture --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2 --- Measurement set-up --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3 --- Measurement results --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Proposed QVCO using back-gate superharmonic coupling --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Output Spectrum --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Tuning range --- p.87 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Phase noise --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- Power consumption --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3.1.5 --- Image-rejection ratio --- p.89 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Parallel-coupled QVCO --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Output spectrum --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Power consumption --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- Tuning range --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.2.4 --- Phase noise --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparison between proposed and parallel-coupled QVCO --- p.93 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusions --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future work --- p.97 / REFERENCES --- p.98

Several pulsed optical oscillators (OPOs) based on periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) and pumped by single longitudinal mode Ti:sapphire lasers have been developed. These OPOs provide access to important spectroscopic regions in the 1 - 5.5 [mu]m region and can be rapidly turned by varying the pump wavelength. Previously many of the OPOs developed to take advantage of PPLN relied on a combination of period selection and temperature tuning and as a result were slow and cumbersome to tune. This problem my be avoided by using tunable pump sources or acoustically induced strain waves. Several candidate OPO pump sources were characterised. These pump sources with themselves pumped by lasers operating at repetition reates of either 1.5 kHz (high repetition rate) or 10Hz (low repetition rate). High repetition rate systems include: a Ti-sapphire laser, injection seeded by a single longitudinal mode diode laser, several coupled cavity Ti:sapphire lasers with bandwidths less than 100 Ghz and Cr:forsterite lasers narrowed by prisms and étalons. The low repetition rate systems were all coupled cavity Ti:sapphire lasers one of which was single and double pass amplified. Of these it was found that only the high repetition rate injection seeded laser and the low repetition Ti:sapphire lasers were suitable as OPO pump sources. OPOs were characterised at high and low repetition rates. The high repetition rate system exhibited a low threshold of oscillation (18.7 [mu]J) and a low overall efficiency (25%) which was thought to be due to the pulse to pulse variability of the Ti:sapphire bandwidth. The tuning range of the OPO was 932 to 1310 nm (signal) and 1.989 [mu]m to 5.281 [mu]m (idler) using multiple poling periods and only 15 nm of pump tuning. OPO oscillation on two separate signals simultaneously was observed. Two separate low repetition rate systems were investigated; the first was tuned from 1200 to 1600 nm (signal) and from 1600 to 2400 nm (idler) on a single poling period with a high absolute efficiency of 35% and a threshold of 180 [mu]J. The second OPO was tuned from 940 to 1220 nm (signal) and 2.2 to 4.3 [mu]m (idler) on a single poling period. The absolute efficiency of the system was 25% and the threshold was 200 [mu]J. OPO oscillation on two separate signals was investigated using an OPO based on grazing incidence configured cavity. It was found that the signals coupled together through Raman transitions present in lithium niobate and that coupling reduced the efficiency of the device as a whole. The affect of an acoustically induced strain field on the optical nonlinearity of tetragonal ferroelectric materials was investigated. It was found that the optical nonlinear coefficient varies linearly with the cell displacement and as the square root of the acoustic power. A crystal designed to implement a quasi phase matched interaction based on this variation is proposed.

Thesis (M.S. in electrical engineering)--Washington State University, December 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-56).

This thesis presents distinctly different methods of accurately predicting phase noise and absolute jitter in ring oscillators. The phase noise prediction methods are the commercially available SpectreRF and isf_tool, a simulator developed in this work from the Hajimiri and Lee theory of phase noise. Absolute jitter due to deterministic supply and substrate noise is predicted by Spectre time domain simulations and equations developed that can predict the absolute jitter due to a sinusoidal noise source at any frequency. These jitter prediction methods show that ring oscillator circuits respond differently to deterministic noise that is injected symmetrically versus noise that is injected asymmetrically, and a new jitter metric, peak jitter, is developed in this work to characterize absolute jitter caused by deterministic noise sources. These prediction methods are validated with measurements from two test chips with a combined 18 oscillators and 5 distinct architectures, and both are fabricated in the TSMC 0.35μm process. Each prediction method is shown to be consistent with over 2500 phase noise measurements taken from 10 oscillators and 5 architectures and over 1200 absolute jitter measurements due to sinusoidal supply and substrate noise taken from 11 oscillators and 3 architectures. / Graduation date: 2002

Recent developments in digital communications at microwave frequencies have revealed that local oscillator phase noise is often a factor in the bit error rate (BER) analysis. Digital signals transported across microwave radio links acquire waveform jitter from local oscillator phase noise. As jitter increases so does BER. The main goals of the investigations described in this dissertation are to demonstrate the feasibility of determining rms jitter from measured phase noise and to develop mathematical models to describe how local oscillator phase noise is added to an information signal passing through a radio link. The first goal of estimating jitter from phase noise data has many applications. An obvious use is to specify the phase noise performance of a local oscillator for a given jitter specification which in turn may be specified for a desired BER level. A less obvious application is the ability to estimate the jitter of a microwave or millimeter wave signal based on measured phase noise. At these high frequencies it is often impractical or impossible to measure jitter directly due to performance limitations of time domain equipment such as the digital sampling oscilloscopes (DSO) which are typically limited to about 22 GHz. Conversely spectrum analysis techniques are well developed that allow accurate phase noise measurements to be performed well beyond 100 GHz. Experiments which validate the known relation between an oscillator's single sideband phase noise and associated mean square jitter [8, 28] are presented. Test equipment was developed to allow the addition of phase noise in a controlled manner to a clean reference signal which for practical purposes has no inherent jitter. By performing the experiments at the relatively low frequency of 33.333 MHz both the phase noise and jitter could be measured easily. Comparing the rms jitter predicted from phase noise data to direct measurement with a Digital Sampling Oscilloscope determined that the relation gave typically less than 14% error with a worst case disagreement of 24%. The experiment had an estimated uncertainty of �� 17%. This level of agreement is acceptable for many BER applications, which often specify jitter to an order of magnitude. The second goal of the research was to develop a model which describes how the phase noise of transmitter and receiver local oscillators add to an information signal carried over a communications link. It is shown that this added phase noise can in principle be eliminated in a double sideband communications system when the relative phase difference between the two local oscillators is synchronized to N��, where N is any integer. Experiments were performed which validated the predicted results. It was found that using real components allowed a 24 dB reduction added phase noise when compared to the case when no synchronization was used. A practical circuit is proposed to implement the technique in a practical manner for real radio systems. A final area of research presented phase noise measurements for a Gunn diode microwave integrated circuit (MIC) voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) in the 18 GHz region. The single sideband phase noise ratio of -96 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset frequency was significantly better than current published data for MESFET, HBT, and PHEMT VCOs at similar frequencies. These results are important in the area of digital radios, since improved phase noise allows higher data rates and reduces adjacent channel power. / Graduation date: 1999

The recent demand for wireless transceivers has created a flurry of research into nontraditional receiver architectures. The homodyne receiver, because of its high degree of integration, low complexity and low power consumption, has surfaced a desirable alternative to the well-known heterodyne receiver. However, distortions such as gain and phase imbalance severely degrade the performance of the homodyne receiver. These imbalances, which are caused by impairments of the employed analog devices, are intensified because quadrature demodulation is performed at very high frequencies with a weak input signal. Thus, there exists a great need for low complexity techniques to compensate for these imbalances. In this thesis, we present a new, simplified method for the estimation and the correction of the gain and phase imbalances in a homodyne receiver. The estimation process is based upon carrier re-injection during idle periods of the mobile unit and thus requires only few additional analog components. This approach will be shown to yield tight estimates of the gain and the phase error. Additionally, the correction is performed in the digital domain and thus can be implemented on a digital signal processor. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated via simulations of an IS-54 transceiver. IS-54 is the North American TDMA standard for dual-mode cellular systems. / Graduation date: 1998

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1988.