Thesis (M.S. in Bio. E.)--School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. Directed by Hanjoong Jo. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-58).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-166). Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 172 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Paul W. Sciulli, Dept. of Anthropology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-154).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 94 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-58).

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing in Advanced Practice

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Master of Research in Medicine

published_or_final_version / Biochemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing in Advanced Practice

Background Lactose intolerance is a common condition which individuals are not able to completely digest lactose. Each individual has varying degree of lactose intolerance varying level of symptoms experienced. Due to the symptoms of lactose intolerance, lactose intolerant individuals are likely to eliminate milk and dairy products from their diet. Actually, milk and other dairy products are the preferred food sources of calcium for most people. It is essential to maintain adequate calcium intake everyday for the proper growth and development of bones. Individuals who avoid milk and dairy products from diet may not meet the daily requirements for calcium. Therefore, the lactose intolerant individuals are at a higher risk of osteoporosis. Calcium supplementations are an alternative source of calcium for lactose intolerant individuals who have low calcium intake to meet their daily needs. Objectives This review is to assess the impacts and effect of calcium supplements on bone density and bone fracture risk in lactose intolerant individuals. Methodology HKU library database, PubMed, and reference screening for trials published in English from 1990 to May 2014. Randomized, controlled trials of individuals using calcium supplements (calcium carbonate and calcium citrate malate) and placebo group with bone fractures and bone mass density as outcome measure. Finding Adding calcium supplements into a low calcium diet reduces the rate of bone loss and prevents bone fractures. Evidence for calcium supplements in significant reduction of bone mass density; however, the impact of calcium supplements on bone fracture risk remains unclear. Conclusion Based on my review, it shows that there is an association between the use of calcium supplementations and retardation of the rate of bone loss as well as reduction in bone fracture risk in individuals with low dietary calcium and are generally compliance with the treatment. To get enough calcium through diet is encouraged over calcium supplements. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

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