Orientador: Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles / Banca: Eduardo Kokubun / Banca: Edilson Ervolino / Resumo: A diminuição de massa óssea concomitante à progressão da idade resulta em maior incidência de fraturas, devido a mudanças microarquiteturais que são determinantes importantes para a qualidade óssea. Concomitantemente, mecanismos moleculares que agem na manutenção celular como a autofagia podem estar relacionados ao "turnover" ósseo no período do envelhecimento, sendo estes mecanismos relacionados ao processo de osteopenia/osteoporose. Neste estudo foram avaliados os efeitos do treinamento de força (TF) na microestrutura do colo do fêmur de ratas Wistar adultas (7 meses) e velhas (21 meses) submetidas ou não ao programa de exercício físico e distribuídas nos grupos: adultas não exercitadas (A/NEX); adultas exercitadas (A/EX); velhas não exercitadas (V/NEX) e velhas exercitadas (V/EX). O treinamento de força foi realizado utilizando-se escada com carga atrelada à cauda dos animais; 3 vezes por semana durante período de 120 dias. Resultados obtidos por microtomografia computadorizada (μCT) após este período demonstraram que o TF foi capaz de aumentar a espessura (Ct. Th (mm); V/EX vs A/EX p = 0,7863), momento polar de inércia médio (pMOI (mm4); A/NEX vs A/EX p = 0,0362; V/NEX vs V/EX p = 0,0032) e reduzir a porosidade da região cortical do colo do fêmur (Ct. Po (%); V/NEX vs V/EX p = 0,0406), causando aumento na área cortical total (Tt.Ar (mm²); V/NEX vs V/EX p = 0,0406). No osso trabecular notou-se maior fração do volume ósseo (BV/TV (%); V/NEX vs V/EX p = 0,006); espessura tra... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The decrease in bone mass concomitant with the progression of age results in a higher incidence of fractures, due to microarchitectural changes that are important determinants of bone quality. Concomitantly, molecular mechanisms that act in cellular maintenance such as autophagy may be related to bone turnover in the aging period, and these mechanisms are related to the osteopenia/osteoporosis process. In this study were evaluated, the effects of strength training (ST) on the femoral neck microstructure of adult (7 months) and old (21 months) female Wistar rats submitted or not to the physical exercise program and distributed in the following groups: non-exercised adult groups (A/NEX); exercised adults (A/EX); non-exercised old (O/NEX) and old exercised (O/EX). Strength training was performed using a ladder with load attached to the tail of the animals; 3 times a week for a period of 120 days. Results obtained by computerized microtomography (μCT) after this period demonstrated that the ST was able to increase the thickness (Ct.Th (mm), O/EX vs A/EX p = 0.7863), mean polar moment of inertia (mm4), A/NEX vs A/EX p = 0.0362, O/NEX vs O/EX p = 0.0032) and reduce the porosity of the cortical region of the femoral neck (Ct Po (%); O/NEX vs O/EX p = 0.0406), causing increase in the total cortical area (Tt.Ar (mm²); O/NEX vs O/EX p = 0.0406). In trabecular bone, a higher fraction of bone volume was observed (BV / TV (%), O/NEX vs O/EX p = 0.006); (Tb.Th (mm); O/NEX vs O/EX p = 0.0069; O/EX vs A/EX p <0.0001); number of trabeculae (Tb.N (1/mm) O/NEX vs O/EX p = 0.0004) and degree of anisotropy (DA O/NEX vs O/EX p = 0.0088). These changes resulted in a reduction in trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp (mm) O/EX vs A/EX p = 0.0382) and trabecular porosity (Tb.Po (%) O/NEX vs O/EX p = 0.0006 ). In addition to these... / Mestre

Background: It has been reported that dancers are at greater risk of developing low bone mineral density (BMD) compared to general population; however, some published studies also highlight the positive effects of dance training on bone metabolism. Given the existing controversy, the aim of the current work was a) to investigate bone health status of professional ballet dancers and vocational dance students, and b) to investigate associated factors and mechanisms involved in dancers’ bone health. Design Cross-sectional, longitudinal analysis (2-yrs follow-up) and genetic association studies were conducted on a population which consisted of professional ballet dancers, vocational dance students and controls. Methods: The total of 58 professional ballet dancers (66 sex- aged-matched controls), and 152 vocational dance students (96 aged- and sex-matched controls) were screened for BMD status at impact [femoral neck (FN); lumbar spine (LS)] and non-impact sites (forearm). Tanner staging, age at menarche and menstrual status were assessed via questionnaires. Bone mass, nutrition, peak height velocity estimation, energy availability, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), oestrogens, growth hormone, and sclerostin serum concentrations were longitudinally measured in a sub-sample of 101 vocational dance students and age- and sex-matched controls. Association between polymorphisms of the Wnt/β-catenin and ER signalling pathways with low BMD were further investigated. Results: Female vocational dance students were more likely to display low BMD at the forearm and LS than controls (OR= 0.1; p < 0.05 and OR=0.2; p < 0.05, respectively); the prevalence of low BMD at the forearm was significantly higher in female professional ballet dancers than controls (37.5% vs. 17.4%, p < 0.001). During the follow-up, both female and male vocational dancers revealed significantly lower BMD at impact and non-impact sites (p < 0.001) compared to controls. Serum IGF-1 concentrations were significantly increased in vocational dancers compared to controls at 2yrs follow-up (p < 0.05), as well as serum sclerostin (p < 0.05). Genetic variants at the Wnt/β-catenin and ER signalling pathways were identified as risk factors for low BMD at both impact and non-impact sites. Conclusion: Professional dancers and vocational dance students have lower bone health compared to controls. Genetic mechanisms seem to be determinant. It is recommend that dancers performing at elite level should be referred for bone densitometry.

No description available.

Cancellous bone constitutes much of the volume of bone which makes up axial skeletal sites such as the vertebrae of the spine and the femoral neck. However the increased vascularity of cancellous bone compared with cortical bone means that it is more prone to drug, endocrine and metabolic related effects and therefore these skeletal sites are more prone to the bone condition osteoporosis. With the bone condition osteoporosis increasing in prevalence it is becoming far more important not only for those at risk of having the condition to be diagnosed earlier, but also for the effects of the condition to be better understood. There is a need for the better clinical management of fractures and for therapies and medical practices that will best avoid the low trauma fractures that are seen as a consequence of the condition. This study is in two separate sections, the first constitutes an investigation into the diagnostic abilities of the CUBA Clinical and Sunlight Omnisense quantitative ultrasound systems; and on the other hand an examination of the osteoporotic risk factor questionnaires, Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI), Osteoporosis Index of Risk (OSIRIS), Osteoporosis Self-assessment Tool (OST), Patient Body Weight (pBW), Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation (SCORE) and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOFSURF). The skeletal status was assessed by DXA at the axial skeleton. The aim was to differentiate between the systems that could rationally be used to screen populations to identify those who needed DXA densitometry investigations, on the basis of ability. The second section of the study focused on the biomechanics of cancellous bone, with the initial studies examining the compressive properties of both osteoporotic and osteoarthritic cancellous bone and the effects that the conditions have on the compressive mechanics of the bone. The later section is the first ever study into the K, G and J-integral fracture mechanics of cancellous bone. It used osteoporotic and osteoarthritic cancellous bone from the femoral head of a cohort of ultrasound scanned patients and of some equine vertebral cancellous bone. The study focused on the identification of the dominant independent material variables which affected the compressive and fracture mechanics of cancellous bone, and the differences that were seen between the two different skeletal conditions. In addition to the independent variables, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) scans were performed on the donors of the femoral heads which enabled investigation into QUS’s ability to predict either the compressive or fracture mechanics of bone in-vivo. The study demonstrated that the investigation of the calcaneus using the CUBA clinical system provided the highest level of diagnostic accuracy (AUC: 0.755 - 0.95), followed by the questionnaires, of which the OSIRIS questionnaire was the best performer (AUC: 0.74 – 0.866), and lastly the Sunlight Omnisense results. The best option for the prediction of the lowest feasible DXA T-score was a combination of the CUBA Clinical results, the individual’s weight and the OSIRIS questionnaire (r2 = 45.5%), with potential minor, but significant, support also added by the OST and SOFSURF questionnaires (r2 = 46.8%). The compressive testing demonstrated that osteoporotic and osteoarthritic bone both performed differently with respect to the apparent density, with the osteoporotic bone adhering to the previously published power function relationships, but with the osteoarthritic bone having lower power functions. The stress intensity factor for plane strain testing (KQ or KC) and the critical strain energy release rate results were both influenced primarily by the apparent density with the K values obeying a power relationship to the power of 1.5 and G a relationship to the power 2. However, both the composition and integrity of the collagen network, (demonstrated by collagen cross-link analysis), played roles in the explanation of the fracture mechanics results. The J-integral results were distinctly different to those of the K and G results with regard to their dependence on composition and it is hypothesised that this is due to the structure of the bone having more dominant effects than the apparent density. In conclusion, the fracture mechanics of cancellous bone are contributed to by a complex combination of a number of variables, but with apparent density dominating the K and G fracture mechanics to a power function of between 1 and 2. Currently available QUS systems demonstrated an ability to relate to the Young’s modulus and strength but also, in this study, to the fracture mechanics variables of the cancellous bone from the hip. This relationship is a profound outcome which may help the clinical management of the condition and the fractures when they occur. The dependence on fracture mechanic variables points to a clear causal relationship between the bone fracture parameters and bone condition as underlying factors of osteoporotic fractures.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_ecs_me_sjc.pdf: 320845 bytes, checksum: 821167f1d3ca3ecc1ba294d338ee4837 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / É cada vez maior a parcela de pessoas idosas na população brasileira e com este fenômeno o número de pessoas afetadas por patologias crônico-degenerativas. Dentre estas uma doença que merece destaque é a osteoporose, uma vez que vem se tornando um problema de saúde pública. Um dos principais fatores de risco para osteoporose é a deficiência estrogênica, sendo assim este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da deficiência estrogênica no tecido ósseo durante um período de 360 dias através de análise radiográfica e biomecânica. Para tanto 80 ratas, com 3 meses de idade e peso de aproximadamente 250g, foram divididas em 10 grupos experimentais (n=8) de acordo com o tempo de sacrifício e cirurgia a que foram submetidas (ovariectomia e cirurgia sham). As ratas pertencentes aos grupos OVZ e SHAM tiveram sua ração controlada (30g por animal). Após o período determinado (30, 60, 90, 180 e 360 dias das cirurgias) as ratas foram pesadas, anestesiadas e sacrificadas e seus fêmures retirados para análise. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste estatístico ANOVA e Tukey, com nível de significância de 5%. De acordo com os resultados obtidos observou-se que nos períodos de 30, 60 e 90 dias os efeitos da deficiência estrogênica sobre o tecido ósseo foram significativos / The Brazilian population has undergone a process of aging, and this phenomenon with the number of people affected by chronic diseases is increasing. Among these a disease that deserves mention is osteoporosis, since it has become a public health problem. One of the main risk factors for osteoporosis is estrogen deficiency, so to better understand how estrogen deficiency affects the bone tissue present study aimed to evaluate the effect of estrogen deficiency on bone tissue over a period of 360 days by radiographic and biomechanics analysis. For this purpose 80 rats, 3 months old and weighing about 250g were divided into 10 groups (n = 8) according to the time of sacrifice and who underwent surgery (ovariectomy and sham surgery). The rats belonging to groups OVZ and SHAM had controlled his diet (30g per animal). After the specified period (30, 60, 90, 180 and 360 days of surgery) the rats were weighed, anesthetized and sacrificed, and their femurs were removed for analysis. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests with significance level of 5%. According to the results obtained showed that in periods of 30, 60 and 90 days the effects of estrogen deficiency on bone tissue were significant

Submitted by MIRIANE CARNEIRO MACHADO SALGADO null (mirimachado@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-06T19:17:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese pronta (1).pdf: 4225954 bytes, checksum: 7f190160ea78025271bbe2e328fcba5e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-11T12:17:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 salgado_mcm_dr_sjc.pdf: 4225954 bytes, checksum: 7f190160ea78025271bbe2e328fcba5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T12:17:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 salgado_mcm_dr_sjc.pdf: 4225954 bytes, checksum: 7f190160ea78025271bbe2e328fcba5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-09 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O consumo excessivo de álcool constitui importante problema de saúde pública e possui ainda relação direta com a perda óssea mediante desequilíbrio da remodelação óssea, diminuição das taxas de reabsorção e também da osteogênese. A deficiência estrogênica também está diretamente associada à osteoporose, pois leva ao aumento da formação de osteoclastos e diminuição da síntese de osteoblastos, gerando um desequilíbrio no processo de remodelação óssea. A combinação de osteoporose e consumo de álcool pode ter efeito sinérgico e deletério sobre o tecido ósseo e tem sido objeto de estudos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar possíveis alterações no metabolismo ósseo em fêmures de ratas submetidas ao alcoolismo crônico e deficiência estrogênica induzida por ovariectomia, por meio de análise histomorfométrica e imunoistoquímica. Foram utilizadas 90 ratas (Rattus norvegicus, variação albinus, Wistar) com 3 meses de idade, divididas em 6 diferentes grupos de igual número (15), conforme o tipo de dieta e quanto à presença ou ausência hormonal: Grupo 1: ovariectomia simulada (Sham), água e dieta livre; Grupo 2: Sham tratado com doses diárias de solução alcoólica a 20%; Grupo 3: Sham e alimentação isocalórica aos grupos associados ao álcool, fornecida por meio de solução aquosa de sacarose e dieta sólida; Grupo 4: ovariectomia, água e dieta sólida livre; Grupo 5: ovariectomia tratado com doses diárias de solução alcoólica a 20%; Grupo 6: ovariectomia e alimentação isocalórica semelhante ao grupo 3. Após 8 semanas do início da dieta, fez-se a eutanásia de todos os animais, e os fêmures foram removidos. A análise da dieta mostrou que o grupo Ovz dieta livre foi o que mais ganhou peso e o que mais ingeriu ração, apresentando diferenças significativas com relação aos demais grupos. Os animais dos grupos álcool consumiram em média 16 gramas de álcool por dia, sendo que o Sham álcool consumiu mais álcool, quando comparado ao Ovz álcool. Através da histomorfometria foi observado que os animais ovariectomizados apresentaram menor quantidade de osso trabecular em porcentagem, do que os sham operados, porém, sem diferença significativa. Os marcadores da remodelação óssea, RANKL, Osteoprotegerina e Osteocalcina, utilizados nas reações imunoistoquímicas, não mostraram alterações significativas no processo de remodelação óssea. Concluiu-se que ratas adultas jovens, esqueletalmente imaturas, submetidas ao alcoolismo crônico moderado, à remoção dos ovários ou à associação de ambos, mantêm as características de remodelação óssea cortical e trabecular do fêmur preservadas. / Excessive alcohol consumption is an important public health problem and also has direct relation with bone loss by imbalancing bone turnover. Estrogen deficiency is directly associated with osteoporosis, because it leads to an unequal bone resorption and formation by increased osteoclast formation and decreased synthesis of osteoblasts. The combination of osteoporosis and consumption of alcohol can have deleterious and synergistic effect on bone tissue and has been the subject of several studies. The objective of this study will be to investigate possible changes in bone metabolism in femurs of rats submitted to chronic alcoholism and estrogen deficiency induced by ovariectomy. We used 90 rats (Rattus norvegicus, Albinus variation, Wistar) with 3 months old. The animals were divided into six different groups of equal number, according to the type of diet and the presence or absence of hormones: Group 1: sham ovariectomized (sham), water and free diet, Group 2: Sham treated daily with alcoholic solution of 20% and feed ad libitum; Group 3: Sham isocaloric nutritional control group – treated with liquid diet containing sucrose with the same average calories ingested on the eve by the alcohol group and solid diet; Group 4: ovariectomy, water and solid diet free; Group 5: ovariectomy treated daily with alcoholic solution of 20% and feed ad libitum; Group 6: ovariectomy isocaloric nutritional control group like group 3. After 8 weeks from the beginning of the diet, all animals were sacrificed and femurs were removed. Diet analysis showed that the Ovx ad libitum was the group that ingested more feed and gained more weight, showing significant differences with the other groups. The animals of alcohol groups, consuming on average 16 grams of alcohol per day, Sham alcohol group consumed more alcohol, as compared to OVZ alcohol. Femurs were evaluated by histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemical analysis, using the markers, RANKL, Osteoprotegerin and Osteocalcin. The histomorphometric analysis evidenced that ovariectomized animals showed, in percentage, a lower amount of trabecular, than the sham operated, but without significant differences. Markers of bone turnover in immunohistochemical reactions showed no significant changes in bone remodeling process. It was concluded that the combination of estrogen deficiency and moderate chronic alcohol consumption did not cause deleterious effects on bone remodeling of the femur of young adult rats. / FAPESP: 13/19517-13

Orientador: Rosilene Fernandes da Rocha / Banca: Adriana Aigotti Haberbeck Brandão / Banca: Nelson Luís de Macedo / Banca: Daniela Martins de Souza / Banca: Alexandre Prado Sherma / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de diferentes tempos de deficiência estrogênica na perda óssea resultante da periodontite induzida em ratas. Foram utilizadas 80 ratas, divididas em dois grupos: ovariectomizado-OVZ (n=40) e cirurgia simulada SHAM (n=40) e subdivididas de acordo com o tempo de deficiência estrogênica (30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). Os animais foram submetidos à indução de periodontite com fio de algodão na cervical do primeiro molar inferior esquerdo e segundo molar superior direito. Tal ligadura foi mantida nos últimos 30 dias de experimento. Após o sacrifício, as mandíbulas e maxilas foram removidas para análises radiográfica, morfométrica e histométrica. Nos grupos com e sem ligadura, foram considerados variáveis o tempo e a deficiência estrogênica, aplicando-se ANOVA e teste Tukey (5%). A comparação intragrupo demonstrou que a ligadura induziu periodontite em todas as análises. Na análise radiográfica, com ou sem ligadura observou-se influência da deficiência hormonal na redução do suporte ósseo periodontal em todos os períodos, sendo os valores nos grupos OVZ inferiores aos SHAM. O fator tempo foi significativo ao analisarem-se os grupos com ligadura, sendo o período de 90 dias o que apresentou menor valor. Comparando-se os grupos sem ligadura nas análises morfométricas e histométricas, os efeitos da deficiência estrogênica e do tempo não foram significativos. Entretanto, entre os grupos com ligadura, aqueles de 90 dias apresentaram significativa perda óssea. Concluiu-se que a deficiência estrogênica, aos noventa dias, agravou a perda óssea resultante da periodontite em ratas. / Abstract: This study evaluated the different times of estrogen defficiency effects on loss bone induced by experimental periodontitis in female rats. Eighty female rats were used and were divided into two groups: ovariectomized-OVZ (n=40) and simulated surgery SHAM (n=40) and subdivided according to the times of estrogen defficiency (30, 60, 90 and 120 days). The animals were submitted to induced periodontitis using cotton thread in the cervical of the first inferior molar and second superior molar in opposite sides. Such ligature was kept in the last 30 days of experiment. After the sacrifice, the mandibles and maxillas were removed for radiographic, morphometric and histometric analysis. In both groups, with and without ligatures, the time and the estrogen defficiency were considered variables and ANOVA and Tukey test were applied (5%). The comparison within groups demonstrated that the ligature induced periodontitis in all analysis. In the radiographic analysis, with or without ligature, the influence of the hormonal deficiency in the decrease of the periodontal osseous support in all periods was observed, being the values in the OVZ group lower than SHAM ones. The factor time was significant at the analysis of the ligature groups, and the groups studied within 90 days presented the lowest value. Comparing the groups without ligature in the morphometric and histometric analysis, the estrogen defficiency and time effects were not verified. However, among the ligature groups, those treated within 90 days showed significant bone loss. We can conclude that reaching 90 days of estrogen defficiency it was possible an adequate study of the periodontal disease in osteopenic rats; therefore, it is the ideal period to evaluate this relation. / Doutor

Orientadores: Selma Candelaria Genari, Arnaldo Rodrigues dos Santos Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T07:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_MarceloRodriguesda_D.pdf: 5098178 bytes, checksum: b94b973afe0b096e483ba907231c9237 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Recentemente, existe um interesse no desenvolvimento de biomateriais que possam ser utilizados na substituição do tecido ósseo ou que atuem como indutores na reparação em caso de fraturas ou defeitos ósseos. Os biomateriais constituídos de elementos de matriz extracelular tridimensionais (MECa) compostas de colágeno/elastina apresentam a vantagem de poder sofrer alterações nas suas propriedades por modificações químicas do colágeno, resultando em matrizes carregadas positivo ou negativamente. Tais modificações podem melhorar as propriedades mecânicas e fisiológicas da MECa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade das MECa de colágeno nativo e polianiônica no processo de reparação de defeitos produzidos no fêmur de ratas ovariectomizadas. Foram realizados defeitos na porção do côndilo femoral de ratas normais e ovariectomizadas. Foi feita a análise das características morfológicas, físicas e mecânicas do osso formado na região. A análise do material demonstrou ausência de alterações patológicas nas áreas implantadas, sugerindo que o material usado é biocompatível. A análise microscópica revelou que a área que recebeu a membrana de colágeno nativa teve menor quantidade de osso neoformado. Nos animais ovariectomizados que receberam membranas polianiônicas, observou-se um atraso no processo da regeneração na falha óssea, principalmente naqueles que não foram submetidos à reposição hormonal. A densidade e percentual mineral foi menor nos animais ovariectomizados e a resistência mecânica foi maior nas áreas que receberam membrana polianiônica 96 (PMC96). Conclui-se que nos casos de osteoporose por deficiência hormonal, a melhor membrana a ser utilizada num reparo ósseo é a polianiônica 96, pois proporciona crescimento ósseo mais rápido e de boa qualidade mecânica / Abstract: There has been recent interest in the development of biomaterials that can be used as replacement of bone tissue or that act as inducer of the healing process in the case of bone fractures or defects. Biomaterials consisting of three-dimensional extracellular matrix elements (aECM) composed of collagen/elastin have the advantage that their properties can be altered by introducing chemical modifications to the collagen that result in positively or negatively charged matrices. These modifications may improve the mechanical and physiological properties of aECM. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aECM consisting of native and polyanionic collagen on the healing process of defects created in the femur of ovariectomized rats. Defects were created in the femoral condyle of intacts and ovariectomized rats and the morphological, physical and mechanical characteristics of the bone formed in the region were analyzed. The results showed the absence of pathological alterations on implanted areas, suggesting that the implants were biocompatible. Microscopic analysis verified that areas that received native membrane had less quantity of neoformed bone. In ovariectomized animals that received anionic membranes, we observed a delay in bone regeneration, mainly in animals that did not receive hormonal replacement. The density and mineral matter percentage was smaller in ovariectomized animals and the a mechanical resistance was greater in the area receiving the 96 polyanionic membrane (PMC96). Thus, we conclude that in cases of osteoporosis due to hormone deficiency, the 96 polyanionic membrane possibly is the best to be used for bone repair since it provides faster bone growth, as well as good mechanical resistance / Doutorado / Anatomia / Doutor em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Orientador: Paulo Henrique Ferreira Caria / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:03:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Corazza_AdalbertoVieira_D.pdf: 6655467 bytes, checksum: 14442d60215abf069b18f8aa16a9d9fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O treinamento resistido (TR) é utilizado para prevenir e recuperar a sarcopenia e a osteoporose e, a terapia por Diodos Emissores de Luz - Light Emitting Diodes Terapy (LEDT) age como preventivo e curativo de lesões osteoneuromioarticulares. Essas premissas definiram como propósito desse estudo avaliar a associação da LED com o TR na prevenção da sarcopenia e da osteoporose em ratas ovariectomizadas. Setenta ratas Wistar foram divididas em sete grupos (n=10/grupo): controle-sedentáriaovariectomizada (CO); controle-sedentária sem-ovariectomizada (CS); exercitadaovariectomizada (EOV); exercitada sem-ovariectomia (ES); LEDT ovariectomizada (LOV); LEDT exercitada ovariectomizada (LEO) e LEDT e exercitada semovariectomia (LES). As ratas saltaram dentro de um cilindro com água aquecida (4 séries de 10 repetições, com 30 s de repouso entre as séries) e sobrecarga de 50% a 80% da massa corpórea, durante 12 semanas. A LEDT foi de 850 ± 10 nm, 100 mW, 120 J/cm² e área do feixe de luz com 0,5 cm², e irradiada em único ponto com contato direto no centro do trocanter maior do fêmur direito. Nos grupos EOV, LOV e LEO, em relação ao grupo CO, houve aumento do volume muscular no reto femoral direito indicado pela histomorfometria assim como no IGF-1, citocinas inflamatórias do tipo interleucina 1 (IL-1) e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-?), nas análises laboratoriais. Na análise das citocinas, o grupo LEO apresentou aumento significante (p<0,05) na concentração de interleucina-6 quando comparadas aos demais grupos e, reduziu significantemente a concentração de lactato sérico em relação ao grupo EOV enquanto carregava carga de 70% a 80% da massa corporal. A fração de volume e espessura do osso trabecular foram maiores no grupo EOV em relação ao CO (p < 0,05). A associação da LEDT ao exercício resistido colaborou para aumento do volume ósseo em ratas com 15 meses de idade sem-ovariectomia (p < 0,05). A fototerapia atenuou o declínio da função muscular durante o treinamento resistido de alta intensidade e preveniu a sarcopenia. A associação da fototerapia ao treinamento resistido em ratas sem ovariectomia aumentou volume ósseo em relação ao treinamento isolado. Nas ratas ovariectomizadas o exercício isolado ou associado a LEDT preveniram a osteopenia / Abstract: Resistance training (RT) is used to prevent and recover sarcopenia and osteoporosis and Light Emitting Diode Therapy (LEDT) acts as a preventive and curative osteoneuromioarticulate injuries. The purpose of this study was evaluate the association of LEDT with TR to prevent sarcopenia and osteoporosis in depressed hormone rats. Seventy Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (n = 10): control-sedentary ovariectomized (CO), control-sedentary sham-ovariectomized (CS), resistance training ovariectomized (TO), resistance training sham-ovariectomized (TS), LEDT-sedentary ovariectomized (L), LEDT plus resistance training ovariectomized (LTO) and LEDT plus resistance training sham-ovariectomized (LTS). Rats jumped into a cylinder with warm water (4 sets of 10 times for 30 seconds rest between sets) and over 50% to 80% of body mass for 12 weeks. The LEDT was 850 ± 10 nm, 100 mW, 120 J/cm ² and the area of the light beam with 0.5 cm ², and irradiated in the center of the greater trochanter of the right femur. Groups EOV, LOV LEO comparet to the CO group has increase rectus femoris muscle volume indicated by histomorphometry as well as in IGF-1, inflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in laboratory tests. The cytokines analysis, the LEO group showed significant increase (p <0.05) in the concentration of interleukin-6 compared to other groups and significantly reduced the serum concentration of lactate in relation to the EOV, while carrying a load of 70% to 80% of body mass. The volume fraction and trabecular thickness were higher in the EOV compared to CO group (p <0.05). The association of LEDT with resistance exercise contributed to the increase in bone volume in rats 15 months old nonovariectomized (p <0.05). Phototherapy attenuate the decline in muscle function during high-intensity resistance training and prevented sarcopenia. The combination of phototherapy with resistance training in sham-ovariectomized rats increased bone volume in relation to training alone. In ovariectomized rats osteopenia was prevented by exercise / Doutorado / Anatomia / Doutor em Biologia Buco-Dental

Cancellous bone constitutes much of the volume of bone which makes up axial skeletal sites such as the vertebrae of the spine and the femoral neck. However the increased vascularity of cancellous bone compared with cortical bone means that it is more prone to drug, endocrine and metabolic related effects and therefore these skeletal sites are more prone to the bone condition osteoporosis. With the bone condition osteoporosis increasing in prevalence it is becoming far more important not only for those at risk of having the condition to be diagnosed earlier, but also for the effects of the condition to be better understood. There is a need for the better clinical management of fractures and for therapies and medical practices that will best avoid the low trauma fractures that are seen as a consequence of the condition. This study is in two separate sections, the first constitutes an investigation into the diagnostic abilities of the CUBA Clinical and Sunlight Omnisense quantitative ultrasound systems; and on the other hand an examination of the osteoporotic risk factor questionnaires, Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI), Osteoporosis Index of Risk (OSIRIS), Osteoporosis Self-assessment Tool (OST), Patient Body Weight (pBW), Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation (SCORE) and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOFSURF). The skeletal status was assessed by DXA at the axial skeleton. The aim was to differentiate between the systems that could rationally be used to screen populations to identify those who needed DXA densitometry investigations, on the basis of ability. The second section of the study focused on the biomechanics of cancellous bone, with the initial studies examining the compressive properties of both osteoporotic and osteoarthritic cancellous bone and the effects that the conditions have on the compressive mechanics of the bone. The later section is the first ever study into the K, G and J-integral fracture mechanics of cancellous bone. It used osteoporotic and osteoarthritic cancellous bone from the femoral head of a cohort of ultrasound scanned patients and of some equine vertebral cancellous bone. The study focused on the identification of the dominant independent material variables which affected the compressive and fracture mechanics of cancellous bone, and the differences that were seen between the two different skeletal conditions. In addition to the independent variables, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) scans were performed on the donors of the femoral heads which enabled investigation into QUS’s ability to predict either the compressive or fracture mechanics of bone in-vivo. The study demonstrated that the investigation of the calcaneus using the CUBA clinical system provided the highest level of diagnostic accuracy (AUC: 0.755 - 0.95), followed by the questionnaires, of which the OSIRIS questionnaire was the best performer (AUC: 0.74 – 0.866), and lastly the Sunlight Omnisense results. The best option for the prediction of the lowest feasible DXA T-score was a combination of the CUBA Clinical results, the individual’s weight and the OSIRIS questionnaire (r2 = 45.5%), with potential minor, but significant, support also added by the OST and SOFSURF questionnaires (r2 = 46.8%). The compressive testing demonstrated that osteoporotic and osteoarthritic bone both performed differently with respect to the apparent density, with the osteoporotic bone adhering to the previously published power function relationships, but with the osteoarthritic bone having lower power functions. The stress intensity factor for plane strain testing (KQ or KC) and the critical strain energy release rate results were both influenced primarily by the apparent density with the K values obeying a power relationship to the power of 1.5 and G a relationship to the power 2. However, both the composition and integrity of the collagen network, (demonstrated by collagen cross-link analysis), played roles in the explanation of the fracture mechanics results. The J-integral results were distinctly different to those of the K and G results with regard to their dependence on composition and it is hypothesised that this is due to the structure of the bone having more dominant effects than the apparent density. In conclusion, the fracture mechanics of cancellous bone are contributed to by a complex combination of a number of variables, but with apparent density dominating the K and G fracture mechanics to a power function of between 1 and 2. Currently available QUS systems demonstrated an ability to relate to the Young’s modulus and strength but also, in this study, to the fracture mechanics variables of the cancellous bone from the hip. This relationship is a profound outcome which may help the clinical management of the condition and the fractures when they occur. The dependence on fracture mechanic variables points to a clear causal relationship between the bone fracture parameters and bone condition as underlying factors of osteoporotic fractures.