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ABSTRACT This essay aims to study rationality and otherness in J.M. Coetzee’s Foe. Susan Barton, the female protagonist in the book, is rational and struggles for power and independence in the society of the Enlightenment where the story is set. She is seen as non-rational, less valuable and as Other of the white, European male due to her gender.             Friday is male, but non-white and he is perceived as Other as well because of the colour of his skin. Although Friday is mute he tries to communicate, but his ways of communication are often ignored by others.             Through the representation of these characters Coetzee subverts the conventional idea that rationality is linked to the white European male.

The current migration crisis has put significant strain on the European Union and its member states. Immigration has always been a contentious issue in societies, most often facing significant opposition. By drawing on postmodern theories of international relations and Discourse Theory, this paper analyses how immigration is being increasingly securitized by the European Union and its member states along with what makes securitization the hegemonic discourse. This is done primarily with reference to identity construction through the framing of the Other, in this case the migrant, as an unwanted and externalized element. Furthermore, the paper details how the framing of the migrant as a threat to the internal security of a country strenghtend identity politics across Europe. Finally, using the Brexit campaign in the UK, the paper analyzes how the rise in identity politics in turn raises the possibility of a successful fusion of the anti-immigration discourse with the anti-EU discourse through the exploiting of societal unease.

Vicente do Salvador's well-known chronicle História do Brasil has often been studied as a source for Portuguese struggle to maintain the possession of Brazil in the 16th and early 17th century. This thesis, however, uses the chronicle to describe and analyze means of construction of the "Indians", indigenous stereotypes and therefore particular Portuguese identity as understood by a Franciscan author. In its core lies question of the designed and imagined contrasts between the white, Portuguese religious friar and a dark-skinned, pagan and barbarous heathen as formulated in the terms of a concrete 17th century perspective but provided with comparative context. Understood in the terms of historical anthropology research, História do Brasil needs to be recognized as a principal Franciscan source that could potentially counter overall dependence on the Jesuit literature to study colonial Brazil. Keywords Brazil. Colonialism. Franciscans. Identity. Otherness.

The author discusses the construction of Englishness in Katherine Mansfield’s short story Je Ne Parle Pas Français using previous accounts for Englishness, Otherness and the context of modernism –primarily featuring imperialism. The author concludes that there is an English identity portrayed in Je Ne Parle Pas Français, but that it is to a greater extent associated with imperialism than other identifiable cultural traits.

A principal idéia exposta nesta dissertação é que tanto a forma como o conteúdo do texto de Clarice Lispector obedecem a uma configuração em que os limites entre mesmo e outro não estão claramente definidos. O primeiro capítulo, que analisa o conto "A Quinta História", enfoca a questão da plasticidade da forma do texto clariciano, mostrando como este oscila entre o rigor formal e o rechaço das convenções de gênero. O segundo capítulo tenta rastrear, analisando uma série de textos curtos, os modos de representação do outro, desde as identificações mais primitivas do mesmo passando pelo reconhecimento da diferença do outro, até a representação do outro excluído pela sociedade. Finalmente é enfocada a questão do espaço social do outro através do estudo das relações entre "autor(a)", "narrador", "personagens" e "leitor" no romance A Hora da Estrela. O objetivo é mostrar como a própria forma do romance tematiza a questão da falta de espaço social proposta pelo mesmo. / The main idea exposed in this dissertation is that structure and content of Clarice Lispetor’s fiction follow a pattern, where the limits between the "Self" and the "Other" are not clearly defined. The first chapter, which analyses the short story "A Quinta História" ("The Fifth Story") focuses on the plasticity of Lispector’s text, showing how it wawers between accepting and rejecting the conventions of genre. The second chapter tries to cover the different ways of figuring the other through the analysis of several short texts, moving from the most primitive forms of identification of self towards the recognition of the difference of "the other" up to the representation of the other as an outcast. Finally, the last chapter focuses on the matter of the social space of "the other" through "author", "narrator", "character" and "reader" relationships in the novel A Hora da Estrela (The Hour of the Star). The aim is to show how the very structure of the novel mirrors the lack of social space proposed as the theme of the story.

A principal idéia exposta nesta dissertação é que tanto a forma como o conteúdo do texto de Clarice Lispector obedecem a uma configuração em que os limites entre mesmo e outro não estão claramente definidos. O primeiro capítulo, que analisa o conto "A Quinta História", enfoca a questão da plasticidade da forma do texto clariciano, mostrando como este oscila entre o rigor formal e o rechaço das convenções de gênero. O segundo capítulo tenta rastrear, analisando uma série de textos curtos, os modos de representação do outro, desde as identificações mais primitivas do mesmo passando pelo reconhecimento da diferença do outro, até a representação do outro excluído pela sociedade. Finalmente é enfocada a questão do espaço social do outro através do estudo das relações entre "autor(a)", "narrador", "personagens" e "leitor" no romance A Hora da Estrela. O objetivo é mostrar como a própria forma do romance tematiza a questão da falta de espaço social proposta pelo mesmo. / The main idea exposed in this dissertation is that structure and content of Clarice Lispetor’s fiction follow a pattern, where the limits between the "Self" and the "Other" are not clearly defined. The first chapter, which analyses the short story "A Quinta História" ("The Fifth Story") focuses on the plasticity of Lispector’s text, showing how it wawers between accepting and rejecting the conventions of genre. The second chapter tries to cover the different ways of figuring the other through the analysis of several short texts, moving from the most primitive forms of identification of self towards the recognition of the difference of "the other" up to the representation of the other as an outcast. Finally, the last chapter focuses on the matter of the social space of "the other" through "author", "narrator", "character" and "reader" relationships in the novel A Hora da Estrela (The Hour of the Star). The aim is to show how the very structure of the novel mirrors the lack of social space proposed as the theme of the story.

This thesis begins with the premise that darkness offered by the landscape of the boreal north opens up new potential narratives and different languaging of the built environment. If sensitivity is nurtured towards this landscape, it may provoke the emergence of new methods of engagements that reconnects the self to the exterior challenging existing preconceptions. The study also recognises the fact as given, that in present times, this relation of self with darkness is endangered and not valued. Thus the thesis aspires to open up this question -- what is the value of darkness in such a landscape and what kind of architecture may emerge if an alternate discourse that values this darkness might exist.

This thesis examines the transformation of “homeland” and “otherness” as well as the relationship between each other in The Lost Daughter of Happiness （扶桑 Fusang). I begin by exploring how the migration of Chinese to the United States is depicted as an endless trajectory in the story through a historical engagement and a dialogue between two generations. From there, I plan to point out that the story complicates the meaning of diaspora as it can not only represent a spatial dislocation, but also a temporal dislocation. Thus, I argue that it destabilizes the conventional ideology which refers “homeland” to a singular location. Contrary to “settle land”, the earlier conceptualization of “homeland” is translated by some scholars into a felicitous space of living for migrants. Reading The Lost Daughter of Happiness, we can find new dimensions and transformations of home. The old conceptualization of “homeland” is reversed not as a singular location, but rather as a process of (be-)coming a felicitous space of living for diasporic subjects: it is not a fixed location anymore. Next, I explore how the out-of-border movement breeds a process of foreignization According to Kristeva, diasporans who bear foreignness must learn how to “live with the others, to live as others.”[1] I will analyze how Yan Geling invokes the portrayal of a Chinese prostitute as representative of “other” in order to deliver the philosophy of survival of diasporic Chinese females. I argue that it is the marginality of prostitute in a society-as an outsider from the mainstream culture, that builds up Fusang’s transgressive ability to survive. Being a cultural outsider, or “live as others”, according to Kristeva, is “a foreigner’s shield” for one’s cultural identity. As an outsider, Fusang is able to cross over any given borders, simultaneously being inside and outside of the culture. Thus, the story denies any inherited modes of diasporic Chinese prostitutes for the articulation of their identities, which challenges the pure culturalism and nationalism. Last, the presence of outsider in this story becomes a tool for Yan Geling to deliberately illustrate the cultural difference through her protagonists. I argue that Yan Geling has a straightforward recognition of “otherness” and an explicit awareness of “foreignness” in this story, so she uses some Orientalist gestures to demonstrate the cultural difference. I examine an example about the technology of human disposal mentioned in the plot and analyze how it is used to highlight the cultural difference of diasporic subjects. My goal is to seek a better understanding of the construction of home identity in The Lost Daughter of Happiness by examining the recognition and representation of culture particularities and difference within the story. Also, I attempt to provide a new interpretation of Fusang by analyzing her identity not only as a prostitute but also as a diasporic Chinese.

This thesis analyzes the research of various historical and literary theorists in relation to identification of Otherness in three Spanish works: Cantar de Roldán, Cartas marruecas, and La reina del sur. Throughout the thesis, I analyze hwo the discourse of identification of Otherness has progressed throughout these three works. Each work was chosen as a cultural artifact of its time. I begin the thesis with Cantar de Roldán and analyze how variation in faith served as primary demarcation of Otherness. I then analyze Cartas marruecas and how race also becomes an identifier of Otherness; I end the thesis analyzing La reina del sur and the role of racial discourse as the primary identifier of Otherness. / Master of Arts / This thesis analyzes the research of various historical and literary theorists in relation to identification of Otherness in three Spanish works: Cantar de Roldán, Cartas marruecas, and La reina del sur. Throughout the thesis, I analyze how the discourse of identification of Otherness has progressed throughout these three works. Each work was chosen as a cultural artifact of its time. I begin the thesis with Cantar de Roldán and analyze how variation in faith served as primary demarcation of Otherness. I then analyze Cartas marruecas and how race also becomes an identifier of Otherness; I end the thesis analyzing La reina del sur and the role of racial discourse as the primary identifier of Otherness.