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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Oocyte-Granulosa Cell Signaling in 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide-Induced Ovotoxicity

Fernandez, Shannon Marie January 2007 (has links)
At birth, the mammalian ovary has a finite number of dormant primordial follicles. Repeated daily dosing of rats with the occupational chemical, 4- vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD), depletes the ovary of small pre-antral follicles (primordial and primary follicles) through an increase in the natural process of atresia (apoptosis). In addition, in vitro exposure of postnatal day 4 (PND4) rat ovaries to VCD causes a similar depletion of ovarian follicles. Since many growth factors play crucial roles in the promotion of early folliculogenesis and follicle survival, it is possible that any number of factors and subsequent signaling pathways could be disrupted in response to VCD exposure. Therefore, the studies in this work address the hypothesis that VCD disrupts oocyte-granulosa cell survival pathways in the rat ovary, thereby compromising cell-cell communication and causing follicle cell death. The results from the first aim reveal that through the use of genomic analyses a subset of genes were determined to be affected via in vivo and in vitro exposure routes to VCD. The results of the second aim show that two transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) growth factors, growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), and bone morphogenetic factor-4 (BMP-4), are not likely involved in VCD-induced ovotoxicity as they were unable to prevent ovarian follicle loss in the presence of VCD. The results of the third aim reveal that expression of the c-Kit receptor, present on the oocytes, is decreased and its ligand, Kit Ligand (KL), produced from the granulosa cells, is increased in response to in vitro VCD exposure. In addition, attenuation of VCD-induced follicle loss occurs in the presence of exogenous KL. Finally, the results of the fourth aim examines the involvement of the AKT signaling molecule in response to VCD exposure, in which the active phosphorylated AKT is determined to be down-regulated by VCD. Taken together, these studies show that VCD is able to disrupt at least one of the cellular survival pathways that are crucial to maintain the ovarian follicle. As a result, a breakdown in cell-cell communication may occur at that level and contribute to an increase in follicular atresia and eventual cell death.
2

Ovarian Toxicity in Breast Cancer Survivors

McArdle, Orla 22 November 2012 (has links)
The long-term natural history of ovarian reserve after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer has been poorly described. We recruited 52 breast cancer survivors treated with adjuvant chemotherapy before 40 years of age who remained premenopausal after chemotherapy treatment. Twenty (38.5%) were more than five years out from treatment. Ovarian reserve estimates were compared with a control group. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone demonstrated significant differences consistent with reduced ovarian reserve in breast cancer survivors. Mean AMH was 6.65 pmol/l in survivors compared to 17.43 in controls (p < 0.001). Attained age and age at the time of treatment were correlated with AMH levels in breast cancer survivors. Conclusion: Ovarian reserve is significantly reduced in young breast cancer survivors. Age is the major predictor of AMH level in survivors. A 35 year old breast cancer survivor has an AMH level similar to a 45 year old control.
3

Ovarian Toxicity in Breast Cancer Survivors

McArdle, Orla 22 November 2012 (has links)
The long-term natural history of ovarian reserve after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer has been poorly described. We recruited 52 breast cancer survivors treated with adjuvant chemotherapy before 40 years of age who remained premenopausal after chemotherapy treatment. Twenty (38.5%) were more than five years out from treatment. Ovarian reserve estimates were compared with a control group. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone demonstrated significant differences consistent with reduced ovarian reserve in breast cancer survivors. Mean AMH was 6.65 pmol/l in survivors compared to 17.43 in controls (p < 0.001). Attained age and age at the time of treatment were correlated with AMH levels in breast cancer survivors. Conclusion: Ovarian reserve is significantly reduced in young breast cancer survivors. Age is the major predictor of AMH level in survivors. A 35 year old breast cancer survivor has an AMH level similar to a 45 year old control.
4

Sistema calicreína-cininas e estresse oxidativo na infertilidade feminina induzida por cisplatina

Ayres, Laura Silveira January 2018 (has links)
Introdução: A toxicidade da cisplatina é bem compreendida nos sistemas renal, gastrointestinal, auditivo e nervoso, assim como na medula óssea. No entanto, os mecanismos causadores de infertilidade induzidos pela cisplatina são pouco compreendidos. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi verificar a participação do sistema calicreína-cininas e do estresse oxidativo na infertilidade induzida pela cisplatina, auxiliando no desenvolvimento de novas alternativas terapêuticas. Métodos: Os camundongos fêmeas C57BL/6 adultos (n=9) receberam dois ciclos de 2,5 mg/kg de cisplatina por via intraperitoneal durante cinco dias, com um período de recuperação de sete dias entre os ciclos. O grupo controle (n=9) recebeu solução de NaCl 0,9%. Foi feita a avaliação do ciclo estral e a contagem de folículos ovarianos. O marcador Ki67 foi avaliado por imunohistoquímica. Testes bioquímicos para calicreína plasmática, intersticial e glandular, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPa), óxido nítrico (NO), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa reduzida (GSH), mieloperoxidase (MPO) e N-acetil glucosaminidase (NAG); e Western-blot para os receptores de bradicinina B1R e B2R também foram realizados Resultados: Após o protocolo de cisplatina, 100% das fêmeas do grupo controle mantiveram a ciclicidade estral versus 44,4% das fêmeas do grupo cisplatina. O grupo controle apresentou maior número de folículos antrais (p=0,011) e folículos viáveis totais (p=0,006). O grupo cisplatina apresentou maior número de folículos atrésicos (p=0,014). O marcador Ki67 demonstrou semelhantes taxas de proliferação celular entre os grupos. Os marcadores inflamatórios foram aumentados no grupo cisplatina, incluindo a geração de calicreína plasmática (p=0,003), a diminuição do TTPa (p=0,02), o aumento da atividade da calicreína intersticial (p=0,002) e glandular (p=0,008) e na expressão dos receptores B1R (p=0,001) e B2R (p=0,001), MPO (p=0,03) e NAG (p=0,04). Os marcadores de estresse oxidativo também foram aumentados no grupo cisplatina, com maior produção de NO (p=0,01) e diminuição na SOD (p=0,003) e na GSH (p=0,01). Conclusão: Todas as reações inflamatórias parecem ser ativadas pelo tratamento com cisplatina, exemplificadas pelo aumento da atividade da calicreína plasmática, intersticial e glandular, bem como a diminuição no TTPa e o aumento na expressão de B1R e B2R. A toxicidade mediada pela reação inflamatória da cisplatina é bem conhecida em seus efeitos colaterais, como ototoxicidade e nefrotoxicidade. Houve aumento da produção de NO nos ovários dos animais tratados, associado à indicação de menores concentrações de SOD e de GSH. Os desequilíbrios nos antioxidantes parecem contribuir para o estresse oxidativo ovariano. Quanto à MPO (neutrófilos) à NAG (macrófagos), a maior atividade de ambas no grupo cisplatina se explica pelo fato de que as células fagocíticas ativadas produzem grandes quantidades de espécies reativas de oxigênio, aumentando ainda mais o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação. O aumento da atividade do sistema calicreína-cininas e dos marcadores de estresse oxidativo no tecido ovariano propiciaram uma melhor compreensão da infertilidade induzida por cisplatina e indicam possíveis alternativas para proteção ovariana durante a quimioterapia, como inibidores do sistema calicreína-cinina e antioxidantes. / Background: Cisplatin toxicity is well understood in the renal, gastrointestinal, auditory and nervous systems, as well as in the bone marrow. However, the mechanisms causing infertility induced by cisplatin are poorly understood. Purpose: Our objective was to verify the participation of the kallikreinkinin system and oxidative stress in cisplatin-induced infertility, aiding in the development of new therapeutic alternatives. Methods: C57BL/6 adult (n=9) female mice received two 2.5 mg/kg intra-peritoneal cycles of cisplatin for five days, with a seven-day recovery period between cycles. The control group (n=9) received 0.9% NaCl solution. The ovarian follicles were counted with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Ki67 marker was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Biochemical tests for plasma, interstitial and glandular kallikrein, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG); and Western blotting for the bradykinin B1R and B2R receptors were also performed. Results: After cisplatin protocol, 100% of the females in the control group maintained estral cyclicity versus 44.4% of females in cisplatin group. The control group had a higher number of antral follicles (p=0.011) and total viable follicles (p=0.006). Cisplatin group had a higher number of atretic follicles (p=0.014). Ki67 marker demonstrated similar rates of cell proliferation between groups. Inflammatory markers were increased in cisplatin group, including plasma kallikrein generation (p=0.003), a decrease of aPTT (p=0.02), increased interstitial (p=0.002) and glandular (p=0.008) kallikrein, B1R (p=0.001) and B2R (p=0.001) expression, MPO (p=0.03) and NAG (p=0.04) Oxidative stress markers were also increased in cisplatin group, with higher NO production (p=0.01) and a decrease in SOD (p=0.003) and GSH (p=0.01). Conclusion: All inflammatory reactions appear to be activated by cisplatin treatment, exemplified by increased plasma, interstitial and glandular kallikrein activity, as well as the decrease in aPTT and increased expression of B1R and B2R. The toxicity mediated by cisplatin inflammatory reaction is well known in its side effects, such as ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. There was an increase in NO production in the ovaries of treated animals, associated with the indication of lower concentrations of SOD and GSH. Imbalances in antioxidants appear to contribute to ovarian oxidative stress. Regarding MPO (neutrophils) and NAG (macrophages), the greater activity of both in cisplatin group is explained by the fact that activated phagocytic cells produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species, further increasing oxidative stress and inflammation. Increased activity of the kallikrein-kinin system and markers of oxidative stress in ovarian tissue provided a better understanding of cisplatin-induced infertility and indicate possible alternatives for ovarian protection during chemotherapy, such as inhibitors of the kallikrein-kinin system and antioxidants.
5

Sistema calicreína-cininas e estresse oxidativo na infertilidade feminina induzida por cisplatina

Ayres, Laura Silveira January 2018 (has links)
Introdução: A toxicidade da cisplatina é bem compreendida nos sistemas renal, gastrointestinal, auditivo e nervoso, assim como na medula óssea. No entanto, os mecanismos causadores de infertilidade induzidos pela cisplatina são pouco compreendidos. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi verificar a participação do sistema calicreína-cininas e do estresse oxidativo na infertilidade induzida pela cisplatina, auxiliando no desenvolvimento de novas alternativas terapêuticas. Métodos: Os camundongos fêmeas C57BL/6 adultos (n=9) receberam dois ciclos de 2,5 mg/kg de cisplatina por via intraperitoneal durante cinco dias, com um período de recuperação de sete dias entre os ciclos. O grupo controle (n=9) recebeu solução de NaCl 0,9%. Foi feita a avaliação do ciclo estral e a contagem de folículos ovarianos. O marcador Ki67 foi avaliado por imunohistoquímica. Testes bioquímicos para calicreína plasmática, intersticial e glandular, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPa), óxido nítrico (NO), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa reduzida (GSH), mieloperoxidase (MPO) e N-acetil glucosaminidase (NAG); e Western-blot para os receptores de bradicinina B1R e B2R também foram realizados Resultados: Após o protocolo de cisplatina, 100% das fêmeas do grupo controle mantiveram a ciclicidade estral versus 44,4% das fêmeas do grupo cisplatina. O grupo controle apresentou maior número de folículos antrais (p=0,011) e folículos viáveis totais (p=0,006). O grupo cisplatina apresentou maior número de folículos atrésicos (p=0,014). O marcador Ki67 demonstrou semelhantes taxas de proliferação celular entre os grupos. Os marcadores inflamatórios foram aumentados no grupo cisplatina, incluindo a geração de calicreína plasmática (p=0,003), a diminuição do TTPa (p=0,02), o aumento da atividade da calicreína intersticial (p=0,002) e glandular (p=0,008) e na expressão dos receptores B1R (p=0,001) e B2R (p=0,001), MPO (p=0,03) e NAG (p=0,04). Os marcadores de estresse oxidativo também foram aumentados no grupo cisplatina, com maior produção de NO (p=0,01) e diminuição na SOD (p=0,003) e na GSH (p=0,01). Conclusão: Todas as reações inflamatórias parecem ser ativadas pelo tratamento com cisplatina, exemplificadas pelo aumento da atividade da calicreína plasmática, intersticial e glandular, bem como a diminuição no TTPa e o aumento na expressão de B1R e B2R. A toxicidade mediada pela reação inflamatória da cisplatina é bem conhecida em seus efeitos colaterais, como ototoxicidade e nefrotoxicidade. Houve aumento da produção de NO nos ovários dos animais tratados, associado à indicação de menores concentrações de SOD e de GSH. Os desequilíbrios nos antioxidantes parecem contribuir para o estresse oxidativo ovariano. Quanto à MPO (neutrófilos) à NAG (macrófagos), a maior atividade de ambas no grupo cisplatina se explica pelo fato de que as células fagocíticas ativadas produzem grandes quantidades de espécies reativas de oxigênio, aumentando ainda mais o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação. O aumento da atividade do sistema calicreína-cininas e dos marcadores de estresse oxidativo no tecido ovariano propiciaram uma melhor compreensão da infertilidade induzida por cisplatina e indicam possíveis alternativas para proteção ovariana durante a quimioterapia, como inibidores do sistema calicreína-cinina e antioxidantes. / Background: Cisplatin toxicity is well understood in the renal, gastrointestinal, auditory and nervous systems, as well as in the bone marrow. However, the mechanisms causing infertility induced by cisplatin are poorly understood. Purpose: Our objective was to verify the participation of the kallikreinkinin system and oxidative stress in cisplatin-induced infertility, aiding in the development of new therapeutic alternatives. Methods: C57BL/6 adult (n=9) female mice received two 2.5 mg/kg intra-peritoneal cycles of cisplatin for five days, with a seven-day recovery period between cycles. The control group (n=9) received 0.9% NaCl solution. The ovarian follicles were counted with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Ki67 marker was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Biochemical tests for plasma, interstitial and glandular kallikrein, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG); and Western blotting for the bradykinin B1R and B2R receptors were also performed. Results: After cisplatin protocol, 100% of the females in the control group maintained estral cyclicity versus 44.4% of females in cisplatin group. The control group had a higher number of antral follicles (p=0.011) and total viable follicles (p=0.006). Cisplatin group had a higher number of atretic follicles (p=0.014). Ki67 marker demonstrated similar rates of cell proliferation between groups. Inflammatory markers were increased in cisplatin group, including plasma kallikrein generation (p=0.003), a decrease of aPTT (p=0.02), increased interstitial (p=0.002) and glandular (p=0.008) kallikrein, B1R (p=0.001) and B2R (p=0.001) expression, MPO (p=0.03) and NAG (p=0.04) Oxidative stress markers were also increased in cisplatin group, with higher NO production (p=0.01) and a decrease in SOD (p=0.003) and GSH (p=0.01). Conclusion: All inflammatory reactions appear to be activated by cisplatin treatment, exemplified by increased plasma, interstitial and glandular kallikrein activity, as well as the decrease in aPTT and increased expression of B1R and B2R. The toxicity mediated by cisplatin inflammatory reaction is well known in its side effects, such as ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. There was an increase in NO production in the ovaries of treated animals, associated with the indication of lower concentrations of SOD and GSH. Imbalances in antioxidants appear to contribute to ovarian oxidative stress. Regarding MPO (neutrophils) and NAG (macrophages), the greater activity of both in cisplatin group is explained by the fact that activated phagocytic cells produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species, further increasing oxidative stress and inflammation. Increased activity of the kallikrein-kinin system and markers of oxidative stress in ovarian tissue provided a better understanding of cisplatin-induced infertility and indicate possible alternatives for ovarian protection during chemotherapy, such as inhibitors of the kallikrein-kinin system and antioxidants.
6

Sistema calicreína-cininas e estresse oxidativo na infertilidade feminina induzida por cisplatina

Ayres, Laura Silveira January 2018 (has links)
Introdução: A toxicidade da cisplatina é bem compreendida nos sistemas renal, gastrointestinal, auditivo e nervoso, assim como na medula óssea. No entanto, os mecanismos causadores de infertilidade induzidos pela cisplatina são pouco compreendidos. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi verificar a participação do sistema calicreína-cininas e do estresse oxidativo na infertilidade induzida pela cisplatina, auxiliando no desenvolvimento de novas alternativas terapêuticas. Métodos: Os camundongos fêmeas C57BL/6 adultos (n=9) receberam dois ciclos de 2,5 mg/kg de cisplatina por via intraperitoneal durante cinco dias, com um período de recuperação de sete dias entre os ciclos. O grupo controle (n=9) recebeu solução de NaCl 0,9%. Foi feita a avaliação do ciclo estral e a contagem de folículos ovarianos. O marcador Ki67 foi avaliado por imunohistoquímica. Testes bioquímicos para calicreína plasmática, intersticial e glandular, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPa), óxido nítrico (NO), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa reduzida (GSH), mieloperoxidase (MPO) e N-acetil glucosaminidase (NAG); e Western-blot para os receptores de bradicinina B1R e B2R também foram realizados Resultados: Após o protocolo de cisplatina, 100% das fêmeas do grupo controle mantiveram a ciclicidade estral versus 44,4% das fêmeas do grupo cisplatina. O grupo controle apresentou maior número de folículos antrais (p=0,011) e folículos viáveis totais (p=0,006). O grupo cisplatina apresentou maior número de folículos atrésicos (p=0,014). O marcador Ki67 demonstrou semelhantes taxas de proliferação celular entre os grupos. Os marcadores inflamatórios foram aumentados no grupo cisplatina, incluindo a geração de calicreína plasmática (p=0,003), a diminuição do TTPa (p=0,02), o aumento da atividade da calicreína intersticial (p=0,002) e glandular (p=0,008) e na expressão dos receptores B1R (p=0,001) e B2R (p=0,001), MPO (p=0,03) e NAG (p=0,04). Os marcadores de estresse oxidativo também foram aumentados no grupo cisplatina, com maior produção de NO (p=0,01) e diminuição na SOD (p=0,003) e na GSH (p=0,01). Conclusão: Todas as reações inflamatórias parecem ser ativadas pelo tratamento com cisplatina, exemplificadas pelo aumento da atividade da calicreína plasmática, intersticial e glandular, bem como a diminuição no TTPa e o aumento na expressão de B1R e B2R. A toxicidade mediada pela reação inflamatória da cisplatina é bem conhecida em seus efeitos colaterais, como ototoxicidade e nefrotoxicidade. Houve aumento da produção de NO nos ovários dos animais tratados, associado à indicação de menores concentrações de SOD e de GSH. Os desequilíbrios nos antioxidantes parecem contribuir para o estresse oxidativo ovariano. Quanto à MPO (neutrófilos) à NAG (macrófagos), a maior atividade de ambas no grupo cisplatina se explica pelo fato de que as células fagocíticas ativadas produzem grandes quantidades de espécies reativas de oxigênio, aumentando ainda mais o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação. O aumento da atividade do sistema calicreína-cininas e dos marcadores de estresse oxidativo no tecido ovariano propiciaram uma melhor compreensão da infertilidade induzida por cisplatina e indicam possíveis alternativas para proteção ovariana durante a quimioterapia, como inibidores do sistema calicreína-cinina e antioxidantes. / Background: Cisplatin toxicity is well understood in the renal, gastrointestinal, auditory and nervous systems, as well as in the bone marrow. However, the mechanisms causing infertility induced by cisplatin are poorly understood. Purpose: Our objective was to verify the participation of the kallikreinkinin system and oxidative stress in cisplatin-induced infertility, aiding in the development of new therapeutic alternatives. Methods: C57BL/6 adult (n=9) female mice received two 2.5 mg/kg intra-peritoneal cycles of cisplatin for five days, with a seven-day recovery period between cycles. The control group (n=9) received 0.9% NaCl solution. The ovarian follicles were counted with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Ki67 marker was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Biochemical tests for plasma, interstitial and glandular kallikrein, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG); and Western blotting for the bradykinin B1R and B2R receptors were also performed. Results: After cisplatin protocol, 100% of the females in the control group maintained estral cyclicity versus 44.4% of females in cisplatin group. The control group had a higher number of antral follicles (p=0.011) and total viable follicles (p=0.006). Cisplatin group had a higher number of atretic follicles (p=0.014). Ki67 marker demonstrated similar rates of cell proliferation between groups. Inflammatory markers were increased in cisplatin group, including plasma kallikrein generation (p=0.003), a decrease of aPTT (p=0.02), increased interstitial (p=0.002) and glandular (p=0.008) kallikrein, B1R (p=0.001) and B2R (p=0.001) expression, MPO (p=0.03) and NAG (p=0.04) Oxidative stress markers were also increased in cisplatin group, with higher NO production (p=0.01) and a decrease in SOD (p=0.003) and GSH (p=0.01). Conclusion: All inflammatory reactions appear to be activated by cisplatin treatment, exemplified by increased plasma, interstitial and glandular kallikrein activity, as well as the decrease in aPTT and increased expression of B1R and B2R. The toxicity mediated by cisplatin inflammatory reaction is well known in its side effects, such as ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. There was an increase in NO production in the ovaries of treated animals, associated with the indication of lower concentrations of SOD and GSH. Imbalances in antioxidants appear to contribute to ovarian oxidative stress. Regarding MPO (neutrophils) and NAG (macrophages), the greater activity of both in cisplatin group is explained by the fact that activated phagocytic cells produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species, further increasing oxidative stress and inflammation. Increased activity of the kallikrein-kinin system and markers of oxidative stress in ovarian tissue provided a better understanding of cisplatin-induced infertility and indicate possible alternatives for ovarian protection during chemotherapy, such as inhibitors of the kallikrein-kinin system and antioxidants.

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