Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-172). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-172). Also available on the Internet.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, έχει σκοπό να δώσει στον αναγνώστη µια εικόνα των ιδιαίτερων χαρακτηριστικών της αγοράς των Over the Counter (OTC), καθώς και των στρατηγικών προώθησης των φαρμακευτικών σκευασμάτων. Για την επίτευξη του ως άνω σκοπού, διενεργήθηκε έρευνα, η οποία παρουσιάζεται στην εργασία αυτή, μαζί με μελέτες, άρθρα, προτάσεις και απόψεις επιστημόνων του Marketing, των Οικονομικών της Υγείας, και της Πολιτικής στο χώρο του φαρμάκου, από τη σχετική βιβλιογραφία. / The present thesis aims to present to the reader the particular characteristics of the Over the Counter (OTC) drug market as well as strategies for their promotion. For the achievement of the above-mentioned aim, a reasearch was held, which is presented in this work, with studies, articles, proposals and opinions of scientists of Marketing, Finances of Health, and Policy in the space of medicine, from the relative bibliography.

abstract: The effects of over-the-counter drug (OTC) use on college students' health has been debated in the field of psychology with researchers arguing that poor sleep quality among college students is the result of polysubstance use. However, this explanation is not a foregone conclusion. These researchers have not adequately addressed the issue poor sleep quality among college students and its relationship to polysubstance use. This is an important issue because prolonged unsupervised OTC drug use and poor sleep quality can impact long-term health and lessen students' likelihood of being successful in college. This paper addresses the issue of OTC drug use with special attention to sleep quality. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scores were collected to assess subjective sleep quality and its relationship to OTC drug use. Several other risk factors including binge drinking, marijuana use, and illicit drug use were also accounted for in this model. This study argues that, although the current literature suggests that poor sleep quality is the effect of drug use rather than the cause; the relationships between these factors are still unclear. This study aims to fill a gap in the college drug use literature by establishing a relationship between poor sleep quality and OTC drug use in a college sample. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Psychology 2014

Class of 2011 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: Accidental ingestions of medications in children under five years old are an increasing problem faced by parents and caregivers. This study will determine which medications are most commonly ingested and which cause more harmful side effects. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective study was performed by obtaining data from electronic patient charts from the Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center (APDIC). Subjects were selected if they were younger than five years old and had ingested a medication during 2009. Age and gender were analyzed by calculating percentages and means and comparing them using an independent t-test. Adverse effects of medications were compared using a Chi Square test. RESULTS: A total of 4,373 cases met inclusion criteria for analysis, including 2,019 females and 2,354 males. The average age of patients was 2.2 years. Of 3,275 cases (74.4%) involving OTC medications, 119 patients (3.6%) developed minor effects and 20 patients (0.6%) developed moderate effects. Of 1,129 children (25.6%) ingesting prescription medications, 78 patients (6.9%) developed minor effects, 35 patients (3.1%) developed moderate effects and 1 patient (0.1%) developed a major effect (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: Males were more likely to have unintentional ingestions than females. The incidence of OTC ingestions was higher than prescription ingestions. Toddlers tended to have more ingestions than infants or older children. Unintentional prescription medication ingestions resulted in significantly more adverse effects than unintentional OTC ingestions.

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Η εργασία που ακολoυθεί εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος σπουδών "Φαρμακευτικό Μάρκετινγκ", του τμήματος Φαρμακευτικής του Πανεπιστήμιου Πατρών, κατά την ακαδημαϊκή περίοδο σπουδών 2009-2011. Σκοπός της έρευνας ήταν να γίνει μια εκτίμηση της κατάστασης στο χώρο της αγοράς των μη υποχρεωτικώς συνταγογραφούμενων φαρμάκων, έχοντας υπόψη τις διαφημιστικές στρατηγικές που εφαρμόζονται από τις φαρμακευτικές εταιρίες, καθώς επίσης και άλλων προϊόντων που διατίθενται από τα φαρμακεία. Στα προϊόντα αυτά περιλαμβάνονται συμπληρώματα διατροφής, υποκατάστατα νικοτίνης για τη ρύθμιση της διάθεσης για κάπνισμα, προϊόντα για το αδυνάτισμα, προϊόντα στοματικής υγιεινής, κρέμες για αντηλιακή προστασία, για αντιγήρανση και ενυδάτωση κ.ά. Για την πραγματοποίηση της παρούσας μελέτης συλλέχτηκαν οι τηλεοπτικές διαφημίσεις των προϊόντων αυτών είτε από τις διαφημιστικές εταιρείες είτε από το διαδίκτυο προκειμένου να αναλυθούν. Τα διαφημιστικά που αναλύσαμε ήταν 78 και τα δεδομένα που προέκυψαν αναλύθηκαν με τη βοήθεια του στατιστικού προγράμματος SPSS. Πραγματοποιήσαμε ανάλυση παραγόντων (factor analysis) από την οποία προέκυψαν 14 διαφορετικά προφίλ διαφημίσεων. Τα ερευνητικά συμπεράσματα υποδεικνύουν πως στις διαφημίσεις χρησιμοποιούνται σε υψηλό ποσοστό πληροφοριακά στοιχεία (ποιότητα, απόδοση και συστατικά μέρη/στοιχεία) καθώς επίσης και πληθώρα διαφημιστικών εκτελεστικών στυλ με κυρίαρχα: το κομμάτι της καθημερινότητας, φαντασία/όνειρο και διάθεση/εικόνα. / The following research was acomplished for the Master Program "Pharmaceutical Marketing" during the academic year 2009-2011. The purpose of this study is to conduct a content analysis of the advertisements of OTC products. The advertisements contain food supplements, NRT, diet products as well as dental hygiene products. In order to perform the content analysis, 78 television ads were collected and then analysed using SPSS. From the factor analysis that we performed we came up with 14 different kinds (profiles)of advertisments. The main conclusions dictate that in OTC advertisments are extensively used informational clues regarding the quality, the performance and the parts of its product. Moreover, a variety of advertising executive styles are also used, such as slice of life and fantasy dream.

Class of 2017 Abstract / Objectives: The aim of this project was to assess community-dwelling older adults’ knowledge of prescription and Over-the-Counter (OTC) medications associated with fall risk, then provide an online educational intervention tailored to older adults on the topics they answer incorrectly. The knowledge assessment of the missed questions will be repeated after the online education to detect the effectiveness of the online intervention in increasing the knowledge of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This study used an interventional design with pre-test, post-test survey method to quantitatively analyze community-dwelling older adults’ knowledge on medication-related fall risk. The persons taking the survey were community dwelling older adults, 65 years of age and older, living in the greater Tucson and Phoenix areas. Data was obtained through an online Qualtrics questionnaire between February 1, 2016 and February 1, 2017. The survey respondents answered questions regarding prescription and OTC medications associated with fall risk. For the questions they answered incorrectly, an online educational intervention tailored to older adults was provided immediately. The knowledge assessment of the missed questions was repeated after the online education to detect the effectiveness of the intervention. Results: Questionnaires were completed by 302 community-dwelling older adults. The mean age of the participants was 79 (range 65 to > 96), and majority were women (61.2%). A majority of respondents (53.87%) reported falling once in the last 5 years. Of the total participants, 50% were taking between 5 and 9 prescribed medications and 56% taking 0 to 4 OTC medications. The primary outcome of this study is that online education was effective in educating community dwelling older adults on medication-related fall risk. Patients whose pharmacist had previously educated them did not directly correlate with better performance on the pretest than those who did not receive counseling. Participants that received online education during the survey improved their score from 69% before education to 84% post education. Conclusions: The online educational intervention on medication-related fall among older adults was effective and informative. Such educational strategy may be used by pharmacists to educate older patients using medications that may increase fall risks.

Beyond the expected DBP exposure from drinking water, dermal from bathing, and inhalation, occurrence in food and beverage items can provide an additional occurrence pathway. Synthetic dyes are often added to beverages for aesthetic purposes and many are in the form of a reactive azo (-N=N-) dye or triarylmethane dye, both with a characteristic aromatic ring. The presence of dyes in beverages that are reconstituted with disinfected tap water pose the risk of reactions with the residual chlorine in the drinking water resulting in decolorization, and of greater concern, disinfection byproduct formation. Additionally, oral over-the-counter (OTC) medications contain chemical constituents that when reconstituted with tap water present a risk of DBP formation. Several studies were performed to evaluate the kinetic decay rates of the dyes and drugs in disinfectants, and the effects of water quality conditions on DBP formation. Commercial beverage products and OTC medications were evaluated for the DBPs that were detected in the free chlorine-treated precursor samples. The dye and drugs precursors followed second order kinetics, with the fastest rates for brilliant blue and phenylephrine in chlorinated water. The effects of water properties on precursor degradation and DBP formation was complex due to the influence of characteristics of precursor molecules. The cytotoxic and anti-estrogenic responses were measured in the dye and drug precursors and their respective beverages and OTC medications, to determine potential links. Mio Energy showed estrogenic character and Alka Seltzer induced an anti-estrogenic and cytotoxic response, however there were no clear linkages between the beverage/ medication and their respective dye and drug precursors.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar e discutir a regulamentação e as principais características do mercado de balcão brasileiro como um todo, a fim de propor algumas modificações que o tornem mais seguro. Dentro do mercado de balcão, os negócios são realizados e estruturados de acordo com a vontade e as necessidades de ambas as partes, logo os contratos não são padronizados, também não existe um local determinado para as negociações acontecerem, sendo que estas podem ser realizadas por telefone ou via sistema eletrônico. No Brasil tal mercado é dividido em dois segmentos: o organizado, onde os contratos são pelo menos realizados ou registrados em órgãos que estão sob a supervisão da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) e o não organizado, em que os contratos são firmados ou registrados em órgãos que não são fiscalizados pela CVM, logo esta parte do mercado de balcão esta menos sujeita à regulações. É dentro deste último segmento que são negociados os contratos de soja verde, de troca de insumo por produto, de CPR de gaveta, dentre outros, que servem como financiamento da produção agropecuária brasileira. Estes contratos incorrem em muitos riscos já que são firmados entre as partes e não possuem qualquer tipo de garantia oferecida por órgãos regulatórios, no que tange à sua liquidação, ou seja, não contam em seu ambiente de negociação com um sistema de clearing house. Logo, este trabalho buscou por meio de documentação de fontes primárias e secundárias e entrevistas não estruturadas, realizadas com profissionais que trabalham diretamente com o mercado de balcão, elaborar uma agenda de sugestões para tornar o ambiente de balcão não organizado mais regulamentado. Concluiu-se que existem medidas que podem ser implantadas no segmento aqui em questão, como a padronização de alguns itens dos contratos negociados, tais como as unidades de negociação e os meses de vencimento e também a conscientização dos agentes de mercado da importância de registrar suas operações, que podem tornar o mercado de balcão não organizado mais transparente e seguro. / This study aims to analyze and discuss regulations and main characteristics of the Brazilian over-the-counter (OTC) market as a whole and propose some changes to make it safer. Within the OTC, business is conducted and structured according to wishes and needs of both parties, therefore contracts are not standardized, and there is no physical place to conduct negotiations, which can be made by phone or through an electronic system. In Brazil, this market is divided into two segments: the organized one, where contracts are at least made or registered in organs under the supervision of the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) and not organized, in which contracts are not made or registered nor inspected by CVM, thus, this type of OTC trade is less subject to regulation. Within this segment, contracts of soja verde (green soybean), exchange input product, off-the-record CPR, and others that serve for financing Brazilian agricultural production. These contracts are subjected to many risks as they are signed by the parties and do not have any warranty offered by regulators regarding liquidation, in others words, they do not make use of the clearing house. Therefore, this study aims to elaborate suggestions to provide regulation to the over-the-counter market through unstructured interviews conducted with professionals who work directly with the OTC market and documentation of primary and secondary sources. It can be concluded that there are measures to be implemented in the segment at issue here, such as the standardization of some items traded by contracts, such as bargaining units and the months of expiration and also raise awareness of the importance of market agents to register their operations, which can make the not organized OTC market more transparent and secure.