This dissertation is an empirical investigation into the distributive effects of overand under-education, defined as market outcomes such that some workers possess skills over or below those required at their jobs respectively. This type of market failure can arise in assignment and search equilibrium settings, as well as in the presence of asymmetric information regarding workers' performance on the job. The existence of permanent and sizable mismatch rates means that returns to education are depressed for over-educated workers and in ated for under-qualified workers. Thus, irreversible decisions to invest in human capital are made in a context of uncertainty regarding the exact outcomes that might arise. As in the Todaro model, where individuals decide whether to migrate to cities based on the expected values of the available alternatives, workers might decide it is worthwhile to keep investing in education even if the probability of finding appropriate employment is falling. The three chapters of the dissertation are entitled: Skill Mismatch and Earnings: A Panel analysis of the U.S. Labor Market," Earnings Inequality and Skill Mismatch in the U.S: 1973-2003," and Employment and Distribution Effects of Changes in the Minimum Wage." Skill Mismatch and Earnings: A Panel analysis of the U.S. Labor Market This chapter examines the effect on earnings induced by a mismatch between workers' skills and the skills actually required on the job. It uses the Current Population Survey (CPS) for the period 1983-2002. The special re-interview methodology of the CPS is used to create a large panel, so that individual heterogeneity can be controlled for. Skill requirements are estimated by the median education level for each 3-digit occupation in the 1980 census occupational classification. The analysis, including the determination of skill requirements, is conducted for males and females separately. Cross-sectional analysis confirms the findings in the recent literature. Returns to required schooling are higher than the returns to attained education in standard earnings regressions. Also, for workers with similar educational attainment, over-education reduces earnings and under-education increases them. Contrary to what other studies have found, we conclude that these results are confirmed after controlling for individual fixed effects. The chapter also investigates which groups are more exposed to mismatch. I use standard probit analysis with over-education and under-education as the respective dependent variables. Women, service sector, and non-unionized workers appear to have higher probabilities of mismatch. Earnings Inequality and Skill Mismatch This chapter shows that skill mismatch is a significant source of inequality in real earnings in the U.S. and that a substantial fraction of the increase in wage dispersion during the period 1973-2002 was due to the increase in mismatch rates and mismatch premia. Standard human capital earnings regressions that do not decompose the education variable into required, surplus, and deficit years provide biased estimates of the relative importance of education in explaining earnings inequality. In 2000-2002 surplus and deficit qualifications taken together accounted for 4:3 and 4:6 percent of the variance in earnings, or around 15 percent of the total explained variance. The dramatic increase in over-education rates and premia accounts for around 11 and 32 percent of the increase in the coeffcient of variation of log earnings during the 30 years under analysis for males and females respectively. Residual inequality is slightly diminished when the estimating equation allows the prices of surplus, required and deficit qualifications to differ but the well-studied increasing trend of within-group inequality remains otherwise unchanged. Changes in the composition of the labor force are found to be important predictors of increasing residual inequality even when skill mismatch is taken into account. The Distributive Effects of the Minimum Wage: an Effciency Wage Model with Skill Mismatch (co-authored with Peter Skott) This chapter analyzes the effect of changes in the real value of the minimum wage on the wage distribution. Changes in the minimum wage and other labor market institutions affect workers in all groups and empirically appear to be good complement to standard supply and demand arguments in explaining overall inequality. We use an effciency wage model but allow for mismatch between jobs and workers. This framework yields predictions not only on the skill premium but also on the extent of inequality within groups. To keep matters as simple as possible, we assume that high-skill workers can get two types of jobs (good and bad), whereas low-skill workers have only one type of employment opportunity (bad). As long as some matches of high-skill workers and bad jobs are sustained in equilibrium, changes in the exogenous variables will affect not only wages and employment rates but also the degree of mismatch. Thus, this paper shows that `over-education' can be generated endogenously in effciency wage models and that a fall in the real value of the minimum wage can (i) reduce total employment, (ii) lead to a simultaneous decline in both the relative employment and the relative wage of low-skill workers, and (iii) produce a rise in within-group as well as between-group inequality. Evidence from the US suggests that these theoretical results are empirically relevant.

Jovens passam por grandes mudanças no período de transição entre educação e trabalho. Expectativas educacionais não bem-sucedidas e altos níveis de desemprego de jovens são indicativos de dificuldades encontradas por esses na passagem para a vida adulta. Enquanto muitas políticas são continuamente propostas no Brasil para tentar amenizar possíveis efeitos negativos dessas mudanças, há poucas pesquisas empíricas para auxiliar os tomadores de decisão. Esta tese, formada por dois ensaios complementares, pretende analisar os fatores que afetam a transição entre a escola e o trabalho e propor ideias de como auxiliar no desenho de políticas efetivas para os adolescentes. Para tanto, foi utilizada a Pesquisa Transição da Escola para o Trabalho (School-to-Work Transition Survey), realizada pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho em 2013. A base de dados apresenta questões retrospectivas em relação às características socioeconômicas dos pais, permitindo mensurar a mobilidade entre gerações para os jovens - o que possibilitou a elaboração do primeiro ensaio dessa tese. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam uma elevada mobilidade entre gerações, principalmente quando os pais tinham níveis mais baixos de educação. Já para analisar os retornos da educação sobre os rendimentos, segundo objetivo do primeiro ensaio, foram estimadas equações de rendimentos pelo modelo de seleção de Heckman. A educação dos jovens e dos pais mostrou ter impacto relevante sobre o rendimento. No segundo ensaio, avaliou-se a satisfação no trabalho, que até o momento tem sido pouco estudada em países em desenvolvimento. A relação entre as capacidades profissionais dos indivíduos e as demandas do mercado de trabalho ainda é pouco compreendida. Foi então realizada uma análise da satisfação profissional dos jovens de 15 a 29 anos. Ao contrário dos estudos já realizados sobre o tema satisfação profissional, a análise aqui desenvolvida se concentrou apenas nos jovens trabalhadores. Seguindo a literatura existente, utilizou-se o modelo próbite ordenado, sendo a variável dependente o grau de satisfação profissional dos jovens. Observou-se um efeito negativo sobre a satisfação do excesso de qualificação dos jovens. A magnitude desse efeito variou entre indivíduos empregados e aqueles que trabalham por conta própria. Considerados os resultados de ambos os ensaios, tem-se evidências de que houve uma melhora na qualificação dos jovens brasileiros, muitos deles apresentando escolaridade maior do que a de seus pais. Todavia, essa qualificação não está associada, necessariamente, a uma melhoria na satisfação dos jovens com o trabalho principal. Assim, os resultados encontrados poderão chamar a atenção dos formuladores de políticas públicas e de organizações não governamentais para a importância, não apenas da criação de novos postos de trabalho, mas também da criação de oportunidades de emprego com qualidade para os jovens brasileiros. / Youths suffer major changes in the transition period between education and work. Unsuccessful educational expectations and high levels of youth\'s unemployment are indicative of difficulties encountered by young people as they move into adult life. While many policies are continually being proposed in Brazil to try to mitigate these changes, there is little empirical research to assist policy makers. This dissertation aimed to analyze the factors that affect the transition between school and work and to propose ideas on how to design effective policies for youth. To do so, we used the School-to-Work Transition Survey carried out by the International Labor Organization in 2013. The database presents retrospective questions regarding the socioeconomic characteristics of the parents, allowing us to measure the mobility between generations from 15 to 29 years of age. The results obtained in the first paper show a huge mobility between generations, especially when parents had lower levels of education. To analyze the returns to education on wages, the income equations were estimated by Heckman selection model. The education of youth and parents had a great impact on earnings. The second paper evaluated the question of job satisfaction, which has a small number of studies in developing countries. The adjustment between individuals\' occupational skills and the labor market demand is still poorly understood. The objective was to carry out a comparative analysis of the professional satisfaction of young people aged 15 to 29 years old. Contrary to previous studies that address the subject of job satisfaction, the analysis developed here focused only on young workers. Following the existing literature, an ordered probit model was used, with the dependent variable being the degree of job satisfaction among young people. A negative and significant effect of over education was observed, the magnitude of the effect varies for individuals employees and those who are self-employed. These results show that there was an improvement in the qualification of Brazilian youths, many of whom presented higher educational levels than their parents. However, such qualification is not necessarily associated with improved job satisfaction for young people. Thus, the results found here may attract the attention of public policy makers as well as non-governmental organizations to the importance of not only creating new jobs, but also creating quality employment opportunities for Brazilian youths.

Jovens passam por grandes mudanças no período de transição entre educação e trabalho. Expectativas educacionais não bem-sucedidas e altos níveis de desemprego de jovens são indicativos de dificuldades encontradas por esses na passagem para a vida adulta. Enquanto muitas políticas são continuamente propostas no Brasil para tentar amenizar possíveis efeitos negativos dessas mudanças, há poucas pesquisas empíricas para auxiliar os tomadores de decisão. Esta tese, formada por dois ensaios complementares, pretende analisar os fatores que afetam a transição entre a escola e o trabalho e propor ideias de como auxiliar no desenho de políticas efetivas para os adolescentes. Para tanto, foi utilizada a Pesquisa Transição da Escola para o Trabalho (School-to-Work Transition Survey), realizada pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho em 2013. A base de dados apresenta questões retrospectivas em relação às características socioeconômicas dos pais, permitindo mensurar a mobilidade entre gerações para os jovens - o que possibilitou a elaboração do primeiro ensaio dessa tese. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam uma elevada mobilidade entre gerações, principalmente quando os pais tinham níveis mais baixos de educação. Já para analisar os retornos da educação sobre os rendimentos, segundo objetivo do primeiro ensaio, foram estimadas equações de rendimentos pelo modelo de seleção de Heckman. A educação dos jovens e dos pais mostrou ter impacto relevante sobre o rendimento. No segundo ensaio, avaliou-se a satisfação no trabalho, que até o momento tem sido pouco estudada em países em desenvolvimento. A relação entre as capacidades profissionais dos indivíduos e as demandas do mercado de trabalho ainda é pouco compreendida. Foi então realizada uma análise da satisfação profissional dos jovens de 15 a 29 anos. Ao contrário dos estudos já realizados sobre o tema satisfação profissional, a análise aqui desenvolvida se concentrou apenas nos jovens trabalhadores. Seguindo a literatura existente, utilizou-se o modelo próbite ordenado, sendo a variável dependente o grau de satisfação profissional dos jovens. Observou-se um efeito negativo sobre a satisfação do excesso de qualificação dos jovens. A magnitude desse efeito variou entre indivíduos empregados e aqueles que trabalham por conta própria. Considerados os resultados de ambos os ensaios, tem-se evidências de que houve uma melhora na qualificação dos jovens brasileiros, muitos deles apresentando escolaridade maior do que a de seus pais. Todavia, essa qualificação não está associada, necessariamente, a uma melhoria na satisfação dos jovens com o trabalho principal. Assim, os resultados encontrados poderão chamar a atenção dos formuladores de políticas públicas e de organizações não governamentais para a importância, não apenas da criação de novos postos de trabalho, mas também da criação de oportunidades de emprego com qualidade para os jovens brasileiros. / Youths suffer major changes in the transition period between education and work. Unsuccessful educational expectations and high levels of youth\'s unemployment are indicative of difficulties encountered by young people as they move into adult life. While many policies are continually being proposed in Brazil to try to mitigate these changes, there is little empirical research to assist policy makers. This dissertation aimed to analyze the factors that affect the transition between school and work and to propose ideas on how to design effective policies for youth. To do so, we used the School-to-Work Transition Survey carried out by the International Labor Organization in 2013. The database presents retrospective questions regarding the socioeconomic characteristics of the parents, allowing us to measure the mobility between generations from 15 to 29 years of age. The results obtained in the first paper show a huge mobility between generations, especially when parents had lower levels of education. To analyze the returns to education on wages, the income equations were estimated by Heckman selection model. The education of youth and parents had a great impact on earnings. The second paper evaluated the question of job satisfaction, which has a small number of studies in developing countries. The adjustment between individuals\' occupational skills and the labor market demand is still poorly understood. The objective was to carry out a comparative analysis of the professional satisfaction of young people aged 15 to 29 years old. Contrary to previous studies that address the subject of job satisfaction, the analysis developed here focused only on young workers. Following the existing literature, an ordered probit model was used, with the dependent variable being the degree of job satisfaction among young people. A negative and significant effect of over education was observed, the magnitude of the effect varies for individuals employees and those who are self-employed. These results show that there was an improvement in the qualification of Brazilian youths, many of whom presented higher educational levels than their parents. However, such qualification is not necessarily associated with improved job satisfaction for young people. Thus, the results found here may attract the attention of public policy makers as well as non-governmental organizations to the importance of not only creating new jobs, but also creating quality employment opportunities for Brazilian youths.

A growing body of research has examined over-education as a mechanism of post-employment inequality between immigrants and natives in host-country labor markets. Despite the growing share of high-skilled female migrants globally and their persistent disadvantages in labor market outcomes, male immigrants have been the focus of this literature. Addressing this gap, this study utilizes longitudinal data from the UK survey “Understanding Society” to examine the impact of over-education on native-immigrant wage disparities in the UK, and its intersection with gender. Through descriptive analysis, the study reveals persistent inequalities in over- education experiences among immigrant men, and in particular Western immigrant women. Growth curve modelling is used to estimate initial and long-term wage-effects over-education among immigrant men and women, finding that over-educated immigrant women face substantial initial wage penalties, albeit not statistically significant, but demonstrate a wage- recovery over time. Conversely, over-educated immigrant men face smaller initial wage penalties, but display significantly lower wage growth than their correctly matched counterparts. In conclusion, these disparities underscore the gendered constraints and opportunities shaping immigrants’ assimilation paths; while the wages of correctly matched immigrant men gradually converge with those of natives over time, correctly matched immigrant women face persistent wage disadvantages and limited upward mobility.

Given the clear development of the educational mismatch phenomenon in our advanced economies, it seems interesting to investigate the effects of such phenomenon on the labour market. Based on available databases, this thesis gets into the research area of new working organizations and their effects on firm performance in a broader sense, by relying on a double stance. From the firm’s point of view, it analyses how educational mismatch impacts firm productivity (Chapter 2) and profitability (Chapter 3), according to different working environments. Chapter 2 provides first evidence on whether the direct relationship between educational mismatch and firm productivity varies across working environments, materialized as a socially responsible environment and a challenging environment. The results show that corporate social responsibility creates a working environment that fosters the positive impact of over-education on productivity, suggesting that socially responsible firms are more able than others to take advantage of the surplus knowledge of their over-educated workers. When investigating the role of a challenging environment, our results show that over-educated workers are more productive in firms that (i) require higher skills, (ii) rely on high-technological/knowledge processes, and (iii) operate in a more uncertain economic context, these three environments materializing a challenging situation. Chapter 3 reveals a profit-ability profile in the form of an inverted L with, at firm level, under-education being associated with a negative impact on profits, whereas higher levels of normal and over-education are associated with positive returns for firms. It also underlines caveats of relying on human capital hypothesis since increasing educational norms is associated with productivity gains that outpace hikes in labour costs, with the returns, in the case of Belgium, being captures by firms in the form of higher profits. Finally, it shows that in the particular context of high-tech industries, over-education could be a profitable strategy because hiring above educational norms leads to higher levels of profitability.From the workers’ point of view, this thesis analyses the wages impacts of educational mismatch by deepening and expanding the educational mismatch phenomenon to the skills mismatch phenomenon. Chapter 4 investigates the impact of educational and skills mismatches on workers’ wages by relying on three mismatch situations: (i) the apparent matching, where a worker is found to be properly educated but over-skilled; (ii) the apparent over-education, where a worker is found to be over-educated but properly skilled; and (iii) the genuine over-education, where a worker is found to be over-educated and over-skilled. Beside these considerations, this chapter also analyses whether the origin of the worker may influence the wage response to educational and skills mismatches. The results show that all specifications of over-education and over-skilling impact wages negatively, with the highest penalties for genuine over-education. When investigating differences between native and immigrant workers, the results suggest that immigrants suffer from a slightly higher pay penalty than natives. European immigrant and native workers thus do not seem to be that differently impacted by mismatches in terms of education and/or skills. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les études portant sur l’adéquation entre le niveau de formation des individus et celui requis pour l’emploi occupé se sont peu attardées à la dimension temporelle de cette relation. De plus, peu ont abordé la question chez les immigrants canadiens, et de surcroît chez les travailleurs immigrants sélectionnés du Québec. Une seule étude abordant le sujet sous un angle longitudinal a été recensée et se limite à l’accès des travailleurs qualifiés à un premier emploi correspondant à leur niveau de compétences. Cette thèse cherche à aller au-delà des premières transitions sur le marché du travail et vise à mieux comprendre l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi au fil du temps d’établissement. Plus spécifiquement, l’objectif y est de mieux circonscrire l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi au cours des premières années suivant l’arrivée du migrant, d’en identifier les déterminants, mais également de voir l’impact de cette relation sur d’autres dimensions de la qualité de l’emploi : le statut socioéconomique et le salaire. Afin de mieux comprendre les déterminants de l’occupation d’emplois correspondant à son niveau de compétences et d’emplois pour lesquels l’individu est suréduqué ainsi que leur impact respectif sur le statut d’emploi et le salaire, cette thèse considère l’apport de théories sociologiques et économiques. D’une part, différentes théories s’opposent quant au caractère temporaire ou permanent de la suréducation. Ce faisant, elles soulèvent l’impact potentiel des expériences en emploi passées sur le parcours futur et la nécessité d’une vision longitudinale de l’insertion professionnelle. D’autre part, d’autres approches soulèvent, en plus des déterminants individuels, le rôle du contexte social et institutionnel dans lequel l’individu s’insère. Ces différentes approches trouvent écho dans la perspective empirique du parcours de vie qui permet de considérer l’interrelation entre des facteurs micro, méso et macro sociaux et de se représenter les parcours biographiques au fil du temps. L'Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés (ETS) a rendu possible l'étude des parcours en emploi de cette catégorie d'immigrant sélectionnée en fonction de son potentiel d'insertion à la société québécoise dans la mesure où celle-ci comporte à la fois des données administratives sur la situation prémigratoire des travailleurs immigrants, de même que de l'information datée sur chacun des emplois occupés après la migration. L’analyse a été effectuée en trois temps soit : une description du lien entre le niveau de formation et l’emploi, l’étude des déterminants de la relation formation-emploi et finalement, l’étude des salaires et effet de la relation formation-emploi sur ceux-ci. Chacun de ces trois volets est présenté sous forme d’articles soumis pour publication. Les résultats montrent que la proportion d’individus occupant des emplois correspondant à leur niveau de compétences augmente avec le temps passé dans la société d’accueil. Cependant, la suréducation demeure un phénomène présent chez la catégorie des travailleurs immigrants sélectionnés. À ce titre, les premières expériences en emploi sont déterminantes dans la mesure où elles ont un impact non seulement sur l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi, mais également sur les salaires et les statuts des emplois décrochés par les nouveaux arrivants. La grille de sélection, élément central du processus par lequel un candidat peut devenir immigrant au Québec, à travers les attributs des individus qu’elle retient, contribue aussi à façonner les parcours en emploi. La région de provenance des immigrants distingue également les immigrants entre eux, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. La majorité des groupes sont désavantagés lorsqu’ils sont comparés à leurs compatriotes de l’Europe de l’Ouest et des États-Unis, et ce désavantage perdure au fil des années. Cette thèse a démontré que l’insertion professionnelle et la relation formation-emploi sont des sujets se devant d’être abordés sous un angle longitudinal pour bien saisir la complexité des processus à l’œuvre. Au niveau social, les analyses auront permis de montrer l’importance de se pencher sur les services offerts aux immigrants pour les aider dans leur insertion professionnelle, surtout dans un contexte où des départs à la retraite massifs et des pénuries de main-d'œuvre qualifiée sont à prévoir. / Studies on the adequacy between the level of education of individuals and that required for the job held have rarely addressed the temporal dimension of this relationship. Moreover, few have addressed the issue among Canadian immigrants, and fewer still for skilled workers in Quebec. One study examining the subject from a longitudinal perspective has been identified, but is limited to the access of skilled workers to a first job corresponding to their skill level. This thesis seeks to go beyond the first transitions to the labour market and aims to better understand the evolution of the relationship between education and employment over the course of settlement. More specifically, the objective is to better define the progression of this relationship during the first years after the migrant’s arrival, to identify its determinants, but also to see the impact of this relationship on other dimensions of job quality: socio-economic status and salary. This thesis considers the contribution of sociological and economic theories in order to better understand the determinants of having jobs that match one’s level of skills and jobs for which the individual is over-educated, as well as their respective impacts on employment status and salary. On the one hand, various theories disagree regarding the temporary or permanent nature of over-education. In so doing, they highlight the potential impact of past job experiences on the job course and the need for a longitudinal view of labour market integration. On the other hand, other approaches underline, in addition to individual determinants, the role of the social and institutional context in which the individual belongs. These different approaches are reflected in the empirical perspective of the life course that allows us to consider the interrelationship between micro, meso and macro social factors and to represent individual histories through time. Data from the "Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés" (ETS) includes both administrative data on the pre-migration situation of immigrant workers, as well as information on each job held after migration, making possible the study of pathways into employment for this immigrant category which is selected based on its potential for integration into Quebec society. The analysis was conducted in three phases, including a description of the relationship between educational attainment and employment, the study of the determinants of the education-job relationship and finally, the study of wages and the effect of the education-job relationship on them. Each of these three components is presented in the form of articles ready to be submitted for publication. The results show that the proportion of individuals in jobs that match their skill level increases with time spent in the host society. However, over-education is a phenomenon present among the skilled worker immigration category. As such, the first job experiences are critical since they have an impact not only on the evolution of the relationship between education and employment, but also on wages and the socio-economic status of jobs obtained by new immigrants. The selection grid, a central element of the process through which a candidate can become an immigrant in Quebec, also helps shape the job course through the attributes of the individuals that it retains. Region of origin distinguishes immigrants as well, all things being equal. Most groups are disadvantaged when compared to their counterparts from Western Europe and the United States, and this disadvantage persists over the years. This thesis has shown that economic integration and the education-job relationship are topics to be addressed from a longitudinal perspective in order to understand the complexity of the processes at work. At the social level, analyses have demonstrated the importance of looking at the services offered to immigrants to help them establish economically, especially in a context where retirements and massive labour shortages are expected to happen.

Les études portant sur l’adéquation entre le niveau de formation des individus et celui requis pour l’emploi occupé se sont peu attardées à la dimension temporelle de cette relation. De plus, peu ont abordé la question chez les immigrants canadiens, et de surcroît chez les travailleurs immigrants sélectionnés du Québec. Une seule étude abordant le sujet sous un angle longitudinal a été recensée et se limite à l’accès des travailleurs qualifiés à un premier emploi correspondant à leur niveau de compétences. Cette thèse cherche à aller au-delà des premières transitions sur le marché du travail et vise à mieux comprendre l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi au fil du temps d’établissement. Plus spécifiquement, l’objectif y est de mieux circonscrire l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi au cours des premières années suivant l’arrivée du migrant, d’en identifier les déterminants, mais également de voir l’impact de cette relation sur d’autres dimensions de la qualité de l’emploi : le statut socioéconomique et le salaire. Afin de mieux comprendre les déterminants de l’occupation d’emplois correspondant à son niveau de compétences et d’emplois pour lesquels l’individu est suréduqué ainsi que leur impact respectif sur le statut d’emploi et le salaire, cette thèse considère l’apport de théories sociologiques et économiques. D’une part, différentes théories s’opposent quant au caractère temporaire ou permanent de la suréducation. Ce faisant, elles soulèvent l’impact potentiel des expériences en emploi passées sur le parcours futur et la nécessité d’une vision longitudinale de l’insertion professionnelle. D’autre part, d’autres approches soulèvent, en plus des déterminants individuels, le rôle du contexte social et institutionnel dans lequel l’individu s’insère. Ces différentes approches trouvent écho dans la perspective empirique du parcours de vie qui permet de considérer l’interrelation entre des facteurs micro, méso et macro sociaux et de se représenter les parcours biographiques au fil du temps. L'Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés (ETS) a rendu possible l'étude des parcours en emploi de cette catégorie d'immigrant sélectionnée en fonction de son potentiel d'insertion à la société québécoise dans la mesure où celle-ci comporte à la fois des données administratives sur la situation prémigratoire des travailleurs immigrants, de même que de l'information datée sur chacun des emplois occupés après la migration. L’analyse a été effectuée en trois temps soit : une description du lien entre le niveau de formation et l’emploi, l’étude des déterminants de la relation formation-emploi et finalement, l’étude des salaires et effet de la relation formation-emploi sur ceux-ci. Chacun de ces trois volets est présenté sous forme d’articles soumis pour publication. Les résultats montrent que la proportion d’individus occupant des emplois correspondant à leur niveau de compétences augmente avec le temps passé dans la société d’accueil. Cependant, la suréducation demeure un phénomène présent chez la catégorie des travailleurs immigrants sélectionnés. À ce titre, les premières expériences en emploi sont déterminantes dans la mesure où elles ont un impact non seulement sur l’évolution de la relation formation-emploi, mais également sur les salaires et les statuts des emplois décrochés par les nouveaux arrivants. La grille de sélection, élément central du processus par lequel un candidat peut devenir immigrant au Québec, à travers les attributs des individus qu’elle retient, contribue aussi à façonner les parcours en emploi. La région de provenance des immigrants distingue également les immigrants entre eux, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. La majorité des groupes sont désavantagés lorsqu’ils sont comparés à leurs compatriotes de l’Europe de l’Ouest et des États-Unis, et ce désavantage perdure au fil des années. Cette thèse a démontré que l’insertion professionnelle et la relation formation-emploi sont des sujets se devant d’être abordés sous un angle longitudinal pour bien saisir la complexité des processus à l’œuvre. Au niveau social, les analyses auront permis de montrer l’importance de se pencher sur les services offerts aux immigrants pour les aider dans leur insertion professionnelle, surtout dans un contexte où des départs à la retraite massifs et des pénuries de main-d'œuvre qualifiée sont à prévoir. / Studies on the adequacy between the level of education of individuals and that required for the job held have rarely addressed the temporal dimension of this relationship. Moreover, few have addressed the issue among Canadian immigrants, and fewer still for skilled workers in Quebec. One study examining the subject from a longitudinal perspective has been identified, but is limited to the access of skilled workers to a first job corresponding to their skill level. This thesis seeks to go beyond the first transitions to the labour market and aims to better understand the evolution of the relationship between education and employment over the course of settlement. More specifically, the objective is to better define the progression of this relationship during the first years after the migrant’s arrival, to identify its determinants, but also to see the impact of this relationship on other dimensions of job quality: socio-economic status and salary. This thesis considers the contribution of sociological and economic theories in order to better understand the determinants of having jobs that match one’s level of skills and jobs for which the individual is over-educated, as well as their respective impacts on employment status and salary. On the one hand, various theories disagree regarding the temporary or permanent nature of over-education. In so doing, they highlight the potential impact of past job experiences on the job course and the need for a longitudinal view of labour market integration. On the other hand, other approaches underline, in addition to individual determinants, the role of the social and institutional context in which the individual belongs. These different approaches are reflected in the empirical perspective of the life course that allows us to consider the interrelationship between micro, meso and macro social factors and to represent individual histories through time. Data from the "Enquête sur les travailleurs sélectionnés" (ETS) includes both administrative data on the pre-migration situation of immigrant workers, as well as information on each job held after migration, making possible the study of pathways into employment for this immigrant category which is selected based on its potential for integration into Quebec society. The analysis was conducted in three phases, including a description of the relationship between educational attainment and employment, the study of the determinants of the education-job relationship and finally, the study of wages and the effect of the education-job relationship on them. Each of these three components is presented in the form of articles ready to be submitted for publication. The results show that the proportion of individuals in jobs that match their skill level increases with time spent in the host society. However, over-education is a phenomenon present among the skilled worker immigration category. As such, the first job experiences are critical since they have an impact not only on the evolution of the relationship between education and employment, but also on wages and the socio-economic status of jobs obtained by new immigrants. The selection grid, a central element of the process through which a candidate can become an immigrant in Quebec, also helps shape the job course through the attributes of the individuals that it retains. Region of origin distinguishes immigrants as well, all things being equal. Most groups are disadvantaged when compared to their counterparts from Western Europe and the United States, and this disadvantage persists over the years. This thesis has shown that economic integration and the education-job relationship are topics to be addressed from a longitudinal perspective in order to understand the complexity of the processes at work. At the social level, analyses have demonstrated the importance of looking at the services offered to immigrants to help them establish economically, especially in a context where retirements and massive labour shortages are expected to happen.