This diploma thesis deals with taxonomy independent methods for classification of metagenomic signals, aquired by a MinION sequencer. It describes the formation and character of metagenomic data and already existing methods of metagenomic data classification and their development. This thesis also evaluates an impact of the third generation sequencing techniques in the world of metagenomics and further specialises on the function of the Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencing device. Lastly, a custom method for metagenomic data classification, based on data obtained from a MinION sequencer, is proposed and compared with an already existing method of classification.

Microorganisms exist ubiquitously on Earth, yet their functions and ecological roles remain elusive. Investigating these microbes is accomplished by using culture-dependent and culture-independent methodologies. This study employs both methodologies to characterize: 1) the genomic potential of the novel deep-subsurface bacterial isolate Thermanaerosceptrum fracticalcis strain DRI-13T by combining next-generation and nanopore sequencing technologies and 2) the microbiome of the artificial marine environment for the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid in aquaculture using next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Microbial ecology of the deep-subsurface remains understudied in terms of microbial diversity and function. The genomic information of DRI-13T revealed a potential for syntrophic relationships, diverse metabolic potential including prophages/antiviral defenses, and novel methylation motifs. Artificial marine environments housing marine the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid (Euprymna scolopes) contain microorganisms that can directly influence animal and aquaculture health. No studies presently show if bacterial communities of the tank environment correlate with the health and productivity of E. scolopes. This study sought to address this by sampling from a year of unproductive aquaculture yield and comparing the bacterial communities from productive cohorts. Bacterial communities from unproductive samples show less bacterial diversity and abundance coupled with shifts in bacterial composition. Nitrate and pH levels between the tanks were found to be strong influences on determining the bacterial populations of productive and unproductive cohorts.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Non-coding RNAs across the genome have been associated with various biological processes, ranging from regulation of splicing to remodeling of chromatin. Amongst the repertoire of non-coding sequences lies a critical species of RNAs called long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). LncRNAs significantly contribute to a large spectrum of human phenotypes, including cancers, Heart failure, Diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. This dissertation emphasizes the need to characterize the functional role of lncRNAs to improve our understanding of human diseases. This work consolidates a resource from multiple computational genomics and natural language processing-based approaches to advance our ability to functionally annotate hundreds of lncRNAs and their interactions, providing a one-stop lncRNA functional annotation and dynamic interaction network and multi-facet omics data visualization platform. RNA interactions are vital in various cellular processes, from transcription to RNA processing. These interactions dictate the functional scope of the RNA. However, the multifaceted functional nature of RNA stems from its ability to form secondary structures. Therefore, this work establishes a computational method to characterize RNA secondary structure by integrating SHAPE-seq and long-read sequencing to enhance further our understanding of RNA structure in modulating the post-transcriptional regulatory processes and deciphering the influence at several layers of biological features, ranging from structure composition to consequent protein occupancy. This study will potentially impact the research community by providing methods, web interfaces, and computational pipelines, improving our functional understanding of long non-coding RNAs. This work also provides novel integration methods of technologies like Oxford Nanopore-based long-read sequencing, RNA structure-probing methods, and machine learning. The approaches developed in this dissertation are scalable and adaptable to investigate further the functional and regulatory role of RNA and its structure. Overall, this study accelerates the development of RNA-based diagnostics and the identification of therapeutic targets in human disease.

Atriplex hortensis (2n = 2x = 18, 1C genome size ~1.1 gigabases), also known as garden orach, is a highly nutritious, broadleaf annual of the Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae family that has spread from its native Eurasia to other temperate and subtropical environments worldwide. Atriplex is a highly complex and polyphyletic genus of generally halophytic and/or xerophytic plants, some of which have been used as food sources for humans and animals alike. Although there is some literature describing the taxonomy and ecology of orach, there is a lack of genetic and genomic data that would otherwise help elucidate the genetic variation, phylogenetic position, and future potential of this species. Here, we report the assembly of the first highquality, chromosome-scale reference genome for orach cv. ‘Golden’. Sequence data was produced using Oxford Nanopore’s MinION sequencing technology in conjunction with Illumina short-reads and chromatin-contact mapping. Genome assembly was accomplished using the high-noise, single-molecule sequencing assembler, Canu. The genome is enriched for highly repetitive DNA (68%). The Canu assembly combined with the Hi-C chromatin-proximity data yielded a final assembly containing 1,325 scaffolds with a contig N50 of 98.9 Mb and with 94.7% of the assembly represented in the nine largest, chromosome-scale scaffolds. Sixty-eight percent of the genome was classified as highly repetitive DNA, with the most common repetitive elements being Gypsy and Copia-like LTRs. The annotation was completed using MAKER which identified 31,010 gene models and 2,555 tRNA genes. Completeness of the genome was assessed using the Benchmarking Universal Single Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) platform, which quantifies functional gene content using a large core set of highly conserved orthologous genes (COGs). Of the 1,375 plant-specific COGs in the Embryophyta database, 1,330 (96.7%) were identified in the Atriplex assembly. We also report the results of a resequencing panel consisting of 21 accessions which illustrates a high degree of genetic similarity among cultivars and wild material from various locations in North America and Europe. These genome resources provide vital information to better understand orach and facilitate future study and comparison.

Yes / The next-generation short-read sequencing technologies that generate comprehensive, whole-genome data with single-nucleotide resolution have already advanced tuberculosis diagnosis, treatment, surveillance and source investigation. Their high costs, tedious and lengthy processes, and large equipment remain major hurdles for research use in high tuberculosis burden countries and implementation into routine care. The portable next-generation sequencing devices developed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) are attractive alternatives due to their long-read sequence capability, compact low-cost hardware, and continued improvements in accuracy and throughput. A systematic review of the published literature demonstrated limited uptake of ONT sequencing in tuberculosis research and clinical care. Of the 12 eligible articles presenting ONT sequencing data on at least one Mycobacterium tuberculosis sample, four addressed software development for long read ONT sequencing data with potential applications for M. tuberculosis. Only eight studies presented results of ONT sequencing of M. tuberculosis, of which five performed whole-genome and three did targeted sequencing. Based on these findings, we summarize the standard processes, reflect on the current limitations of ONT sequencing technology, and the research needed to overcome the main hurdles. Summary: The low capital cost, portable nature and continued improvement in the performance of ONT sequencing make it an attractive option for sequencing for research and clinical care, but limited data is available on its application in the tuberculosis field. Important research investment is needed to unleash the full potential of ONT sequencing for tuberculosis research and care.

Traditional plating methods for bacterial enumeration can be limited, but the development of high-throughput DNA sequencing, such as Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), can provide rapid and highly specific alternative for species-level identification. In this study, ONT amplicon sequencing was applied to fresh broiler breast meat to identify their bacterial composition and monitor their dynamic changes. The sequencing data were complemented by sensory panels, physicochemical analysis, and traditional plating methods. Over time, the bacterial diversity decreased within and across samples. By the end of shelf-life, Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas lundesis, and Brochothrix thermosphacta became the most prevalent species. These bacteria were associated with spoilage attributes that were reported in the sensory panels. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of Nanopore sequencing in determining the spoilage associated bacteria in chicken meat. Future research may focus on developing targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of these spoilage bacteria and extend the shelf life of chicken meat.

The use of the MinION sequencer (Oxford Nanopore) was tested on samples prepared to simulate infectious samples. The tested procedure is to simulate work with a sample with an unknown pathogen. Therefore, a metagenomic approach was chosen. Three kits were tested: Rapid Barcoding Sequencing, PCR Barcoding and Premium whole genome amplification. Each kit differed in duration, difficulty to prepare and in amplification of nucleic acids. In total it was chosen eight viruses with different genome lengths and with varying types of the genome (5,6 - 152 kb, ss/ds RNA, dsDNA). Ten samples were prepared to simulate different types of infection (respiratory, gastrointestinal tract and urine), and one sample contained pure water as a negative control. Before preparation of the library with Oxford Nanopore's kits, DNase/RNase treatment was used. The viral RNA was transcribed into DNA and in chosen samples were amplificated to reach a higher concentration of nucleic acids. Rapid barcoding sequencing kit detected all selected viruses with the highest number of viral reads (4403) with a length between 100 and 250 nt and quality coverage of viral genomes. PCR Barcoding kit detected five out of eight viruses, and the number of identified reads with a length of 100-200 nt distinctly decreased. Premium whole genome...

The field of microbial ecology has just entered a new era of rapid technological development and generation of big data. The high-throughput sequencing techniques presently available provide an opportunity to extensively inventorize the blueprints of life. Now, millions of microbes of natural microbial communities can be studied simultaneously without prior cultivation. New species and new functions (genes) can be discovered just by mining sequencing data. However, there is still a tremendous number of microorganisms not yet examined, nor are the ecosystem functions these carry out. The modern genomic technologies can contribute to solve environmental problems and help us understand ecosystems, but to most efficiently do so, methods need to be continuously optimised.   During my Ph. D. studies, I developed a method to survey eukaryotic microbial diversity with a higher accuracy, and applied various sequencing-based approaches in an attempt to answer questions of importance in environmental research and ecology. In PAPER-I, we developed a set of 18S rRNA gene PCR primers with high taxonomic coverage, meeting the requirements of currently popular sequencing technologies and matching the richness of 18S rRNA reference sequences accumulated so far. In PAPER-II, we conducted the first sequencing-based spatial survey on the combined eukaryotic and bacterial planktonic community in the Baltic Sea to uncover the relationship of microbial diversity and environmental conditions. Here, the 18S primers designed in PAPER-I and a pair of broad-coverage 16S primers were employed to target the rRNA genes of protists and bacterioplankton for amplicon sequencing. In PAPER-III, we integrated metagenomic, metabarcoding, and metatranscriptomic data in an effort to scrutinise the protein synthesis potential (i.e., activity) of microbes in the sediment at a depth of 460 m in the Baltic Sea and, thus, disclosing microbial diversity and their possible ecological functions within such an extreme environment. Lastly, in PAPER-IV, we compared the performance of E. coli culturing, high-throughput sequencing, and portable real-time sequencing in tracking wastewater contamination in an urban stormwater system. From the aspects of cost, mobility and accuracy, we evaluated the usage of sequencing-based approaches in civil engineering, and for the first time, validated the real-time sequencing device in use within water quality monitoring.   In summary, these studies demonstrate how DNA sequencing of microbial communities can be applied in environmental monitoring and ecological research. / <p>Yue Hu was supported by a scholarship from the China Scholarship Council (CSC #201206950024)</p><p>Yue Hu has been publishing papers under the name "Yue O. O. Hu".</p><p>QC 20170403</p>

[ES] La presente tesis muestra la utilización de las lecturas largas para resolver las limitaciones asociadas al ARN-Seq habitual, presentando innovaciones significativas en este campo. Las lecturas largas permiten capturar transcritos completos y detectar nuevas variantes de splicing, mejorando los resultados obtenidos con lecturas cortas en términos de precisión ya que no existe la necesidad de realizar un ensamblado de lecturas que podría dar lugar a isoformas quiméricas. En el marco de este trabajo, se ha desarrollado la herramienta SQANTI3, diseñada para la evaluación y filtrado de transcriptomas. SQANTI3 clasifica modelos de transcripción de lecturas largas según categorías estructurales basadas en sus splice junctions (SJ) y anota diversas características de calidad, tales como la presencia de SJ no canónicas o la fiabilidad de las anotaciones de los sitios de inicio y término de transcripción (TSS y TTS, por sus siglas en inglés) utilizando datos ortogonales. También ofrece un módulo de filtrado de artefactos basado en aprendizaje automático y reglas definidas por el usuario, así como un módulo de "rescate" para evitar la pérdida de genes completos por un filtrado excesivo. Por último, SQANTI3 integra la anotación funcional de los transcriptomas con isoAnnot Lite, facilitando el análisis de cambios en la expresión de isoformas y sus implicaciones funcionales. SQANTI3 se utilizó en los retos 1 y 3 del proyecto LRGASP (Long-read RNA-seq Genome Annotation Assessment Project), un esfuerzo internacional y multicéntrico para el benchmarking de herramientas bioinformáticas de lecturas largas en ARN-Seq. Ambos retos se centraron en la identificación correcta de transcritos en organismos altamente anotados (reto 1) y en organismos no modelo con limitaciones de información a priori (reto 3). LRGASP proporcionó datos de diferentes tecnologías y protocolos a los participantes para que presentaran los resultados obtenidos sus herramientas bioinformáticas. Estos resultados se evaluaron y compararon utilizando SQANTI3, dejando patente las diferencias de transcriptomas obtenidos para una misma muestra dependiendo de los datos y métodos empleados. En resumen, el trabajo en esta tesis resalta la importancia que la utilización de lecturas largas para ARN-Seq puede tener en el futuro y como SQANTI3 es y será una herramienta clave para la evaluación y mejora de la calidad de los transcriptomas. / [CA] La present tesi mostra la utilització de les lectures llargues per resoldre les limitacions associades a l'ARN-Seq habitual, presentant innovacions significatives en aquest camp. Les lectures llargues permeten capturar transcrits complets i detectar noves variants de splicing, millorant els resultats obtinguts amb lectures curtes en termes de precisió, ja que no és necessari realitzar un assemblatge de lectures que podria donar lloc a isoformes quimèriques. En el marc d'aquest treball, s'ha desenvolupat l'eina SQANTI3, dissenyada per a l'avaluació i filtratge de transcriptomes. SQANTI3 classifica models de transcripció de lectures llargues segons categories estructurals basades en les seues splice junctions (SJ) i anota diverses característiques de qualitat, com la presència de SJ no canòniques o la fiabilitat de les anotacions dels llocs d'inici i terme de transcripció (TSS i TTS, per les seues sigles en anglés) utilitzant dades ortogonals. També ofereix un mòdul de filtratge d'artefactes basat en aprenentatge automàtic o regles definides per l'usuari, així com un mòdul de "rescat" per a evitar la pèrdua de gens complets per un filtratge excessiu. Finalment, SQANTI3 integra l'anotació funcional dels transcriptomes amb isoAnnot Lite, facilitant l'anàlisi de canvis en l'expressió d'isoformes i les seues implicacions funcionals. SQANTI3 es va utilitzar en els reptes 1 i 3 del projecte LRGASP (Long-read RNA-seq Genome Annotation Assessment Project), un esforç internacional i multicèntric per al benchmarking d'eines bioinformàtiques de lectures llargues en ARN-Seq. Ambdós reptes es van centrar en la identificació correcta de transcrits en organismes altament anotats (repte 1) i en organismes no model amb limitacions d'informació a priori (repte 3). LRGASP va proporcionar dades de diferents tecnologies i protocols als participants perquè presentaren els resultats obtinguts amb les seues eines bioinformàtiques. Aquests resultats es van avaluar i comparar utilitzant SQANTI3, deixant patent les diferències de transcriptomes obtinguts per a una mateixa mostra depenent de les dades i mètodes emprats. En resum, aquesta tesi ressalta la importància que la utilització de lectures llargues per a ARN-Seq pot tindre en el futur i com SQANTI3 és i serà una eina clau per a l'avaluació i millora de la qualitat dels transcriptomes. / [EN] This thesis presents the usage of long-read sequencing to overcome the limitations associated with conventional RNA-Seq, introducing significant innovations in this field. Long-read sequencing enables the capture of full-length transcripts and the detection of novel splicing variants, improving the accuracy of results compared to short-read sequencing, as there is no need for assembly, which could otherwise lead to chimeric isoforms. As part of this work, the SQANTI3 tool has been designed and developed for the evaluation and filtering of transcriptomes. SQANTI3 classifies long-read transcription models into structural categories based on their splice junctions (SJ) and annotates a wide variety of quality features, such as the presence of non-canonical SJs or the reliability of Transcription Start and Termination Sites (TSS and TTS) detected using orthogonal data. It also includes an artifact filtering module based on machine learning or user-defined rules, as well as a "rescue" module to prevent the loss of complete genes due to excessive filtering. Finally, SQANTI3 integrates the functional annotation of transcriptomes with isoAnnot Lite, facilitating the analysis of isoform expression changes and their functional implications. SQANTI3 was used in challenges 1 and 3 of the Long-read RNA-seq Genome Annotation Assessment Project (LRGASP), an international and multicenter effort to benchmark bioinformatic tools for long-read RNA-Seq data. Both challenges focused on the correct identification of transcripts in well-annotated organisms (challenge 1) and in non-model organisms with limited prior information (challenge 3). LRGASP provided participants with data from different sequencing technologies and protocols to submit the results obtained by their bioinformatics tools. These results were evaluated and compared using SQANTI3, highlighting the differences in transcriptomes obtained from the same sample depending on the data and methods used. In summary, the work in thesis emphasizes the importance that long-read RNA-Seq can have in the future and how SQANTI3 is and will continue to be a key tool for the evaluation and improvement of transcriptome quality. / The project is supported by the following grants: Pew Charitable Trust, NIGMS R35GM138122, NHGRI R21HG011280, Spanish Ministry of Science PID2020-119537RB-10, NIGMS R35GM142647, NIGMS R35GM133569, NHGRI U41HG007234, NHGRI F31HG010999, and UM1 HG009443, NHGRI R01HG008759 and R01HG011469, NHGRI R01HG007182, NHGRI UM1HG009402, NHMRC Investigator Grant GNT2017257, Comunitat Valenciana Grant ACIF/2018/290, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative DAF, an advised fund of Silicon Valley Community Foundation, Grant No. 2019-002443, an institutional fund from the Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, an institutional fund from the Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, SPBU 73023672, AMED 22kk0305013h9903, 23kk0305024h0001, Wellcome Trust [WT222155/Z/20/Z] , and European Molecular Biology Laboratory. We acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to the EMBL partnership, Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, and CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya and the support of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research with the grant 161L0242A. This work has been also funded by NIH grant R21HG011280, by the Spanish Ministry of Science grants BES-2016-076994 and PID2020-119537RB-100, and by the Comunitat Valenciana grant ACIF/2018/290. / Pardo Palacios, FJ. (2024). Long-Read RNA-Seq: Quality Control and Benchmarking [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/212027