In the present thesis structure, morphology, chemical and electronic properties of the Pt - Au/tungsten oxide model system were investigated by means of RHEED, AFM and PES. The epitaxial tungsten oxide thin films were prepared by oxidation of W(110) single-crystal surface using a RF oxygen plasma source followed by thermal annealing. Gold and Platinum were deposited "in-situ" by evaporation. Gold or platinum deposition led to the growth of oriented particles having (111) epitaxial plane as well as to the growth of polycrystalline phase. Platinum encapsulation was proved by CO adsorption observed by SRPES. Deposition of the second metal led to the formation of core - shell bimetallic clusters. Detail structure of the bimetallic system depends on the order of deposited metals and the substrate temperature. Thermal stability of the system was investigated by heating up to 600 řC.

This work is studying the layers of cerium oxide (doped with platinum) prepa- red by magnetron sputtering on different types of substrates. Attention is focused mainly on modes of growth and morfology of (Pt−)CeO2 layers. The study was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The specimens (lamellas) were created by using focused ion beam (FIB) with respect to transparency for electron beam and material contrast. The emphasis was on elimination of redeposition and minimize the amorphous layer of lamella. Representation of elements was determined by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) and electron-energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). 1

Tungsten oxide thin films were prepared by vacuum evaporation on surfaces of Pd(111), Cu(111), Cu(110) and Cu(100) single crystals and studied by RHEED, XPS and AFM methods. The tungsten oxide deposition was done at temperatures from 300 řC to 400 řC in UHV or in oxygen atmosphere. The best deposition conditions - substrate temperature of 400 řC and oxygen atmosphere - were found resulting in growth of epitaxial and only partially reduced thin films. Thin films grown on the Pd(111) and Cu(111) surfaces consisted of two phases: a nearly atomically flat phase with (100) epitaxial plane and a phase formed by three dimensional particles with (111) epitaxial plane. Thin film deposited on Cu(100) also consisted of two phases: a flat film with (100) epitaxial plane and self-organised 1D structures parallel to Cu[010] and Cu[001] directions. Thin film prepared on the Cu(110) surface contained solely 1D structures parallel to Cu[1-10] surface direction. Capability of the partially reduced thin films for oxidation was studied. We applied oxidation using RF oxygen plasma, O2 exposure at elevated temperature and exposure to atmosphere. Thermal stability of the WO3/Cu(110) system was also investigated by heating up to 620 řC.

The master thesis is focused on the bound sulfur dioxide, especially on its first dosage into the wine after the alcohol fermentation. The first part describes the properties of sulfur dioxide, its effects, bounds and dosing. Next it includes the theoretical background of sur-lie wine aging process in conjuction with the sulfur dioxide. The second part of the thesis was an experiment with the sulfur dioxide dosing into the wines right after the alcohol fermentation in comparison with sur-lie aged wines. The free sulfur dioxide was examined in the resulting wines. It was found out that sur-lie aged wines have a positive effect on redox potential and therefore on keeping higher free sulfur dioxide amounts which results in lower sulfiting dosages needed.

The diploma thesis “Quality of wine affected by sulphurization” is focused on problems related to sulphur dioxide and its influence on technological and sensory quality of wine. The theoretical part of the thesis briefly describes the production of wine, describes various forms of sulphur dioxide in wine and its bonds with various components of wine. There are also outlined ways of the sulphurizing wine, dosing as well as how sulphur dioxide can be reduced by other technologies or by substituting it with other substances. The practical part of the thesis then verifies the effect of sulphur dioxide to the content of acids, reducing sugars and alcohol in wine. The effect of sulphur dioxide to the colour intensity of selected varieties of white and red wines is investigated. The wine is then also reviewed sensory to evaluate the effects of sulphur dioxide to the quality of the wine comprehensively. The results show sulphur dioxide affects the colour intensity. If the wine contains more sulphur dioxide, the colour of the wine is lighter. This difference is more evident in red wines. Sulphur dioxide has no influence to parameters such as reducing sugars, alcohol and acids. Wines with lower content of sulphur dioxide are more sensory acceptable.

Diploma thesis provides evaluation of applications of environmental aspects in road motor vehicle taxation and charging, with special focus on passenger cars and motorcycles, in the European Union countries. Thesis presents comparative analysis of taxes and charges system applied within the acquisition, ownership and motoring of passenger cars and motorcycles in individual European Union countries. Integral part of the thesis aims to analyse vehicle fleets of European Union countries, with an emphasis on their state, composition and age. Four proposals for adjusting the road tax in the Czech Republic based on the environmental aspect – carbon dioxide emissions – are presented following the previously made surveys.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an interesting molecule, which is involved in many important biological processes such as vasodilatation, neurotransmission, immune response and cell proliferation. This work presents the crucial role of NO during the Xenopus laevis embryonic epidermis development. The outer layer of the embryonic epidermis is composed of 4 cell types (small secretory cells, multi-ciliated cells, ionocytes and goblet cells). Embryonic epidermis composition reflects specialized epithelia such as a respiratory epithelium of mammals. Therefore, Xenopus embryonic epidermis has become a suitable model for the study of human mucosal and mucociliary epithelium and their defects. I found that NO is mainly produced in ionocytes and multi-ciliated cells by using molecular and immunohistochemical approaches. The study of molecular and cellular phenotype changes in embryos with inhibited NO production revealed the necessity of this molecule for correct formation and function of the mucociliary epithelium. NO inhibition caused reduction of specialized epidermal cell types (small secretory cells, ionocytes and multi-ciliated cells) and structural changes in multi-ciliated cells. I also showed that NO affects the development of the embryonic epidermis through the sGC-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, probably by...

Zinkoxid-Nanopartikel (ZnO-NP) finden in vielen Produkten des täglichen Verbrauchs Verwendung. Daten über die toxikologischen Eigenschaften von ZnO-NP werden kontrovers diskutiert. Die menschliche Haut ist in Bezug auf die ZnO-NP Exposition das wichtigste Kontakt-Organ. Intakte Haut stellt eine suffiziente Barriere gegenüber NP dar. Bei defekter Haut ist ein Kontakt zu den proliferierenden Stammzellen möglich, sodass diese als wichtiges toxikologische Ziel für NP darstellen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war die Bewertung der genotoxischen und zytotoxischen Effekte an humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (hMSC) durch niedrig dosierte ZnO-NP nach 24 stündiger Exposition, repetitiven Expositionen und im Langzeitversuch bis zu 6 Wochen. Zytotoxische Wirkungen von ZnO-NP wurden mit 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromid-Test (MTT) gemessen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Genotoxizität durch den Comet-Assay bewertet. Zur Langzeitbeobachtung bis zu 6 Wochen wurde die Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) verwendet. Zytotoxizität nach 24-stündiger ZnO-NP-Exposition war ab einer Konzentration von 50 µg/ml nachweisbar. Genotoxizität konnten bereits bei Konzentrationen von 1 und 10 µg/ml ZnO-NP beschrieben werden. Wiederholte Exposition verstärkte die Zyto-, aber nicht die Genotoxizität. Eine intrazelluläre NP-Akkumulation mit Penetration der Zellorganelle wurde bei einer Exposition bis zu 6 Wochen beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf zytotoxische und genotoxisches Effekte von ZnO-NP hin. Bereits geringe Dosen von ZnO-NP können bei wiederholter Exposition toxische Wirkungen hervorrufen sowie eine langfristige Zellakkumulation. Diese Daten sollten bei der Verwendung von ZnO-NP an geschädigter Haut berücksichtigt werden. / Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) are widely used in many products of daily consumption. Data on the toxicological properties of the ZnO-NP used are discussed controversially. Human skin is the most important organ in terms of ZnO-NP exposure. Intact skin has been shown to provide an adequate barrier against NPs, while defective skin allows NP contact with proliferating cells. Among proliferating cells, stem cells are the main toxicological target for NPs. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) by low-dose ZnO-NP after 24 hours of exposure, repetitive exposures and in long-term experiments up to 6 weeks. Cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP were measured with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test (MTT). In addition, genotoxicity was assessed by the comet assay. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for long-term observation after 6 exposure periods. The results of the study show that ZnO-NP has a cytotoxic effect starting at high concentrations of 50 µg/mL and could demonstrate genotoxic effects in hMSC exposed to 1 and 10 µg/ml ZnO-NP. Repeated exposure enhanced cytotoxicity but not genotoxicity. Intracellular NP accumulation with penetration of the cell organelles was observed at exposure up to 6 weeks. The results indicate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of ZnO-NP. Even small doses of ZnO-NP can cause toxic effects with repeated exposure and long-term cell accumulation. These data should be considered when using ZnO-NP on damaged skin.

This thesis deals with the preparations of titanium and tungsten dioxide active electrochromic layers and simulation of link between electrochromic structures and photovoltaic cell. By means of electrodeposition, the active layers were made on the glass substrates ITO. These layers were subsequently analyzed, namely their intercalation properties. In this thesis, I tried to design the link between the electrochromic element and the photovoltaic cell. After this, functionality of this link was verified by software environment MATLAB Simulink.

The presented thesis focuses on studying the interaction between rhodium and cerium oxide and its impact on the reactivity. We investigated two different systems, Rh/CeOx and Rh-CeOx, by means of the photoelectron spectroscopy and the temperature programmed reactions. Rh/CeOx stands for rhodium nanoparticles supported by cerium oxide thin film. We show that there is an electronic metal-substrate interaction between rhodium and cerium oxide. The type of the interaction depends on a degree of cerium oxide reduction and it has a tremendous impact on the reactivity of the system. On the other hand, Rh-CeOx represents cerium oxide thin films doped by rhodium. We characterized the properties of the films with various concentration of rhodium. We show that the morphology, chemical composition and reactivity of the samples strongly depend on the concentration of the rhodium dopant. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)