The main aim of this thesis is to show how emission allowances for carbon dioxide work in the emission control system of the European Union. The first and second chapters explain global warming, give a summary of views on how to solve environmental pollution using economic instruments and inform about the first summit climate changes in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. The third and fourth chapters discuss the origin and development of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and other climate summits that were held between 2007 - 2015. The analytical part of my thesis deals with the third trading period of the EU ETS, the factors affecting the price of allowance and the measures resulting from global climate conferences. In this part I verify whether it is possible for climate conferences to be considered trend that moves the entire demand curve. This premise was tested with the aid of hypothesis: "In the period of the climate conference increases price of allowance." This hypothesis was examined on the basis of the condition ceteris paribus and the result of this thesis is the fact that conferences don't influence price of allowance. The results indicate that the price of allowance is probably influenced by other factors that were not the subject of my analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sampaio_rcl_dr_jabo.pdf: 2084812 bytes, checksum: 58460a9359272871dda4cd09bd01ae62 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / As alterações ultra-estruturais ocorridas nas lâminas epidérmicas e dérmicas de eqüinos com laminite são responsáveis pela rotação ou afundamento da falange distal dentro do casco. Com o objetivo de prevenir esta ocorrência foram estudados os efeitos da sobrecarga de carboidratos (SCHO), assim como da utilização de trinitroglicerina na fase prodrômica da laminite, nas lâminas epidérmicas do casco de quinze eqüinos. A indução da laminite por meio da sobrecarga de carboidratos alterou siginificativamente as lâminas epidérmicas primárias e secundárias dos cascos dos eqüinos dos grupos induzidos (Grupo Laminite e Grupo Laminite + Trinitroglicerina) em comparação com o Grupo Controle, causando retração das lâminas epidérmicas primárias, alongamento das lâminas epidérmicas secundárias e estreitamento das lâminas epidérmicas primárias e secundárias. A indução da laminite por meio da sobrecarga de carboidratos diminuiu significativamente a área da célula basal assim como a área do núcleo dos dois grupos induzidos (Grupo Laminite e Grupo Laminite + Trinitroglicerina) em comparação com o grupo controle. Foi observado, pela análise estatística, que o Grupo Laminite obteve maior redução das áreas, tanto da célula como do núcleo, porém a porcentagem de ocupação do núcleo na célula não foi diferente nos dois grupos induzidos. Na avaliação histopatológica, foram observadas lesões lamelares nos grupos Laminite e Laminite + Trinitroglicerina, características de processo degenerativo das lâminas epidérmicas. Ocorreram diminuições nos números de hemidesmossomos dos grupos induzidos quando comparados com o Grupo Controle. A administração de trinitroglicerina não foi capaz de impedir o desenvolvimento de lesões nas lâminas epidérmicas e dérmicas, assim como, nas células basais e membrana basal em cavalos com laminite induzida por sobrecarga de carboidratos. / Disruption of the lamellar ultrastructural is responsible for a cellular failure, that culminates in distal rotation of the distal phalanx within the hoof. Aiming to prevent such debilitating condition, effects of carbohydrate overload and glyceryl trinitrate (TNG) use during the prodromal stages of experimentally induced laminitis in fifteen horses hoof were studied. Laminitis induced by grain overload affected significantly primary and secondary lamellar structure from horse´s hoof (Group II and III), which in turn led to primary epidermal retraction, basal cells became elongated and both primary and secondary epidermal lamellae clump together when compared to control group (GI). Equine that developed laminitis induced by carbohydrate overload had a significant reduction in basal cell nucleus in both GII and GIII groups, when compared to horses from GI. Horses from GII group had higher reduction in areas relative to both cell and nucleus, however, the percentage of nucleus position within cell was not different in both horses groups (GII and GIII). Histophatology of hooves revealed lamellae lesions in both horses groups (GII and GIII), characterized by a degenerative process present on epidermal lamellae. Lower number of hemidesmosome in both GII and GIII groups were observed. The administration of TNG was unable to prevent the development of lesions lamellae epidermal and dermal, as in the epidermal basal cells and the basement membrane in horses with laminitis induced by carbohydrate overload.

Resumo: As alterações ultra-estruturais ocorridas nas lâminas epidérmicas e dérmicas de eqüinos com laminite são responsáveis pela rotação ou afundamento da falange distal dentro do casco. Com o objetivo de prevenir esta ocorrência foram estudados os efeitos da sobrecarga de carboidratos (SCHO), assim como da utilização de trinitroglicerina na fase prodrômica da laminite, nas lâminas epidérmicas do casco de quinze eqüinos. A indução da laminite por meio da sobrecarga de carboidratos alterou siginificativamente as lâminas epidérmicas primárias e secundárias dos cascos dos eqüinos dos grupos induzidos (Grupo Laminite e Grupo Laminite + Trinitroglicerina) em comparação com o Grupo Controle, causando retração das lâminas epidérmicas primárias, alongamento das lâminas epidérmicas secundárias e estreitamento das lâminas epidérmicas primárias e secundárias. A indução da laminite por meio da sobrecarga de carboidratos diminuiu significativamente a área da célula basal assim como a área do núcleo dos dois grupos induzidos (Grupo Laminite e Grupo Laminite + Trinitroglicerina) em comparação com o grupo controle. Foi observado, pela análise estatística, que o Grupo Laminite obteve maior redução das áreas, tanto da célula como do núcleo, porém a porcentagem de ocupação do núcleo na célula não foi diferente nos dois grupos induzidos. Na avaliação histopatológica, foram observadas lesões lamelares nos grupos Laminite e Laminite + Trinitroglicerina, características de processo degenerativo das lâminas epidérmicas. Ocorreram diminuições nos números de hemidesmossomos dos grupos induzidos quando comparados com o Grupo Controle. A administração de trinitroglicerina não foi capaz de impedir o desenvolvimento de lesões nas lâminas epidérmicas e dérmicas, assim como, nas células basais e membrana basal em cavalos com laminite induzida por sobrecarga de carboidratos. / Abstract: Disruption of the lamellar ultrastructural is responsible for a cellular failure, that culminates in distal rotation of the distal phalanx within the hoof. Aiming to prevent such debilitating condition, effects of carbohydrate overload and glyceryl trinitrate (TNG) use during the prodromal stages of experimentally induced laminitis in fifteen horses hoof were studied. Laminitis induced by grain overload affected significantly primary and secondary lamellar structure from horse's hoof (Group II and III), which in turn led to primary epidermal retraction, basal cells became elongated and both primary and secondary epidermal lamellae clump together when compared to control group (GI). Equine that developed laminitis induced by carbohydrate overload had a significant reduction in basal cell nucleus in both GII and GIII groups, when compared to horses from GI. Horses from GII group had higher reduction in areas relative to both cell and nucleus, however, the percentage of nucleus position within cell was not different in both horses groups (GII and GIII). Histophatology of hooves revealed lamellae lesions in both horses groups (GII and GIII), characterized by a degenerative process present on epidermal lamellae. Lower number of hemidesmosome in both GII and GIII groups were observed. The administration of TNG was unable to prevent the development of lesions lamellae epidermal and dermal, as in the epidermal basal cells and the basement membrane in horses with laminitis induced by carbohydrate overload. / Orientador: José Correa de Lacerda Neto / Coorientadora: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni / Banca: Antonio Cezar de Oliveira Dearo / Banca: Raquel Yvonne Arantes Baccarin / Banca: José Wanderley Cattelan / Banca: Marcos Lania de Araujo / Doutor

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, 2006. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-11-09T16:14:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alexander.pdf: 756246 bytes, checksum: 88ceec500d6a04e9af9fa8b3904c3119 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-11-13T17:43:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexander.pdf: 756246 bytes, checksum: 88ceec500d6a04e9af9fa8b3904c3119 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-13T17:43:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexander.pdf: 756246 bytes, checksum: 88ceec500d6a04e9af9fa8b3904c3119 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / As plantas têm sido, desde a antiguidade, um recurso terapêutico ao alcance da civilização humana. O conhecimento popular acerca das plantas, repassado através de gerações, possibilita a identificação de fontes naturais de compostos químicos importantes para a obtenção de novos fármacos. No município do Rio Grande, RS, a Brugmansia suaveolens, popularmente conhecida como “trombeteira” ou “cartucheira”, é uma planta utilizada como droga psicoativa e que teve evidenciada, em 2004, importante atividade analgésica através de estudos realizados na Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande- FURG. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar o mecanismo pela qual se processa a referida atividade, utilizando-se para isso modelos farmacológicos de nocicepção e de comportamento em camundongos. Observou-se, através dos testes das contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético e da placa quente, importante atividade antinociceptiva no extrato aquoso das flores de Brugmansia suaveolens (EABs), quando administrado nas doses de 100 e 300 mg/kg via intraperitoneal, reforçando os resultados obtidos em trabalho anterior (PARKER, 2004). No entanto, tal atividade antinociceptiva, quando investigada no teste da placa quente, foi significativamente reduzida pelo pré tratamento dos animais com naloxona (antagonista dos receptores opióides), principalmente quando a dose do extrato testada foi de 300 mg/kg. Tal inibição da atividade do extrato não foi evidenciada em relação ao pré-tratamento dos animais com naloxona no teste das contorções abdominais. Quanto à participação do óxido nítrico no mecanismo da antinocicepção, o pré-tratamento com L-NAME (inibidor da óxido nítrico sintase) bem como o pré-tratamento com azul de metileno (inibidor da guanilato ciclase) não foram capazes de reverter o efeito antinociceptivo do EABs. Na investigação do envolvimento do sistema nervoso central no mecanismo antinociceptivo do EABs, foi realizado o teste da indução do sono em camundongos, onde os animais tratados somente com água e pentobarbital (barbitúrico) permaneceram acordados. Já os animais tratados com EABs e pentobarbital apresentaram um elevado índice de indução ao sono, sugerindo assim uma possível participação da via central. Na avaliação da participação do sistema gabaérgico na resposta antinociceptiva produzida pelo EABs, os animais, quando pré-tratados com flumazenil(antagonista competitivo dos benzodiazepínicos) no modelo das contorções abdominais, apresentaram significativa redução no índice de antinocicepção. Em síntese, o mecanismo antinociceptivo presente no extrato aquoso das flores de Brugmansia suaveolens parece estar atuando através dos sistemas opióide e gabaérgico. / Plants have been a therapeutic resource within reach of human civilization since antiquity. The popular knowledge concerning the plants, reviewed through generations, makes possible the identification of natural sources of important chemical compositions for the obtaining of 'new drugs. In the municipal district of Rio Grande, RS, Brugmansia suaveolens, popularly known as "trombeteira" or "cartucheira", is a plant used as psicoative drug and it was evidenced, in 2006, an important analgesic activity through studies accomplished in the Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG. The present work aimed at investigating the mechanism through which is processed the referred activity, using pharmacological nociception and behavior models in mice. It was observed, through tests of abdominal constrictions induced by the acetic acid, and the hot plate one, an important antinociceptive activity in the aqueous extract of Brugmansia suaveolens flowers (EABs), when managed in doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg through intraperitoneal. It reinforced the results obtained in previous work (Parker, 2004). However, such antinociceptive activity was significantly reduced for the prior treatment of the animals with naloxone (antagonist of the opioids receptors) when investigated in the hot plate test, mainly when the tested extract dose was 30mg/kg. The same was not evidenced in relation to the prior treatment of the animals with naloxone in the abdominal constrictions test. In relation to the participation of Nitric Oxid (NO) in the mechanism of the antinociception, the prior treatment with L-NAME (inhibitor of NO synthase) as well as the prior treatment with methylene blue (antagonist of guanylate cyclase) were not capable to revert the antinociceptive effect of EABs. In the investigation of the central nervous system involvement in the antinociceptive mechanism of EABs, the sleep test induction was carried out in mice, where only the animals treated with water and pentobarbital (barbiturate) stayed awake. The animals treated with EABs and pentobarbital presented a high induction index to the sleep, suggesting a possible participation of the central way. In the valuation of the gabaergic system participation in the antinociceptive response produced by EABs, the animals, when prior treated with flumazenil (competitive antagonist of the benzodiazepinics) in the model of abdominal constrictions, presented significant reduction in the antinociception index. In summary, the antinociceptive mechanism present in the aqueous extract of the flowers of Brugmansia suaveolens seems to be acting through the opioid and gabaergic systems. / Las plantas han sido, desde la antiguedad, un recurso terapêutico al alcance de la civilización humana. El conocimiento popular acerca de las plantas, repasado através de las generaciones, posibilita la identificación de fuentes naturales de compuestos químicos importantes para la obtención de nuevos fármacos. En el município de Rio Grande, R.S a Brugmansia suaveolens, popularmente conocida como “tompetera” o “cartuchera”, es una planta utilizada como droga psicoativa y que tuvo evidenciado, em 2004, importante actividad analgésica através de los estúdios realizados em la Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG. El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo investigar el mecanismo por el cual se procesa la referida actividad, se utilizando para esto modelos farmacológicos de nocicepción y de comportamiento en ratones. Se observo, através de los testes de las contorciones abdominales inducidas por el ácido acético y de la placa caliente, importante actividad antinociceptiva en el extrato acuoso de las flores de Brugmansia suaveolens (EABs), cuando administrado em dosis de 100 y 300 mg/kg vía intraperitonial, reforzando los resultados obtenidos en trabajo anterior (PARKER, 2004). Sin embargo, tal actividad antinociceptiva, cuando investigada em la placa caliente, fué significativamente reducida por el pre tratamiento de los animales com naloxona (antagonista de los receptores opióides), principalmente cuando la dosis del extracto fué de 300 mg/kg. Tal inhibición de la actividad del extrato no fué evidenciada em relación al pre tratamiento de los animales con naloxona en el teste de las contorciones abdominales. Cuanto a la participación del óxido nítrico en el mecanismo de la antinocicepción, el pre tratamiento con L-NAME (inhibidor de la sintase del óxido nítrico) así como em el tratamiento con azul de metileno (inhibidor de la ciclase guanilato) no fueron capaces de reverter el efecto antinociceptivo do EABs. En la investigación del envolvimiento del sistema nervioso central em el mecanismo antinociceptivo del EABs, fué realizado el teste de la inducción al sueño en ratones, donde los animales tratados solamente con água y pentobarbital (barbitúrico) permanecieron despiertos. Ya los animales tratados con EABs y pentobarbital apresentaron un elevado índice de indución al sueño, sugeriendo así una posible participación de la via central. En la avaliación de la participación del sistema gabaergico en la respuesta antinociceptiva producida por EABs, los animales, cuando pre tratados com flumazenil (antagonista competitivo de los benzodiazepínicos) en el modelo de las contorciones abdominales, apresentaron significativa redución del índice de antinocicepción. En síntesis, el mecanismo antinociceptivo presente en el extrato acuoso de las flores de Brugmansia suaveolens parece estar actuando através de los sistemas opióide y gabaérico.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:18:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sueli Farias de Souza.pdf: 1643345 bytes, checksum: 7fa4e21726a3ab9658baf84e98919cae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-17 / The objective of the proposal study was to synthesize, characterize and asses the photocatalytic activity zinc oxide pure and doped with metals of transitions at the bromophenol blue degradation through the heterogeneous photocatalysis process using the light of the sun and the artificial light. The zinc oxides were obtained through the synthesis method by combustion, utilizing the ratio of 0,1% of reagent containing metals of transitions with the objective of providing the formation of synthesized oxides. The results demonstrated that the insertion of the metals to the zinc oxides significantly has contributed to the increase of all obtained parameters at BET technique. Specially, the increase of the area of the doped samples, mainly the samples doped with Mn and Ni, of which the values were A were 65,420 m2 g-1 and 62,315 m2 g-1 respectively. The spectra presented at the Espectroscopic analysis of electronic absorption at UV region- Visible showed the presence of two bands in the samples, with exception of the sample containing Ag in which the variation of peaks evidenced the interaction among the Zn and the metallic dopants. Although the oxide did not present a considerable specific superficial area ZnO/Ag presented a major photocatalytic activity in the blue bromofenol degradation. The results demonstrated that the insertion of metal in zinc oxides, contributed considerably to the degradation of the bromophenol blue compound. / O objetivo do estudo proposto foi de sintetizar, caracterizar e avaliar a atividade fotocatalítica do Óxido de Zinco puro e dopado com metais de transição na degradação do Bromofenol através do processo de fotocatálise heterogênea utilizando luz solar e artificial. Os óxidos de zinco foram obtidos através do método de síntese por combustão, utilizando a proporção de 0,1% dos reagentes contendo metais de transição com a finalidade de promover a formação dos óxidos sintetizados. Os resultados demonstraram que a inserção dos metais ao óxido de zinco, contribuíram significativamente para aumento de todos os parâmetros obtidos na técnica de BET. Sobretudo, o aumento da área superficial das amostras dopadas, principalmente, quando dopadas com Mn e Ni cujos valores de A 1 e 62,315 m 2 g -1 S,BET foram de 65,420 m respectivamente. Os espectros apresentados na análise Espectroscopia de absorção eletrônica na região do UV Visível mostraram a presença de duas bandas nas amostras, com exceção da amostra contendo Ag, no qual a variação de picos evidenciou a interação entre o Zn e os dopantes metálicos. Embora não apresentasse uma área superficial específica considerável o óxido ZnO/Ag apresentou a maior atividade fotocatalítica da degradação do azul de bromofenol. Os resultados demonstraram que a inserção dos metais ao óxido de zinco, contribuíram consideravelmente para aumento da atividade fotocatalítica na degradação do composto azul de bromofenol.

The purpose of this thesis is a study of sensing properties of pure, platinum-doped and gold-doped tungsten oxide thin films. Required films were prepared by magnetron sputtering on glass and passivated silicon. Their chemical composition was investigated by XPS. The morphology of the films was measured using AFM and SEM. Sensing response of these films to hydrogen was investigated in the range from 1,000 to 10,000 ppm and temperatures between 100 and 350 řC. It was found that platinum oxides PtO2 and PtO were partially reduced during the sensing tests. The possible encapsulation of the platinum by the tungsten oxide was discovered. The sensitivity of the metal doped films was much higher than the sensitivity of the pure films. In the case of platinum-doped films the sensitivity decreased with increasing temperature in contrast to the gold-doped films where the sensitivity increased. The gold was present in two metallic and oxidized states. The gold was reduced during the reactions with hydrogen. After the sensing tests, the size of crystalline grains increased and the platinum-doped films became coarser.

Title: Study of 3-phase catalytic layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells and electrolysers Author: Šimon Fuka Department: Department of Surface and Plasma Science Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Iva Matolínová, Dr., Department of Surface and Plasma Science Abstract: The diploma thesis focuses on the study of catalytic layers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) or electrolyzers based on the mixture of platinum and cerium oxide. These layers are prepared by using magnetron sputtering, their properties are studied depending on the deposition parameters or the choice of the substrate by using SEM, AFM, XPS and then tested as an anode in the fuel cell. In addition to the morphology of the catalytic layers, it has been shown that the dispersion of very small nanoparticles of the catalyst with a size of 1-2 nm has a great effect on PEMFC performance. Most of the prepared samples gave maximal and maximal specific performance much higher than the state of art values published for Pt-CeOx system. By studying properties of the layers used as the anode catalysts, this work contributes to the understanding of PEMFC fuel cell behavior and, consequently, to its potential commercialization. Keywords: Fuel cell, cerium oxide, platinum, catalyst, magnetron sputtering

This diploma thesis is focused on calculation of both structure and electronic properties of the graphene after the adsorption of atomic and molecular oxygen and urea using the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The influence of van der Waals interactions on the structure and adsorption energy is studied, as well as influence of the thermal corrections, the charge density spatial distribution and the electronic doping of graphene after the adsorption of the adsorbant on the graphene.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá výrobou ultratenkých keramických dutých vláken pomocí metody povlakování namáčením. Příprava keramických dutých vláken je v současnosti limitována rozměrem vnějšího a vnitřního průměru. Aplikace metody povlakování namáčením pro přípravu ultratenkých dutých je nový a technologicky náročný proces vyžadující volbu vhodné šablony a zároveň zvládnutí kontroly parametrů povlakování. Základními zvolenými materiály s vysokým aplikačním potenciálem jsou hydroxyapatit a oxid titaničitý. Samonosná dutá vlákna s tloušťkou stěny pod 1 m byla úspěšně připravena z obou materiálů. Dále byl také popsán proces povlakování namáčením obětovaných šablon. Tato metoda je unikátní, protože umožňuje produkci ultratenkých keramických dutých vláken s vnitřním průměrem pod 100 m a tloušťkou stěny pod 1 m.

The present thesis focuses on the preparation of tetragonal zirconia doped with yttria oxide, ceric dioxide, and magnesium oxide. In its theoretical part the thesis covers the characteristics of doped ceramics, the possible methods of powders preparation and of their further processing. The experimental part describes the precipitation synthesis of zirconia in base environment and further processing for ceramics. Also studied were the influences of dopant and of the processing technique used on the phase composition and microstructure of the resulting ceramics. To describe the powder structure, the thermal, dilatometric, surface area, and x-ray analyses were performed; as well as both the scanning and transmission electron microscopy employed. Dry processed ceramics showed the average grain size of 87–94 nm and the relative density in the range of 84,0–99,3 %. In comparison, the ceramics produced of hydrothermally synthesised powders proved the average grain size of 75–85 nm and the relative density between 92,7-99,9 %. As the next step, samples were subjected to low-temperature degradation for the time of 5 and 15 hours. Samples consisting of pure tetragonal ZrO2 were resistant to 5 and 15 hours of low-temperature degradation at 180 °C.