Zinkoxid-Nanopartikel (ZnO-NP) finden in vielen Produkten des täglichen Verbrauchs Verwendung. Daten über die toxikologischen Eigenschaften von ZnO-NP werden kontrovers diskutiert. Die menschliche Haut ist in Bezug auf die ZnO-NP Exposition das wichtigste Kontakt-Organ. Intakte Haut stellt eine suffiziente Barriere gegenüber NP dar. Bei defekter Haut ist ein Kontakt zu den proliferierenden Stammzellen möglich, sodass diese als wichtiges toxikologische Ziel für NP darstellen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war die Bewertung der genotoxischen und zytotoxischen Effekte an humanen mesenchymalen Stammzellen (hMSC) durch niedrig dosierte ZnO-NP nach 24 stündiger Exposition, repetitiven Expositionen und im Langzeitversuch bis zu 6 Wochen. Zytotoxische Wirkungen von ZnO-NP wurden mit 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromid-Test (MTT) gemessen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Genotoxizität durch den Comet-Assay bewertet. Zur Langzeitbeobachtung bis zu 6 Wochen wurde die Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) verwendet. Zytotoxizität nach 24-stündiger ZnO-NP-Exposition war ab einer Konzentration von 50 µg/ml nachweisbar. Genotoxizität konnten bereits bei Konzentrationen von 1 und 10 µg/ml ZnO-NP beschrieben werden. Wiederholte Exposition verstärkte die Zyto-, aber nicht die Genotoxizität. Eine intrazelluläre NP-Akkumulation mit Penetration der Zellorganelle wurde bei einer Exposition bis zu 6 Wochen beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf zytotoxische und genotoxisches Effekte von ZnO-NP hin. Bereits geringe Dosen von ZnO-NP können bei wiederholter Exposition toxische Wirkungen hervorrufen sowie eine langfristige Zellakkumulation. Diese Daten sollten bei der Verwendung von ZnO-NP an geschädigter Haut berücksichtigt werden. / Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) are widely used in many products of daily consumption. Data on the toxicological properties of the ZnO-NP used are discussed controversially. Human skin is the most important organ in terms of ZnO-NP exposure. Intact skin has been shown to provide an adequate barrier against NPs, while defective skin allows NP contact with proliferating cells. Among proliferating cells, stem cells are the main toxicological target for NPs. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) by low-dose ZnO-NP after 24 hours of exposure, repetitive exposures and in long-term experiments up to 6 weeks. Cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP were measured with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test (MTT). In addition, genotoxicity was assessed by the comet assay. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used for long-term observation after 6 exposure periods. The results of the study show that ZnO-NP has a cytotoxic effect starting at high concentrations of 50 µg/mL and could demonstrate genotoxic effects in hMSC exposed to 1 and 10 µg/ml ZnO-NP. Repeated exposure enhanced cytotoxicity but not genotoxicity. Intracellular NP accumulation with penetration of the cell organelles was observed at exposure up to 6 weeks. The results indicate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of ZnO-NP. Even small doses of ZnO-NP can cause toxic effects with repeated exposure and long-term cell accumulation. These data should be considered when using ZnO-NP on damaged skin.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-10-11T20:17:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuzianeMaia.pdf: 1947184 bytes, checksum: 04546b4f76a70fff92d57b9fee584431 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-11T20:17:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuzianeMaia.pdf: 1947184 bytes, checksum: 04546b4f76a70fff92d57b9fee584431 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Textile dyes are recognized as a serious environmental problem due the huge quantity discharged annually in water environments, and its dangerous health risks. Efficient and low cost methods for effluent treatment and recovery of impacted areas are necessary and increasingly researched. The photocatalytic degradation is one of these methods, and this work investigated the feasibility of photocatalytic degradation of the methylene blue (AM) dye from aqueous solutions (5 and 15 mgL-1) in the presence and absence of prepared catalysts (chitosanpolyacrylamide (QT-P), and chitosan-polyacrylamide doped with Zn, QT-P/ZnO). The chitosan and polyacrylamide interaction was studied as a function of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan (64, 82 and 90%), previously obtained from the deacetylation of chitin extracted from shrimp exoskeletons. The QT-P/ZnO heterostructures were characterized by FTIR, XRD and MEV. The photocatalysis experiments were performed considering the effects of pH, contact time and mass variation. AM samples were irradiated with mercury vapor lamp (black light,50W mm-2) and photocatalysis was monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, at the peak wavelength of 665 nm. The results indicated that QT-P interaction is favored by deacetylation. All the materials prepared showed a catalytic effect, but the heteroestructure obtained from the chitosan with the highest degree of deacetylation (QTC-P/ZnO) was the most efficient: 99.2% (AM, 15 mg L-1, 50 min) and 99.8% (AM, 5 mg L-1, 20 min). / Corantes têxteis são reconhecidamente um problema ambiental, não apenas devido a quantidade enorme despejada anualmente em ambientes hídricos, mas também pelos riscos que representam à vida, em virtude da sua natureza química. Métodos eficientes e de baixo custo para o tratamento de efluentes e recuperação de áreas impactadas são necessários e cada vez mais pesquisados. Entre tais métodos, investigou-se a viabilidade da degradação fotocatalítica do corante Azul de Metileno (AM), a partir de soluções aquosas (5 e 15 mgL-1), na presença e ausência de catalisadores preparados à base de quitosana-poliacrilamida (QT-P), dopados com Zn (QT-P/ZnO). A interação quitosana e poliacrilamida foi estudada em função do grau de desacetilação da quitosana (64, 82 e 90%), previamente obtidas a partir da desacetilação da quitina extraída de exoesqueletos de camarão. As heteroestruturas QT-P/ZnO foram caracterizadas por FTIR, XRD e MEV. Os experimentos de fotocatálise foram realizados considerando os efeitos do pH, do tempo de contato e da variação da massa. As amostras de AM foram irradiadas com lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio (luz negra, 50W mm-2) e a fotocatálise foi monitorada por espectrofotometria UV-Vis, no comprimento de onda de 665 nm. Os resultados indicaram que a interação QT-P é favorecida pela desacetilação. Todos os materiais preparados apresentaram efeito catalítico, porém a heteroestrutura obtida a partir da quitosana com maior grau de desacetilação (QTC-P/ZnO) foi a mais eficiente: 99,2% (AM, 15 mg L-1, 50 min) e 99,8 % (AM, 5 mg L-1, 20 min).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:18:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sueli Farias de Souza.pdf: 1643345 bytes, checksum: 7fa4e21726a3ab9658baf84e98919cae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-17 / The objective of the proposal study was to synthesize, characterize and asses the photocatalytic activity zinc oxide pure and doped with metals of transitions at the bromophenol blue degradation through the heterogeneous photocatalysis process using the light of the sun and the artificial light. The zinc oxides were obtained through the synthesis method by combustion, utilizing the ratio of 0,1% of reagent containing metals of transitions with the objective of providing the formation of synthesized oxides. The results demonstrated that the insertion of the metals to the zinc oxides significantly has contributed to the increase of all obtained parameters at BET technique. Specially, the increase of the area of the doped samples, mainly the samples doped with Mn and Ni, of which the values were A were 65,420 m2 g-1 and 62,315 m2 g-1 respectively. The spectra presented at the Espectroscopic analysis of electronic absorption at UV region- Visible showed the presence of two bands in the samples, with exception of the sample containing Ag in which the variation of peaks evidenced the interaction among the Zn and the metallic dopants. Although the oxide did not present a considerable specific superficial area ZnO/Ag presented a major photocatalytic activity in the blue bromofenol degradation. The results demonstrated that the insertion of metal in zinc oxides, contributed considerably to the degradation of the bromophenol blue compound. / O objetivo do estudo proposto foi de sintetizar, caracterizar e avaliar a atividade fotocatalítica do Óxido de Zinco puro e dopado com metais de transição na degradação do Bromofenol através do processo de fotocatálise heterogênea utilizando luz solar e artificial. Os óxidos de zinco foram obtidos através do método de síntese por combustão, utilizando a proporção de 0,1% dos reagentes contendo metais de transição com a finalidade de promover a formação dos óxidos sintetizados. Os resultados demonstraram que a inserção dos metais ao óxido de zinco, contribuíram significativamente para aumento de todos os parâmetros obtidos na técnica de BET. Sobretudo, o aumento da área superficial das amostras dopadas, principalmente, quando dopadas com Mn e Ni cujos valores de A 1 e 62,315 m 2 g -1 S,BET foram de 65,420 m respectivamente. Os espectros apresentados na análise Espectroscopia de absorção eletrônica na região do UV Visível mostraram a presença de duas bandas nas amostras, com exceção da amostra contendo Ag, no qual a variação de picos evidenciou a interação entre o Zn e os dopantes metálicos. Embora não apresentasse uma área superficial específica considerável o óxido ZnO/Ag apresentou a maior atividade fotocatalítica da degradação do azul de bromofenol. Os resultados demonstraram que a inserção dos metais ao óxido de zinco, contribuíram consideravelmente para aumento da atividade fotocatalítica na degradação do composto azul de bromofenol.