The effects of natamycin, oxygen scavengers and a 25% CO₂:75% N₂ modified atmosphere on the growth of <I>Penicillium roqueforti</I> in shredded cheddar and mozzarella cheese stored at 10°C for 0, 60, 120, or 180 day was studied. Microbiological and sensory testing was assessed on 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after opening. Carbon dioxide decreased (P<0.05) as O₂ (P>0.05) and N₂ (P>0.05) increased throughout storage. Cheddar and mozzarella cheeses were stored for 180 and 60 days, respectively without significant (P> 0.05) increases in yeast and mold populations. Fungal populations increased significantly (P< 0.05) after packages were opened. Differences in yeast and mold (YM) counts during storage and once the packages were opened were independent of natamycin application and presence, O₂ scavengers and inoculated <I>Penicillium roqueforti</I> for both types of cheeses. Growth of <I>Penicillium roqueforti, Aspergillus niger, Geotrichum candidum</I> and <I>Neosartorya fischeri</I> were evaluated in atmospheres of 0:30:70, 0.5:29.5:70, 1:29:70, 2:28:70, and 5:25:70, O₂:CO₂:N₂ over a 5-day period. Spores were cultured on antibiotic-supplemented potato dextrose agar (pH 5.6, a_w 0.95) and incubated at 25°C. All four molds germinated and grew at 0.5:29.5:70. Extent of mycelia growth diameter (mm) increased significantly (P<0.05) as oxygen concentration increased from 0.5% to 5%. All growth was inhibited at 0:30:70, but germination and growth occurred once cultures were exposed to 20.9% atmospheric O₂, indicating that a modified atmosphere containing no residual O₂ is fungistatic. Yeast and mold growth was seen in ultra-pasteurized (UP) extended shelf-life fluid milk stored at (7.2°C). Ten half-pint, pint, quart and half gallon filled cartons were randomly selected from all UP products available. Samples, pulled at random on day 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60, were plated on Yeast and Mold Petrifilm™. Forty-seven percent of the UP products stored for 45 days tested positive for mold. Fungal growth was apparent down the side and along the bottom of the 5th panel. Contamination was traced to the presence of yeast and mold spores in paperboard cartons. Pinholes were present in the polyethylene coating and wicking occurred at the unskived 5th panel. Fungi of similar origin and fatty acid profile were isolated from UP milk products and the paperboard cartons. / Ph. D.

<p>Hermetic storage systems have gained global popularity for their ability to minimize stored product losses by depleting oxygen. However, relying solely on insects to deplete oxygen in hermetic storage, when this process takes longer, can result in (further) damage to stored commodities. This study was conducted to investigate: (i) the potential of four different germinating seeds (soybean, rice, cowpea, and corn) in scavenging oxygen within hermetic storage systems; (ii) the impact of container volume and the number of germinating seeds on oxygen depletion; and (iii) the effects of germinating seeds on insect mortality and grain quality. Among the crops tested, cowpea, during their fourth, fifth, and sixth germination stages (T4, T5, and T6), depleted oxygen below 5% within 12 hours. The fourth stage of cowpea (T4) was identified as a potential oxygen scavenger due to its shorter germination time and ease of handling. Moreover, increasing the number of germinating seeds resulted in a faster initial rate of oxygen depletion in all-sized jars. Doubling both the volume of the jars and the number of germinating seeds had a similar rate of oxygen depletion. Additionally, an equation was derived to predict the required number of germinating seeds based on data from different numbers of seed and container volume combinations. Relative humidity levels increased to approximately 90% when empty jars were used but remained consistent at 40% when the jars were filled with grains. Furthermore, using 10, 20, and 30 germinating cowpea seeds with stored grains and insects, oxygen levels were reduced below 5% at different time intervals. Complete adult mortality of <em>C. maculatus</em> was achieved within 3-5 days of exposure, depending upon the number of germinating seeds. 20 and 30 seeds achieved complete mortality within 72 hours, while 10 seeds required 120 hours. As the number of germinating seeds increased, egg counts decreased, and moisture content significantly increased in the treatment involving 30 seeds. Furthermore, no adult emerged after 96 and 120 hours of exposure to normoxia for the 30 and 20 seed treatments, respectively. However, in the 10 seeds treatment, a small percentage of adults (0.29%) did emerge even after 120 hours of exposure.</p>

Les plastiques sont devenus les matériaux les plus utilisés pour la préservation de denrées alimentaires. Malgré leurs nombreux avantages (transparence, prix, modularité, propriété barrière aux gaz), leur imperméabilité à l’oxygène doit être sans cesse améliorée afin d’éviter aux denrées de subir diverses réactions d’oxydation et ainsi prolonger leurs durées de conservation. Pour cela, une solution envisageable consiste à combiner à des polymères, des catalyseurs métalliques pour piéger l’oxygène. Cette possibilité a été étudiée dans cette thèse. Après un premier chapitre introductif, le deuxième décrit les propriétés physico-chimiques des différents catalyseurs métalliques sélectionnés (stabilité, constantes de protonation, constante de complexation envers le cobalt(II) et le manganèse (II), capacité d’oxygénation, électrochimie). Le troisième chapitre est consacré à leur utilisation en tant qu’oxydant métallique de substrats organiques. Enfin le quatrième et dernier chapitre présente une étude à l’état solide de l’oxydation de polymères en présence de catalyseurs métalliques. Une large part de ce dernier chapitre a été consacrée à la caractérisation des produits d’oxydation. / Plastics are becoming the most used material for food and drinks preservation. Despite their numerous advantages (transparency, price, modularity, gas barrier property), their oxygen barrier properties have to be improved to avoid hazardous oxidation reactions to foods and drinks and so to increase their shelf-life. One alternative to solve this problem is to combine polymers and metal catalysts to scavenge oxygen. This possible strategy was investigated during this Ph.D. project. After a first introductive chapter, the second depicts the physico-chemical properties of selected metal catalysts (stability, protonation constants, complexation constants towards cobalt(II) and manganese(II), oxygenation capacity, electrochemistry). The third chapter is devoted to their use as powerful oxidant of organic substrate. Finally, the last chapter is dedicated to a solid-state study of polymer oxidation in the presence of metal catalysts. A large part of this last chapter has been devoted to the thorough elucidation of the nature/structure of the oxidized product(s).

Orientador: Leila Peres / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T09:28:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira_FernandaCunhaClementoni_M.pdf: 3177527 bytes, checksum: f32df709760fd5cc5454138d0affb90d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Estudos indicam que o principal fator a ser controlado para garantir a qualidade de produtos embalados é a concentração de oxigênio. Este controle poderá ser determinante na vida de prateleira do produto. Neste trabalho sistema (¿célula de absorção¿) e metodologia foram desenvolvidos para caracterizar um filme ativo contendo polietileno de baixa densidade e aditivo absorvedor de oxigênio disperso em sua matriz polimérica, o qual, na aplicação, compõe um sistema de embalagens multicamadas. Este aditivo é ativado pelo contato com a umidade e age de forma a seqüestrar o oxigênio dentro da embalagem. A caracterização do filme consistiu na determinação da capacidade e da velocidade de absorção de oxigênio pelo filme ativo, que foi acondicionado na célula, onde se realizou o controle da concentração de oxigênio via análises cromatográficas. O estudo da influência da temperatura e da umidade relativa na absorção do oxigênio foi conduzido segundo um planejamento fatorial composto 22. A dispersão do aditivo na matriz polimérica (microscopia óptica), a rugosidade da superfície do filme (MEV), a transmissão de luz (espectrofotometria UV-visível) e o grau de cristalização da resina (DSC) também foram estudadas. Os resultados indicaram que a variável de maior influencia na absorção de oxigênio é a umidade e que o filme apresenta sua máxima absorção e altas velocidades em temperaturas acima de 15°C e umidade acima de 81,2%. A dispersão do aditivo e a rugosidade na superfície do filme indicam melhores resultados em filmes em concentrações de aditivo acima de 5%. O filme ativo apresenta perda de transparência mesmo em baixas concentrações de aditivo (1%). O grau de cristalização do filme diminui com o aumento da concentração de aditivo, o que pode promover a difusão do oxigênio na resina favorecendo o contato entre o oxigênio e o aditivo, e assim, aumentar a absorção pelo filme / Abstract: Studies indicate that the main factor to be controlled to warrant the quality in packaged products is the oxygen concentration. This controlling can be determinant in the products shelf life. In this work, system (¿absorption cell¿) and methodology had been developed for characterize an active film containing low density polyethylene and a kind of oxygen scavenger additive dispersed throughout the polymer carrier, that, in the application, is part of a multilayer system packaging. This additive is activated by humidity contact and acts in a way of scavenging oxygen inside the packaging. The active film characterization consisted in determining the capacity and speed of oxygen scavenging by the film, that was kept inside the cell, where was carried out the oxygen concentration controlling by gas chromatography. The study of the temperature and the relative humidity influence in the oxygen scavenging was conducted by an experimental design composite 22. The additive dispersion in the polymer carrier (Optical microscopy), the surface roughness (MEV), the light transmission (spectrophotometry UV-visible) and the resin crystallization degree (DSC) were studied as well. The results indicated that the variable with the most influence in the oxygen scavenging was the relative humidity and the film showed the maxim scavenging and speed in temperatures above 15°C and relative humidity above 81,2%. The additive dispersion and the film surface roughness showed better results in film with concentrations above 5%. The film shows transparence lost even for low additive concentration (1%). The film crystallization degree reduces with the increase of additive concentration, this can promote the oxygen diffusion in the resin benefiting the contact between the additive and the oxygen and, though, it increases the scavenging by the film / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

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