The enhanced axial mixing which is caused by dispersion in oscillatory flows in some mass transfer devices may limit the reactor performance. This effect has provided the motivation for the present study in which oscillatory flow dispersion in a flat channel of large aspect ratio is investigated. The rate of spreading of a uniform slug of some passive tracer has been predicted using numerical and analytical techniques and the results have been verified experimentally. The numerical approach has used a finite difference time-marching method to obtain predictions for the channel concentrations. From the results, the dispersion coefficient (D) has been evaluated for Strouhal numbers of O.O1→0.2 and for mean Reynolds numbers of O.4→2OO at Schmidt numbers (Sc) O(1O³) . It has been concluded that under these conditions D varies as stroke squared. Unless the flow is not quasi-steady (i.e. if pulsatile Reynolds number α²<O(l)) D is only a weak function of frequency. These predictions for the dispersion coefficient have been in excellent agreement with those of Watson (256). It has also been concluded from the numerical study that the phase of the velocity sinusoid at the instant of injection has a critical effect upon the form of the concentration evolution. An approximate analytical technique has been developed in which weighted mean cross-channel concentrations are defined. The wall concentration is expressed approximately using a Fourier series. This procedure leads to ordinary differential equations for the axial moments. When the axial variance of mean concentration and the dispersion coefficient were computed in this way for quasi-steady flows good agreement was obtained with the numerical work. Simple opto-electronic gauges have been developed to measure mean cross-channel concentrations. The sensors have been used to obtain experimental data for the dispersion coefficient of a furrowed channel mass transfer device using slug stimulus techniques. Experimental investigations of dispersion in oscillatory flows in a flat channel using these gauges has produced values for D which are in agreement with the theoretical predictions for quasi-steady flows.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

The equipment as designed and constructed is a workable solution to the problem of mixing air and oxygen at selectable oxygen concentrations and flow rates. Control of the flow of the individual gases is adequate with the metering elements as designed. The laminated brass stock and shim stock is easily fabricated and works well. The mechanical linkage is the weakest link in the design. The hysteresis in setting concentration and the inaccuracies in setting concentration are primarily related to poor design in the linkage. Ways to possibly improve the linkage are discussed in the Recommendation section of this thesis. The only problem with the read-out design is at low flow rates, i. e., less than 5000 cm³/min (5 -(min)) the scale sticks at times. / Master of Science

Orientadores: Antonio Celso Fonseca de Arruda e Adolfo Alberto Leirner / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-21T17:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Novello_WaldyrParolari_D.pdf: 6415622 bytes, checksum: 6e55b3be14643df35b02ad69af0fd66b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996 / Resumo: O presente trabalho refere-se ao projeto, construção e avaliação de um dispositivo capaz de oxigenar e remover o dióxido de carbono do sangue durante circulação extracorpórea em operações cardíacas ou em procedimentos de suporte pulmonar. O funcionamento do dispositivo baseia-se na exposição de finas camadas de sangue a uma região com alta concentração de oxigênio. Nele, o sangue que passa por um reservatório cilíndrico, disposto horizontalmente, é exposto ao oxigênio através da rotação de discos imersos no sangue e fixos a um eixo central. A avaliação foi realizada através de testes "in vitro" e "in vivo" onde foram analisados parâmetros como: transferência gasosa, hemólise, gradiente de pressão, redução do número de plaquetas, volume interno e eficiência dos sistemas de controle de gases desenvolvidos. Através do estudo dos parâmetros construtivos e operacionais foi possível obter um dispositivo em condições seguras de utilização com fluxos de sangue de até 1,5 L/min. O oxigenador desenvolvido agrega as principais vantagens dos oxigenadores de bolhas e de membrana, sendo estes os dois tipos de oxigenadores atualmente mais utilizados nos centros cirúrgicos do mundo. Estas vantagens estão relacionadas com a eficiência, recursos operacionais, segurança quanto a vazamentos, custo e lesão aos constituintes sangüíneos / Abstract: This paper presents the design, construction and evaluation of a device capable of oxygenating and removing the carbon dioxide fTom the blood during cardiac surgical procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass or in pulmonary support procedures. The device works based on the exposure of thin layers of blood to a higWyoxygen concentrated region. Blood flows through a horizontally set cylindricalreservoir exposed to oxygen by the rotation ofblood immersed discs fixed to a central axis. Evaluation was performed by "in vitro" and "in vivo" tests where gas transfer, hemolysis, pressure drop, platelets number, priming volume and efficiency of developed gas control system were analyzed. The study of the design and operational parameters yielded a device with safe conditions ofuse with blood flows up to 1.5 L/min. The developed device has the main advantages of the two types of blood oxygenators presently used in the world regarding to efficiency, operational resources, leakage safety and trauma to blood elements / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Implantation of tissue engineered pancreatic constructs can provide for a physiologic regulation of blood glucose levels. A major concern in designing such constructs is ensuring sufficient oxygenation of the cells, as oxygen is usually the limiting nutrient affecting cell viability and function. Furthermore, in vivo factors influencing construct oxygenation often lead to implant failure, and are detected primarily on end physiologic effects. The ability of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) to dissolve large amounts of oxygen and their high fluorine content makes these compounds a potentially valuable oxygen delivery tool and good 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) markers for dissolved oxygen concentration (DO). Experimental studies and simulations showed that although the addition of 10 vol% PFC increased construct oxygenation, this improvement was minimal and had limited benefits on the growth and function of encapsulated bTC-tet cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. A dual PFC method that utilizes 19F NMR spectroscopy was developed to noninvasively monitor DO within a tissue construct and in its surroundings. In vitro studies using an NMR-compatible bioreactor demonstrated the feasibility of this method to monitor the DO within alginate beads containing metabolically active bTC-tet cells, relative to the DO in the culture medium, under perfusion and static conditions. In vivo, the method was capable of acquiring real-time DO measurements in murine models. Measured DO can be correlated with the physiological state of the implant examined post-explantation and was compatible with the therapeutic function of the implant.

Orientadores: Antonio Celso Fonseca de Arruda e Waldyr Parolari Novello / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:53:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schmutzler_LuisMelchertFaber_D.pdf: 18427607 bytes, checksum: a256aa1b714dbaf8eeb63daf6be84dd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Oxigenadores de sangue tipo de membrana são construídos para trocarem gases de respiração através de uma área de contato, a sua chamada área de troca. Devido a características do processo de fabricação, esta área pode softer variações. Neste trabalho procurou-se desenvolver métodos de avaliação da variação desta área, por meio da medição da transferência de massa e da perda de carga. A técnica utilizando transferência de massa gerou dois métodos de avaliação, um utilizando como fase líquida a água destilada e o outro, uma emulsão de perfluorcarbono. No intuito de assegurar a funcionalidade da emulsão disponível e assim a precisão do trabalho, foi desenvolvido um método de validação para se avaliar a capacidade de dissolver Oxigênio da mesma. O outro método para avaliação da área de troca é baseado naperda de carga, sofrida por um fluxo de gás ao percorrer o circuito de membranas do oxigenador sob teste. Todos os métodos apresentaram resultados suficientemente satisfatórios, permitindo estabelecer diferenças de desempenho entre as unidades testadas e a validação da área de troca, por comparação com um padrão sendo que, os métodos de transferência de massa com água e o da perda de carga com gás são métodos não destrutivos. Os resultados obtidos utilizando-se o método com gás forneceram uma melhor resolução / Abstract: Membrane blood oxygenators are built to exchange perspiration gases thru an exchange area, but due to the fabrication process characteristics, this exchange area may vary. In this work, exchange area evaluation methods were developed using mass transfer and head loss techniques. The mass transfer technique generated two methods, one using distilled water and other using perfluorocarbon emulsion. Envisaging assurance on the functionality of the perfluorocarbon emulsion and by the way, the quality of the work, a method for evaluating the Oxygen solving capability was also developed. The other area evaluation method is based on a gas flow head loss while passing thru the membrane inside of the under testing device. Ali methods presented satisfactory results, allowing establishing performance differences among tested units and the area validation by comparing to a standard device. The mass transfer water based and the gas flow head loss are non destructive methods. The results provided by the gas flow head loss method achieved a better level of resolution / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

A clinical need exists for a blood oxygenator and pumping system for the support of neonates with respiratory deficiencies. Such systems now available for support of adults are not suitable for neonatal patients. In vitro evaluation of a new blood oxygenator and blood pumping system was performed. The data obtained suggested that this system may be applicable to neonates. In vivo studies with rabbits to further analyze the new system were done. Preliminary data from these studies indicate that the new blood oxygenator and blood pump system may be applicable to supporting neonates with respiratory deficiencies. Suggestions for future development of this system are presented. / Master of Science

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Patients in critical care with lung injuries need to be assisted with regards to breathing function, but current methods are not applicable for all situations. The most common method, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is an expensive procedure and requires trained staff to operate the equipment at all times. Lung injury may lead to the inability of the lungs to be perfused and the blood oxygenated by tracheal intubation, whereas mechanical ventilators can injure the lungs further. Especially at risk are preterm neonates, where congenital disorders or complications during birth render ECMO the only viable option. Respiratory Assist Catheters (RACs) could be used as an alternative because they do not place extra stress on the lungs, are easy to implement, cost-effective and are available for immediate use in clinical settings or in first aid situations. The development of such a device requires knowledge of possible oxygenation methods as well as the risks involved in implementing such a device. The possibility of oxygenating the blood via microbubbles by means of a RAC is promising due to the high gas transfer rates common in bubble oxygenators. It is the aim of this study to develop a prototype that could function as a RAC and to evaluate the feasibility of oxygenation by using microbubbles. The method used to design a prototype included selection of various materials and finalization of a design to be tested. The tests selected were in vivo tests and ex vivo tests using animal models to investigate the dissolution times of the microbubbles, as well as the physiological effects of an intravenously placed device. Measurements of oxygen saturation of the blood in arterial blood (SaO2), venous blood (SvO2) and pulmonary pressure allowed the oxygen transfer rates and risks involved to be evaluated, and also gave an indication regarding the formation dynamics of microbubbles in the blood. An in vitro test was also performed with the aim of determining the rate of dissolving of oxygen, and hence to give an indication regarding microbubble dissolution times. Mathematical simulations based on the dissolution rate of oxygen in venous blood confirmed the abovementioned results. The tests and simulations were analysed in order to evaluate the feasibility of intravenously oxygenating the blood using microbubbles. Approximate bubble dissolution times were an indicator of the feasibility of the concept and showed that very large bubble dissolution times renders intravenous bubble oxygenation unfeasible. These large dissolution times also lessen the possibility of implementing bubble oxygenation in an intravenous device. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pasiënte wat a.g.v. longbeserings in hoë-sorg behandel word het hulp nodig om asem te haal, maar bestaande metodes werk nie in alle omstandighede nie. Die mees algemene metode is ekstrakorporeale membraan suurstofverbinding (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)), maar hierdie metode is duur en het voltyds opgeleide personeel nodig om dit te beheer. Longbeserings kan lei tot die onvermoë van die longe om bloed te ontvang en ook dat die bloed suurstof kry d.m.v. trageale intubasie. Meganiese ventilators kan die longe verder beskadig. Vroeggebore babas word blootgestel aan risiko’s veral waar oorerflike afwykings/steurnisse aanwesig is of komplikasies tydens geboorte en dus die EMCO die enigste lewensvatbare opsie maak. Kateters wat asemhaling aanhelp (Respiratory Assist Catheters (RACs)) kan as alternatief gebruik word aangesien dit nie ekstra spanning op die longe plaas nie, maklik is om te implementeer, koste-effektief is en beskikbaar is vir onmiddellike gebruik in kliniese omstandighede of in noodhulpsituasies. Die ontwikkeling van hierdie tipe toestel vereis kennis van moontlike suurstofverbindingsmetodes en ook die risiko’s verbonde aan die implementering van die toestel. Die moontlikheid om die bloed van suurstof te voorsien d.m.v. mikroborrels deur die RAC lyk belowend a.g.v. die hoë gasoordrag-koers wat algemeen is by borrel suurstofverbinders. Hierdie studie het ten doel om ʼn prototipe te ontwikkel wat kan dien as ʼn RAC en ook om die lewensvatbaarheid van suurstofverbinding met mikroborrels te bepaal. Die metode wat gebruik is om die prototipe te ontwerp sluit in die kies van verskeie materiale en die finalisering van die ontwerp wat getoets moet word. Die geselekteerde in vivo en ex vivo toetse is afgeneem deur gebruik te maak van dier-modelle om sodoende ondersoek in te stel na die oplossing van die mikroborrels en ook die fisiologiese gevolge van die toestel wat binne die aar geplaas is. Metings van die suurstofversadiging van bloed in slagaarbloed (SaO2), aarbloed (SvO2) en pulmonêre druk het toegelaat dat die koers en risiko’s verbonde aan suurstofoordrag geëvalueer word. Hierdie metings gee ook ’n aanduiding van die vormingsdinamika van die mikroborrels in die bloed. ’n In vitro toets is gedoen met die doel om die koers te bepaal van die oplossing van suurstof, en dus ’n aanduiding te gee van die tyd verbonde aan die oplossing van die mikroborrels. Wiskundige simulasies gebaseer op die oplossingskoers van suurstof in are het die bogenoemde toetse bevestig. Die toetse en simulasies is geanaliseer om die lewensvatbaarheid te bepaal om suurstof binne-aars te verskaf deur mikroborrels. Geskatte tye waarteen die borrels oplos is as aanduiding gebruik vir die lewensvatbaarheid van die konsep en ook die moontlike inwerkingstelling van die binne-aarse toestel.

<p>The present thesis addresses various means of reducing inflammatory responses associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and retransfusion of pericardial suction blood (PSB) during cardiac surgery.</p><p>Four (I-IV) prospective randomised controlled clinical trials comprising 475 patients were performed in the following areas: effects of heparin coating on measures of clinical outcome and memory function (I, II), inflammatory reactions in PSB and its systemic effects after retransfusion using cardiotomy suction or cell salvage (III) and effects of retransfusion of PSB on memory function and release patterns of protein S100B (IV).</p><p>The use of heparin coated CPB-circuits was associated with a decrease of postoperative blood loss (I, II), transfusion requirements (II), shorter stay in hospital (I) decreased postoperative ventilator time (I), lower incidences of atrial fibrillation (II) and neurological deviations (I), reduction in releases of protein S100B (I, II) and lower postoperative creatinine elevation (I, II).</p><p>PSB contained high concentrations of cytokines, complements, myeloperoxidase, free plasma haemoglobin and protein S100B (III, IV). Retransfusion using cardiotomy suction increased the systemic concentrations of free plasma haemoglobin and protein S100B, whereas retransfusion using cell salvage caused no detectable systemic effects (III, IV). CPB was associated with a small but significant release of protein S100B, despite elimination of PSB-contained protein S100B using cell salvage (IV).</p><p>Subtle signs of impaired memory function were identified that were not associated with the use of heparin coated CPB-circuits (I, II) or retransfusion of PSB (IV).</p><p>Key words: cardiopulmonary bypass, oxygenators, heparin, S100 proteins, blood loss, haemostasis, memory, outcome and process assessment.</p>

The present thesis addresses various means of reducing inflammatory responses associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and retransfusion of pericardial suction blood (PSB) during cardiac surgery. Four (I-IV) prospective randomised controlled clinical trials comprising 475 patients were performed in the following areas: effects of heparin coating on measures of clinical outcome and memory function (I, II), inflammatory reactions in PSB and its systemic effects after retransfusion using cardiotomy suction or cell salvage (III) and effects of retransfusion of PSB on memory function and release patterns of protein S100B (IV). The use of heparin coated CPB-circuits was associated with a decrease of postoperative blood loss (I, II), transfusion requirements (II), shorter stay in hospital (I) decreased postoperative ventilator time (I), lower incidences of atrial fibrillation (II) and neurological deviations (I), reduction in releases of protein S100B (I, II) and lower postoperative creatinine elevation (I, II). PSB contained high concentrations of cytokines, complements, myeloperoxidase, free plasma haemoglobin and protein S100B (III, IV). Retransfusion using cardiotomy suction increased the systemic concentrations of free plasma haemoglobin and protein S100B, whereas retransfusion using cell salvage caused no detectable systemic effects (III, IV). CPB was associated with a small but significant release of protein S100B, despite elimination of PSB-contained protein S100B using cell salvage (IV). Subtle signs of impaired memory function were identified that were not associated with the use of heparin coated CPB-circuits (I, II) or retransfusion of PSB (IV). Key words: cardiopulmonary bypass, oxygenators, heparin, S100 proteins, blood loss, haemostasis, memory, outcome and process assessment.