The origin of the tropical lower-stratospheric response to 11-yr solar forcing and its possible coupling to a troposphere–ocean response is investigated using multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses of stratospheric ozone and temperature data over the 1979–2009 period and tropospheric sea level pressure (SLP) data over the 1880–2009 period. Stratospheric MLR results, comparisons with simulations from a chemistry–climate model, and analyses of decadal variations of meridional eddy heat flux indicate that the tropical lower-stratospheric response is produced mainly by a solar-induced modulation of the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC), with a secondary contribution from the Hadley circulation in the lowermost stratosphere. MLR analyses of long-term SLP data confirm previous results indicating a distinct positive response, on average, during the northern winter season in the North Pacific. The mean response in the Northern Hemisphere resembles a positive Arctic Oscillation mode and can also be characterized as “La Niña–like,” implying a reduction of Rossby wave forcing, a weakening of the BDC, and an increase in tropical lower-stratospheric ozone and temperature near solar maxima. However, MLR analyses of different time periods show that the Pacific SLP response is not always present during every cycle; it was most clearly detected mainly during the ~1938–93 period when 11-yr solar variability was especially strong. During the 1979–93 period, the SLP response was strongly present when the lower-stratospheric responses were large. But during the 1994–2009 period, the SLP response was much less significant and the lower-stratospheric responses were weak, supporting the hypothesis that the lower-stratospheric and surface climate responses are dynamically coupled.

Wood is a material with an enormous number of applications. For decades, the development of wastewater treatment technologies tailored for the wood sector has focused on those industries that have water as an integral part of the industrial production, such as paper and pulp. However, there is a large and potentially growing sector that has been neglected, which is formed by industries in which water is not part of their production line, as for example, the wood floor and furniture industries (named wood-based dry industries). These industries still produces relatively low volumes of highly polluted wastewaters, with COD up to 30,000 mg/L, due to cleaning/washing procedure (named cleaning wastewaters). These cleaning wastewaters are often sent to the municipal wastewater treatment plant after dilution with potable water. Once there, recalcitrant pollutants are diluted and discharged into recipient water bodies or trapped in the municipal wastewater sludge. Another type of contaminated water these “dry industries” often generate in high volumes, and which is usually discharged with no previous treatment, is storm-water containing contaminants that have leached from large wood storage areas. The overall aim of this thesis was to increase the level of knowledge and competence and to present on-site wastewater treatment options for wood-based dry industries using the wood floor industry as a case-study, with a focus on combined treatment methods and solutions applicable to both the cleaning wastewater and storm-water. Among the treatment technologies investigated, electrocoagulation was studied both as a standalone treatment and combined with sorption using activated carbon. The combined treatment achieved a COD reduction of approximately 70%. Some advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were also studied: a COD reduction of approximately 70% was achieved by photo-Fenton, but the most successful AOP was ozone combined with UV light, were a COD reduction around 90% was achieved, with additional improvement in the biodegradability of the treated effluent. Ozone also proved to be effective in degrading organic compounds (approximately 70% COD reduction) and enhanced the biodegradability of the storm-water runoff from wood storage areas. The results have shown that the application of ozone can be considered an option for treatment of cleaning wastewaters and possibly for storm-water biodegradation enhancement. / Trä är ett material med ett stort antal möjliga användningsområden. Inom träindustrin har utvecklingen av vattenbehandlingsmetoder varit inriktat på de branscher som har vatten som en del av produktionen, såsom papper- och massaindustrin. Men det finns en stor och potentiellt växande sektor inom träindustrin som har försummats, den utgörs av industrier som inte har vatten som en del av produktionen, t.ex. trägolv och trämöbel industrier. Trots detta så producerar dessa industrier fortfarande relativt kraftigt förorenade avloppsvatten med t.ex. COD-värden upp till 30000 mg/l men i relativt låga volymer. Dessa avloppsvatten uppkommer vid rengöring av maskiner och städning av lokaler, varefter de oftast efter utspädning med dricksvatten skickas till det kommunala reningsverket. Väl där späds det förorenade vattnet vidare ut med annat inkommande vatten men passerar dock till stor del obehandlat och släpps ut i mottagande vattendrag eller så fastnar föroreningarna i avloppsslamet. Dagvatten är en annan typ av förorenat vatten från dessa "torra industrier" som ofta genereras i stora volymer och innehåller föroreningar som lakats från de trämaterial som förvaras i de stora upplag som ofta förekommer vid denna typ av industrier. Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att öka kunskapen och kompetensen för att kunna miljömässigt riktigt och ekonomiskt billigt behandla industriavloppsvatten lokalt på plats inom trävaruindustrin, genom att använda en trä-golvsindustri som fallstudie. Fokus lades på kombinerade behandlingsmetoder och lösningar som skulle kunna vara lämpliga både för industriavloppsvatten och dagvatten. Ett antal behandlingstekniker har undersökts; elektrokoagulering studerades både som en fristående behandling och i kombination med aktivt kol. Den kombinerade behandlingen gav en COD-reduktion på ungefär 70 %. Flera avancerade oxidationsprocesser (AOP) studerades också, och en COD-reduktion på cirka 70% uppnåddes med en kombination av UV-ljus och Fenton behandling. Den mest framgångsrika behandlingen var ozon i kombination med UV-ljus där en COD-reduktion runt 90 % uppnåddes varvid en avsevärd förbättring av den biologisk nedbrytbarhet på det behandlade avloppsvattenet erhölls. Ozon visade sig också vara effektivt för nedbrytning av organiska föreningar (ca 70% COD reduktion) och förbättrade den biologiska nedbrytbarheten av föroreningarna i dagvattnet från den studerade industrin. Resultaten har visat att ozon kan anses vara ett lämpligt alternativ för att behandla industriavloppsvatten inom trävarusektorn och möjligen för att öka den biologiska nedbrytbarheten av dagvattnet från dessa industrier / Integrated Approach for Handling of Industrial Wastewater and Stormwater / Triple Helix Collaboration on Industrial Water Conservation in Småland and the Islands

Realized and potential threats of water scarcity due in part to global climate change have increased the interest in potable reuse of municipal wastewater. Recalcitrant trace organic compounds (TOrCs), including pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones and industrial compounds in wastewater are often not efficiently removed by conventional wastewater treatment processes, thereby ubiquitously occurs in natural and wastewater effluents. Advanced water treatment processes including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), activated carbon adsorption and membrane separation processes have been demonstrated to efficaciously attenuate many classes of TOrCs. In this dissertation, attenuation of TOrCs by ozone oxidation, powdered activated carbon (PAC) and nanofiltration membrane and their monitoring strategies were demonstrated in water reuse applications. Particularly, the first main chapter attempted to elucidate the use of indicator/surrogate for predicting TOrC attenuation by ozone oxidation in a theoretical basis. A semi-empirical model was developed, which successfully predicted many TOrCs with various oxidation kinetics simultaneously. The following chapter was pertaining to development of exploratory models to predict TOrC abatement by ozone. It was concluded that principal component (PC) analysis in conjunction with artificial neural network (ANN) resulted in precise and robust prediction of TOrC attenuation. In addition to oxidation process, kinetic of TOrC adsorption by PAC was scrutinized subsequently. It was found that the initial-phase adsorption was controlled by surface reaction due to hydrophobic interaction. In addition, correlation between surrogate reduction and TOrC attenuation was independent upon water quality at the early phase of adsorption, which was explained theoretically. In the last chapter, synergistic effects of NF membrane in conjunction with pre-ozonation was investigated for TOrC abatement in brine. As a result, all the tested TOrCs were efficaciously attenuated and not quantifiable due to their concentration below limit of quantification. In addition, ozonation also alleviated organic fouling potential substantially.

Ultrafine bubbles, often referred to as nanobubbles, have been used in various applications from environmental remediation to medicine. Even though the technology to generate ultrafine bubbles has been around for many years, the full potential of its applications has not been completely studied. This project seeks to study the use of ultrafine bubble technology for water treatment in combination with ozone gas. A factorial design experiment was chosen to test the effects of ultrafine bubbles on the concentration of an indicator organism, E. coli, in water as well as their effects on ozone gas being injected into water. Ozone gas or nitrogen gas was injected into water contaminated with E. coli as either ultrafine bubbles or fine bubbles as treatments for up to 60 minutes. Ultrafine bubbles were found to not have any significant effect on the concentration of E. coli in water. However, ultrafine bubbles did provide benefits when used in conjunction with ozone gas that regular, fine bubbles did not provide. The benefits included allowing the concentration of dissolved ozone in the water to decrease at a slower rate as well as allowing more ozone to dissolve into water at a higher rate than conventional methods of bubbling in ozone. While in this particular set of experiments the concentration of dissolved ozone in water didn't surpass 2 mg/L, which didn't allow for rapid disinfection and treatment of water, it is believed that with a more powerful ozone generator better results can be achieved. This project demonstrates the benefits and potential of injecting ozone gas as ultrafine bubbles into water as a way to effectively and efficiently disinfect and treat water.

In metal machining processes, the regulation of heat generation and lubrication at the contact point are achieved by application of a fluid referred to as metalworking fluid (MWF). This has the combined features of the cooling properties of water and lubricity of oil. MWFs inevitably become operationally exhausted with age and intensive use, which leads to compromised properties, thereby necessitating their safe disposal. Disposal of this waste through a biological route is an increasingly attractive option, since it is effective with relatively low energy demands when compared to current physical and chemical options. However, biological treatment is challenging since MWF are chemically complex, including the addition of toxic biocides which are added specifically to retard microbial deterioration whilst the fluids are operational. This makes bacterial treatment exceptionally challenging and has stimulated the search and need to assess technologies which complement biological treatment. In this study the remediation, specifically of the recalcitrant component of a semi-synthetic MWF, employing a novel hybrid treatment approach consisting of both bacteriological and chemical treatment, was investigated. Three chemical pre-treatment methods (Fenton’s oxidation, nano-zerovalent iron (nZVI) oxidation and ozonation) of the recalcitrant components followed by bacterial degradation were examined. The synergistic interaction of Fenton’s-biological oxidation and nZVI-biodegradation led to an overall COD reduction of 92% and 95.5% respectively, whereas pre-treatment with ozone reduced the total pollution load by 70% after a post-biological step. An enhancement in biodegradability was observed after each of the chemical treatments, thus facilitating the overall treatment process. The findings from this study established that the use of non-pathogenic microorganisms to remediate organic materials present in MWF wastewater is a favourable alternative to energy demanding physical and chemical treatment options. However, optimal performance of this biological process may require chemical enhancement, particularly for those components that are resistant to biological transformation.

This thesis describes development of low cost indoor air quality (IAQ) monitoring system for research. It describes data collection of various parameters concentration present in indoor air and sends data back to host PC for further processing. Thesis gives detailed information about hardware and software implementation of IAQ monitoring system. Also discussed are building wireless ZigBee network, creating user friendly graphical user interface (GUI) and analysis of obtained results in comparison with professional benchmark system to check system reliability. Throughputs obtained are efficient enough to use system as a reliable IAQ monitor.

Denton, Texas consistently reaches ozone nonattainment levels. This has led to a large focus of air pollution monitoring efforts in the region, with long-range transport being explored as a key contributor. For this study, the University of North Texas Discovery Park campus was chosen as a prospective location for an extensive air quality monitoring station. Sixteen years of ozone and meteorological data for five state-run monitoring sites within a 25 mile radius, including the nearest Denton Airport site, was gathered from TCEQ online database for the month of April for the years 2000 to 2015. The data was analyzed to show a historical, regional perspective of ozone near the proposed site. The maximum ozone concentration measured at the Denton Airport location over the 16 year period was measured at 96 ppb in 2001. Experimental ozone and meteorological measurements were collected at the Discovery Park location from March 26 to April 3 and April 8 to April, 2016 and compared to the Denton Airport monitoring site. A time lag in ozone trends and an increase in peak ozone concentrations at the proposed location were observed at the proposed site in comparison to the Denton Airport site. Historical and experimental meteorological data agreed in indicating that southern winds that rarely exceed 20 miles per hour are the predominant wind pattern. Back trajectories, wind roses, pollution roses, and bivariate plots created for peak ozone days during experimental periods support long range transport as a considerable cause of high ozone levels in Denton. Furthermore, a study of the precursor characteristics at the Denton Airport site indicated the site was being affected by a local source of nitrogen dioxide that was not affecting the proposed location. The differences in the Denton Airport site and the proposed site indicate that further monitoring at Discovery Park would be insightful. An outline of an expansive mobile monitoring station and suggestions for effective utilization are provided to guide future studies in Denton and the surrounding North Texas region.

Background: During August 2003 and July 2006 there were observed records of high temperature and high concentrations of pollutants across Europe. The effect of heat waves led to significant increases in total mortality, respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality. This study evaluates the association between exposure to the heat waves and daily non- accidental mortality, respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality in Prague, the Czech Republic. Methods: The effect of heat waves in summer 2003 and 2006 on mortality was investigated using the negative binomial regression (type of the Poisson model). Counts of death were regressed on temperature, long-term trends, season, day of week and concentrations of pollutants (O3 levels, PM10 levels, NO2 levels, SO2 levels, CO levels). We used one day lag. Results: We found an association between the heat waves in summer 2003 and 2006 and daily mortality and mortality on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. No statistically significant association was detected. The effect of the heat wave was more significant in women. Conclusions: The effect of the heat wave in August 2003 and July 2006 caused adverse effect on the mortality in Prague, though lower as compared to many other cities in Europe. Keywords: heat wave, mortality, temperature, ozone,...

L'ozone (O3), polluant atmosphérique et gaz à effet de serre, est responsable des pertes de production pour plusieurs espèces végétales. Actuellement, les seuils de risques ne prennent pas en considération la capacité de détoxication intrinsèque des cellules, qui dépend en partie de la régénération du NADPH. Dans cette dernière perspective, l'étude des différentes NADP-déshydrogénases cytosoliques dans les feuilles de deux génotypes de peuplier euraméricain (Populus deltoides x Populus nigra), montre que les activités de la cG6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate déshydrogénase) et de la ME (enzyme malique) sont plus élevées chez le génotype tolérant Carpaccio en réponse à un traitement O3 (120 ppb pendant 17 jours). Dans ces conditions, le maintien des teneurs en NADPH chez Carpaccio, nous a permis de conclure que la capacité des cellules à régénérer ce nucléotide, contribue à améliorer la tolérance face à l'O3. Par une approche de génétique inverse chez Arabidospis, nous avons étudié l'importance de l'activité isocitrate déshydrogénase (ICDH) et de la glutathion réductase 1 (GR1) sous O3, dans un contexte de modulation de la durée du jour. Nous montrons ainsi pour les différents génotypes une plus grande sensibilité à l'O3 lorsque les plantes croissent sous un régime de jours longs, nous soulignons l'interconnexion entre déshydrogénases NADPdépendantes chez le mutant icdh et nous mettons en évidence un possible rôle du glutathion dans le contrôle des interactions entre les fonctions de signalisation oxydante et antioxydante chez le mutant gr1. Enfin, nous avons montré que le monoxyde d'azote (NO) pouvait être en partie impliqué dans la régulation post-traductionnelle de la PEPC sous O3. En effet, nous avons montré que le SNP (donneur de NO) mime les effets de l'O3 alors que le prétraitement de rcd1, mutant surproducteur de NO sous O3, avec du cPTIO + LNNA prévient partiellement ces effets. De plus, l'incubation in vitro d'extraits protéiques foliaires avec du GSNO stimule fortement l'activité PEPC. Tous ces résultats corroborent l'hypothèse que sous O3, l'activité PEPC pourrait être modulée via S-nitrosylation. Cette hypothèse est confortée par la prédiction dans la séquence d'acides aminés de la PEPC de trois cystéines S-nitrosylées, très conservées chez les plantes / Ozone (O3), both an air pollutant and a greenhouse gas, is responsible for yield production losses. Current flux based threshold indices do not take in consideration intrinsic cell capacity for detoxification, which partly depends on NADPH regeneration. In this optic, the study of the NADP-dehydrogenases within leaves of two hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x Populus nigra) genotypes showed that the activation of cG6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and of ME (malic enzyme) was higher in the tolerant genotype (Carpaccio) in response to O3 treatment (120 ppb for 17 days). The maintenance of NADPH levels in Carpaccio, supported the hypothesis that the capacity for cells to regenerate this nucleotide, contributes to improve tolerance to O3.To investigate the importance of a specific cytosolic NADP?dehydrogenase, we used a reverse genetic approach to test isocitrate dehydrogenase (icdh) and glutathione reductase 1 (gr1) mutants to O3 in a context of day?length modulation. Our study reveals an important role for day length conditions in influencing O3 responses with extended damage for all the genotypes in long days, we pointed to overlapping functions of NADP-dependent dehydrogenases in icdh mutants, and highlights novel roles for the glutathione system in controlling the interactions between antioxidative and oxidative signaling functions in gr1 mutant. Finally, we showed that nitric oxide (NO) could be partly implied in the posttranslational regulation of PEPC under ozone. Treatment of the wild ecotype Col?0 with the NO donor SNP mimicked the O3 effects concerning development of visible injuries and the stimulation of PEPC activity. The pre-treatment of the NO-overproducer mutant rcd1, with cPTIO+L-NNA partially prevented both of these O3 effects. Additionally, in vitro incubation of a protein extract with GSNO strongly enhanced PEPC activity. All together, these results corroborated the hypothesis of the modulation of PEPC activity via Snitrosylation under O3, which is reinforced by the presence of three predicted and highly preserved Snitrosylated cysteines in the protein sequence

Les interactions entre chloroplastes et mitochondries restent encore mal connues, notamment en réponse à des conditions de stress. Dans ces conditions, il est suggéré que les voies de transfert d'électrons liées à des protéines découplantes AOX ou pUCP (mitochondriales) et PTOX (plastidiale) pourraient limiter la formation de ROS afin d'atténuer les dommages oxydatifs dans ces organites. Dans le cadre de notre travail, nous avons retenu deux cultivars de Vigna unguiculata, cv 1183 et cv EPACE. Les deux cultivars n'ont pas montré de réelles différences de sensibilité à la sécheresse. Par contre le cultivar EPACE s'est montré plus tolérant à l'O3 sur la base du développement des nécroses et plusieurs paramètres physiologiques (Fv/Fm, [phi]PSII) et biochimiques (glutathion). Pour les profils d'expression des gènes codant pour l'AOX, la pUCP et la PTOX deux réponses ont été clairement identifiées chez le cultivar EPACE. Sur un court terme l'expression de ces protéines est généralement stimulée. Sur un plus long terme (14 jours), la réponse diffère en fonction de la contrainte. Sous O3, la plus forte expression des protéines mitochondriales est maintenue alors que le gène codant pour la PTOX est sousrégulé. Sous sécheresse seule la protéine plastidiale (PTOX) reste sur-régulée. Dans des conditions de combinaison de contrainte, la sécheresse a peu d'effet sur l'influx d'O3 dans les feuilles, et les gènes VuPTOX et VuUCP1b sont sur-régulés après 3 et 7 jours de contrainte. Cette sur-régulation, déjà observée en réponse à la sécheresse seule, pourrait jouer un rôle déterminant pour prévenir la formation de ROS à la fois dans la mitochondrie et dans le chloroplaste / Possible interactions between chloroplast and mitochondria remain poorly known, particularly in response to stress conditions. Under these conditions, it is suggested that the electron transfer pathways linked to AOX or pUCP (mitochondrial uncoupling proteins) and PTOX (plastidial uncoupling protein) could limit the formation of ROS to reduce oxidative damage in cellular organelles. In our work, we selected two cultivars of Vigna unguiculata, cv 1183 and cv EPACE. Under our experimental conditions, both cultivars showed no real differences in sensitivity to drought. However cv EPACE was more tolerant to O3 based on the development of necrosis and several physiological parameters (Fv/Fm, [phi]PSII) and biochemical (glutathione content). For the expression profiles of genes encoding AOX, PUCP and PTOX two responses were clearly identified in the cultivar EPACE. On a shortterm, expression of these proteins is generally stimulated. On a longer term (14 days), the answer differs depending on the treatment. Under O3, the strongest expression of mitochondrial proteins is maintained while the gene encoding the PTOX is down-regulated. Under drought only the plastid protein (PTOX) is upregulated. Under conditions of stress combination, drought has little effect on the influx of O3 in the leaves, and the VuPTOX and VuUCP1b genes are up-regulated after 3 and 7 days of stress. This over-regulation, already observed in response to drought alone could play a role in preventing the formation of ROS in both mitochondria and chloroplasts