No description available.

The FSMA Produce Safety Rule (PSR) requires citrus packers to more closely assess, manage, and monitor food safety risks. Although there have been no foodborne illness outbreaks and only one recall in fresh citrus, the risk of pathogens coming in on the fruit and cross contamination during washing still exists. Packhouses have dynamic washing systems and in-plant validations may be the only way to demonstrate compliance with the PSR. In-plant validations use surrogates in place of pathogens, and none have been identified or validated for citrus. The aim of this research was to identify a surrogate for use in fresh citrus packhouses. Potential surrogates were screened for free chlorine resistance, survival under commercial storage conditions, and shedding and attachment characteristics during simulated washing. E. faecium NRRL B-2354 and P. pentosaceus NRRL B-14009 were selected for further study. Resistance to chlorine was not significantly different between E. faecium and L. monocytogenes FSL J1-031 when exposed to 3 ppm free chlorine for 30, 60, 90, and 120 s at 20 and 100 ppm TSB (pE. faecium and P. pentosaceus behavior was significantly different than L. monocytogenes (p=0.05), indicating that neither is a suitable surrogate. In shedding and attachment, either the fruit (shedding) or water (attachment) was inoculated, washing was simulated, and organisms were enumerated from the water (shedding) or fruit (attachment). Both potential surrogates were statistically different than L. monocytogenes (pE. faecium can be used for L. monocytogenes shedding estimates and E. faecium and P. pentosaceus can be used for attachment estimates. Overall, this research suggests that E. faecium NRRL B-2354 can be considered as a surrogate for L. monocytogenes in whole, fresh citrus validation studies on chlorinated washes and – with appropriate adjustments – on shedding and attachment characteristics.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-13T17:25:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lara Rodrigues de Queiroz Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1395815 bytes, checksum: 2c2714895fbf89e19b7563a18d5ebfb9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-12-14T10:17:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lara Rodrigues de Queiroz Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1395815 bytes, checksum: 2c2714895fbf89e19b7563a18d5ebfb9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-14T10:17:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lara Rodrigues de Queiroz Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1395815 bytes, checksum: 2c2714895fbf89e19b7563a18d5ebfb9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The present work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of two fermentation periods with bacterial inoculant and/or fibrolytic enzyme addition on the nutritional value of sugarcane silage. The sugar cane was conditioned in minisilos with 5L capacity and average density of 830 kg/m³. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replicates, in a 2 x 3 x 2 factorial scheme. Two fermentation periods (30 and 100 d), three cellulase enzyme doses (0, 3 and 6%) and addition or not of inoculant bacterial (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus, 2.5 x 1010UFC/g). Chemical composition, total digestible nutrients (TDN), degradability of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and stability rate were evaluated. The bacterial inoculant and the cellulase enzyme did not significantly affect pH, DM, organic matter (OM) and hemicellulose, however, these variables were affected by the fermentation period, where DM decreased (P <0.05) from 22 to 17%, OM from 96% to 95% and hemicellulase from 25.8 to 20.9% and the pH increased from 3.3 to 3.4. Titratable acidity and NDF and ADF levels had triple interaction between the studied factors. The treatment with 100 fermentation days without inoculant and 6% of cellulase showed the best response on sugarcane silage titratable acidity (21.6 ml). NDF, ADF and TDN contents were higher in the longer fermentation period (100 days) with addition of 6% cellulase without bacterial inoculant (44.9, 27.2 and 64.0% for NDF, ADF and TDN respectively). The highest potential DM degradability was at 100 fermentation days. The 3% cellulase concentration associated with the inoculant increased the potential DM degradability from 65.9 to 73.1% at 100 fermentation days. There was higher effective DM degradability and NDF degradability decreased in the cellulase inclusion treatments. The inoculant increased the rate of aerobic stability. There was double interaction of the cellulase x fermentation period, in which greater stability was at 30 days without cellulase addition. The addition of a bacterial inoculant or cellulase enzyme was efficient in improving the nutritional value of sugarcane silage, with better results when used independently. / O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de dois períodos de fermentação junto com inoculante bacteriano e/ou enzima fibrolítica no valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. A cana-de-açúcar foi acondicionada em minissilos com capacidade de 5L e densidade média de 830 kg/m³. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 2. Dois períodos de fermentação (30 e 100 d), três doses de enzima celulase (0, 3 e 6%) e aplicação ou não de inoculante bacteriano (Lactobacillus plantarum + Pediococcus pentosaceus, 2,5 x 1010UFC/g). Foram avaliados composição bromatológica, nutrientes digestíveis totais NDT), degradabilidade da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e taxa de estabilidade. O inoculante bacteriano e a enzima celulase não afetaram significativamente o pH, MS, matéria orgânica (MO) e hemicelulose, no entanto, estas variáveis foram afetadas pelo período de fermentação onde, a MS diminuiu (P<0,05) de 22 para 17%, MO de 96% para 95% e hemicelulase de 25,8 para 20,9% e o pH aumentou de 3,3 para 3,4. A acidez titulável e os teores de FDN e FDA tiveram interação tripla entre os fatores estudados. O tratamento com 100 dias de fermentação sem inoculante e 6% de celulase teve a melhor resposta na acidez titulável (21,6 ml). Os teores de FDN, FDA e NDT tiveram maior resposta no maior período de fermentação (100 dias) com adição de 6% de celulase sem inoculante bacteriano (44,9, 27,2 e 64,0% para FDN, FDA e NDT respectivamente). A maior degradabilidade potencial da MS foi aos 100 dias de fermentação. A concentração de 3% de celulase associada ao inoculante aumentou a degradabilidade potencial da MS de 65,9 para 73,1% aos 100 dias de fermentação. Houve maior degradabilidade efetiva da MS e diminuição da degradabilidade da FDN nos tratamentos com adição de celulase. O inoculante favoreceu a taxa de estabilidade aeróbica. Houve interação dupla da celulase x período em que maior estabilidade foi aos 30 dias sem adição de celulase. A adição de um inoculante bacteriano ou enzima celulase foi eficiente em melhorar o valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar, com melhor resultado quando usados de forma independente.