The syntheses and characterization of the palladium complexes [Pd(accp)2] (7), [Pd(acch)2] (8), [Pd(η3-CH2CMeCH2)(accp)] (11), [Pd(η3-CH2CMeCH2)(acch)] (12), [Pd(η3-CH2CtBuCH2)(accp)] (13) and [Pd(η3-CH2CtBuCH2)(acch)] (14) (accp = 2-acetylcyclopentanoate; acch = 2-acetylcyclohexanoate) are reported. These complexes are available by the reaction of Haccp (2-acetylcyclopentanone) and Hacch (2-acetylcyclohexanone) with Na2[Pd2Cl6] forming 7 and 8 or with [(Pd(η3-CH2CRCH2)(μ-Cl))2] (9, R = Me; 10, R = tBu) forming 11–14. The molecular structures of 7, 8 and 14 are discussed. Complexes 7 and 8 consist of a square-planar coordinated Pd atom with two trans-positioned bidentate β-diketonate ligands. The asymmetric unit of 14 exhibits one molecule of the palladium complex and a half molecule of water. The thermal behavior of 7, 8 and 11–14 and their vapor pressure data were investigated to show, if the appropriate complexes are suited as CVD precursors for palladium layer formation. Thermogravimetric studies showed the evaporation of the complexes at atmospheric pressure upon heating. The vapor pressure of 7, 8 and 11–14 was measured by using thermogravimetric analysis, giving vapor pressure values ranging from 0.62 to 2.22 mbar at 80 °C. Chemical vapor deposition studies were carried out applying a vertical cold wall CVD reactor. Either oxygen or forming gas (N2/H2, ratio 90/10, v/v) was used as reactive gas. Substrate temperatures of 350 and 380 °C were utilized. With 11–14 dense and conformal as well as particulate palladium films were obtained, as directed by SEM studies, whereas 7 and 8 failed to give thin films, which is probably attributed to their high thermal stability in the gas phase. For all deposited layers, XPS measurements confirmed the partial oxidation of palladium to palladium(II) oxide at 380 °C, when oxygen was used as reactive gas. In contrast, thin layers of solely metallic palladium were obtained utilizing forming gas during the deposition experiments. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

La fonctionnalisation par voie catalytique de substrats naturels a été menée dans le but d’accroître l’activité biologique reconnue de la molécule naturelle de départ ou de découvrir de nouvelles activités. Des réactions catalytiques telles que l’hydroformylation et l’alcoxycarbonylation mettant en jeu le monoxyde de carbone et catalysées par des complexes du rhodium et du palladium ou encore la réaction de cycloisomérisation catalysée par des complexes d’or ou du platine ont déjà permis d’accéder sélectivement à de nouvelles molécules intéressantes. Dans une première partie nous nous sommes intéressés à l’huile essentielle du cèdre de l’atlas (cedrus atlantica) qui est constituée d’une partie hydrocarbure et d’une partie oxygénée. Notre étude s’est focalisée sur la partie oxygénée de l’huile essentielle du cèdre de l’atlas qui est composée de deux cétones isomères, les Z- et E-α- atlantones. La réaction de cyclocarbonylation des alcools allyliques dérivés des α-atlantones a été étudiée. Cette réaction catalysée par des complexes du palladium permet d’obtenir des lactones à 5 et à 6 chainons. Plusieurs systèmes catalytiques de type [PdCl2L2]/SnCl2.2H2O ont été testés, lors de cette étude et nous avons montré que la regiosélectivité de la réaction peut être contrôlée par la nature du ligand utilisé. Ainsi, les ligands monophosphines favorisent la formation des lactones à 6 chainons obtenues sous forme de deux diastéréoisomères et les ligands diphosphines favorisent la formation de celles à 5 chainons obtenues sous forme de quatre diastéréoisomères. Ces lactones sont complètement caractérisées par RMN 1D et 2D et la spectrométrie de masse. Des monocristaux ont été obtenus et analysés par diffraction des rayons X. Dans une deuxième partie, la synthèse d’aldéhydes par réaction d’hydroformylation à partir de l’estragol, un allylbenzène extrait de l’huile essentielle de l’estragon, a été étudiée en présence du système catalytique [Rh(cod)(OMe)]2/ligand phosphole. Ainsi, nous avons évalué l’activité de plusieurs ligands phospholes dans cette réaction d’hydroformylation. Tous les ligands phospholes testés se sont révélés actifs et chimiosélectifs dans la réaction d’hydroformylation d’estragol pour donner majoritairement l’aldéhyde linéaire correspondant. Dans une étude préliminaire, nous avons étudié la réaction de cycloisomérisation d’énynes oxygénés dérivés d’α-atlantones catalysée par des complexes d’or ou du platine. / The catalytic functionnalisation of the natural substrates have been developped to increase their own biological activity or to give them new biological properties. The reactions such as hydroformylation, alkoxycarbonylation and cyclocarbonylation in presence of carbon monoxide catalyzed by rhodium or palladium complexes or cycloisomerisation catalyzed by gold or platinium complexes give an access to new interesting molecules with high selectivity. In first part we have been interested in study of the essential oil of the Atlas Cedar (Cedrus Atlantica). We focused in this study on the oxygenated fraction, which contains the two sesquiterpenic ketone,isomers Z- and E-α-atlantone. Starting from allylic alcohols derived from α-atlantone, the cyclocarbonylation reaction catalyzed by palladium complexes have been investigated. This reaction provide a mixture of five and six membered ring lactones with excellent conversion and excellent chemioselectivity. Different catalytic systems [PdCl2L2]/SnCl2.2H2O or [Pd(OAc)2]/L have been studied. The regiochemical control depends on the nature of the ligand L. The monophosphine ligands favor the formation of the six-membered ring lactones obtained as two diastereomers, while the diphosphine ligands allow the formation of the five- membered ring lactone obtained as four diastereomers. These new lactones were fully characterized by 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. Monocrystals of the six- and five-membered ring lactones suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis have been obtained. In a second part the hydroformylation reaction of estragol, a natural allylbenzene extracted from the essential oil of estragon, have been studied with the catalytic system [Rh(cod)(OMe)]2/phospholes. All the phosphole ligands show good activities and chemoselectivities in the hydroformylation of estragol and affords the linear aldehyde corresponding as a major product. In a preliminary study, we have investigated the cycloisomerisation reaction of o-tethered enynes derived from α-atlantones catalyzed by gold or platinum complexes.

Après avoir exposé les enjeux de ce travail en présentant dans le chapitre 1 les produits naturels possédant le motif tétrahydroisoquinoléinique, leurs intérêts pharmacologiques et leur unique voie d'accès via la réaction de Pictet Spengler, nous avons présenté la synthèse énantiosélective de tétrahydroisoquinoléine 1,3-disubstituées et différentes tentatives d'obtention des motifs pentacycliques de différents alcaloïdes d'intérêt biologique. La synthèse énantiosélective de tétrahydroisoquinoléines 1,3-disubstituées a été effectuée en 6 étapes utilisant deux étapes clés. Une alkylation catalysée par transfert de phase permet de créer un centre asymétrique et une cyclisation pallado-catalysée permet d'accéder au motif tétrahydroisoquinoléinique. Dans la suite, les différentes voies d'accès testées permettant d'accéder au motif pentacyclique n'ont pas été couronnées de succès. Dans un second temps ont été exposées les différentes sources de composés possédant un motif spirocétalique, leurs propriétés électroniques et conformationnelles. Les différentes voies de synthèse de spirocétals ont été présentées. Les différentes voies de synthèse d'a-hétérofuranes ont été introduites en se concentrant sur les dérivés soufrés, azotés et oxygénés. L'utilisation des a­ alcoxyfuranes en réaction de cycloaddition a ensuite été présentée ainsi que l'utilisation des adduits. Enfin la réaction de RRM a été étudiée en se focalisant sur les réactifs à forte tension de cycle. Différentes voies de synthèse des a-alcoxyfuranes ont été exposées. Une voie d'accès générale a été développée par réaction d'addition/élimination sur le 2,5-diméthoxy-2,5-dihydro-2-furanoate de méthyle. La séquence cycloaddition [4+2] ou [4+3]1 RRM a été ensuite présentée permettant d'accéder aux spirocétals (5,6) et (6,6). L'application de cette méthodologie à la synthèse des aculéatines et des aculéatols, est étudiée. / Alkaloids from the family of the tetrahydroisoquinolins exhibit powerful antitumor and antibiotic activities. For 25 years, numerous laboratories led their efforts to synthesize these functionalized polycyclic molecules. Usually the strategy used to prepare these is based on a Pictet-Spengler reaction allowing the first ring system of the tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety to be installed. The main drawback of this reaction is the need of an electron rich aromatic ring to attack the iminium intermediate. The main purpose of this thesis is the synthesis of compounds of this family of natural substances without the limited step to access to new analogs. The total synthesis of the Jorumycine is based on a key step of a ring closing metathesis, a reaction developed by R. Grubbs, R. Shrock and Y. Chauvin who obtained the Nobel prize of Chemistry in 2005. This reaction has been successfully done on a corresponding substrate in the laboratory but the next steps involving a ring contraction and a transannular cyclization seemed to be problematic. This strategy includes an enantioselective synthesis of 1,3-disubstitued tetrahydroisoquinoline that have been done for the first time to our knowledge. In the same time, we tried to synthesize the tetracyclic structure of the Lemonomycine through a nitroso Diels-Alder strategy. This molecule has already been prepared in other groups but the methods didn’t allowed the scale up nor the synthesis of analogs. The strategy was focused on the synthesis of a dihydropinoisoquinolinone moiety that has never yet been prepared via a ring closing metathesis reaction. Spiroketal compounds are widely present in nature as pheromones of insects, steroids of the family of the saponins and in a lot of natural products isolated from marine organisms. A lot of natural substances are bearing the spiroketalic moiety in the non-anomeric configuration meaning that at least one oxygen atom is in the axial conformation despite the stabilization by anomeric effect. To our knowledge, there are only two published strategies to prepare contrathermodynamic non-anomeric spiroketals but these methods are neither general nor rationalized. The Ring Rearrangement Metathesis reaction allows access to these structures from alpha-alkoxyfuran derivatives. Although the alpha-alkoxyfuran derivatives are relatively simple structures, there are no efficient and general synthetic methods to prepare them. We developed a simple access that will be presented along with their use in a [4+2] cycloaddition/RRM sequence.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude mécanistique de réactions mettant en jeu des complexes de palladium. Deux systèmes différents sont étudiés, mettant ainsi en évidence des approches mécanistiques à différents niveaux. La première étude réalisée concerne l’addition oxydante de complexes [palladium - ligands azotés] sur des iodoarènes. Une cinétique d’ordre 2 en palladium(0) a été mise en évidence expérimentalement, pour une grande variété de conditions (ligands, solvants, iodoarènes). Un mécanisme coopératif faisant intervenir l’activation de la liaison CI par un complexe de palladium, suivi par l’insertion oxydante d’un deuxième complexe de palladium a été proposé et étudié par DFT. La deuxième étude porte sur formation d’oxazolidine-2,4-diones à partir d’adduits de Passerini, catalysée au palladium. L’objectif est ici de déterminer les intermédiaires mis en jeu dans cette réaction impliquant la formation de 3 nouvelles liaisons sur le squelette carboné. Une double réaction de Tsuji-Trost a été mise en évidence et le rôle particulier de l’allylméthylcarbonate utilisé a été étudié. A la lumière de ces résultats, un cycle catalytique a été proposé. Cette étude montre le potentiel de la compréhension détaillée des phénomènes à l’échelle moléculaire pour imaginer de futurs développements. / In this thesis, the mechanistic study of reactions involving palladium complexes is presented. Two systems have been studied, with different levels of mechanistic investigation. The first study aims at explaining the peculiar behavior of palladium ligated to nitrogen-containing ligands in the oxidative addition on iodoarenes. A second order in palladium(0) reaction rate has been experimentally demonstrated for various conditions (ligand, solvent, iodoarene). A cooperative mechanism involving the pre-activation of the C-I bond by a palladium complex prior to the oxidative insertion itself has been proposed and studied by DFT. In the second study, the palladium-catalyzed formation of oxazolidine-2,4-diones from Passerini adducts is investigated. The goal is to determine the relevant intermediates of the reaction and to explain the formation of the three new bonds. Two Tsuji-Trost reactions occur and the special role of allylmethylcarbonate has been studied. This mechanistic study highlights the potential of thorough understanding of mechanisms at the molecular level to envision further synthetic developments.

The catalytic combustion of methane in excess of O2 over Pd catalysts was studied on model catalysts, including polycrystalline palladium foil and palladium single crystals. The kinetics of this reaction could be measured at conditions not accessible to supported catalysts and, thus, the issues of structure sensitivity, mechanism, hysteresis on oxidation, and deactivation could be studied in detail. Methane oxidation on PdO was insensitive to the original metal surface structure which PdO grew from, with turnover rates in the range of 1.3-4.7 s-1 on (111), (100) and (110) single crystals at 160 Torr O2, 16 Torr CH-4, 1 Torr H2O and 598 K. Methane oxidation on Pd metal was also insensitive to the original surface structure, with the turnover rate in the range of 2.0-2.8 s-1 on the three single crystals at 2.3 Torr O2, 0.46 Torr CH4, 0.05 Torr H2O and 973 K. Since there is no support effect and the surface purity could be certified, these turnover rates for this reaction can be used as a benchmark. The turnover rate for methane oxidation was found to decrease 95% when PdO decomposed to Pd metal at 888 K, showing that PdO was more active than Pd metal for methane combustion at this temperature. Water inhibition to the reaction was not observed at a temperature above 813 K on both PdO and Pd metal, while it was observed at 598 K on PdO. The activation energy on PdO was 32 kJ mol-1 in the range of 783-873 K, while it was 125 kJ mol-1 in the range of 568-623 K. The activation energy on Pd metal was 125 kJ mol-1 in the range of 930-980 K. The change of reaction orders and activation energies suggests that the reaction mechanism is a function of temperature and palladium chemical states. We propose that adsorbed water, the most abundant surface intermediate at 598 K, was not present in significant quantities at temperatures above 783 K. This change in surface inhibition by water is the reason for lower activation energy at temperatures above 783 K. Interaction between the catalyst and support, or presence of impurities, is one of the factors for catalyst deactivation. The interaction between oxidized silicon and palladium was investigated on a polycrystalline palladium foil and on supported Pd/SiO2 catalysts. During methane oxidation, oxidized silicon covered the palladium oxide surface as observed by TEM on Pd/SiO2 catalysts and by XPS on palladium foil. On Pd foil, the source of silica was a silicon impurity, common on bulk metal samples. The migration of oxidized silicon onto PdO deactivated the catalysts by blocking the active sites for methane oxidation. Silicon oxide overlayers were also observed covering the Pd surface after reduction of Pd/SiO2 by H2 at 923 K.

Ce manuscrit présente le développement de nouvelles réactions de cycloaddition [3+2] palladocatalysées entre des vinylcyclopropanes électro-appauvris et diverses espèces dipolarophiles. La première partie de ces travaux a porté sur la désaromatisation de composés nitroaromatiques tels que les 3-nitroindoles ou les 2-nitrobenzofuranes par le biais d'un procédé de cycloaddition impliquant les vinylcyclopropanes. Une seconde méthodologie de cycloaddition [3+2] énantiosélective entre des aldéhydes ?,?-insaturés et des vinylcyclopropanes a été développée. En tirant parti du concept de catalyse synergique métallo-organique, divers cyclopentanes hautement fonctionnalisés ont été obtenus, avec notamment des énantiosélectivités très élevées. Dans une troisième partie de ces travaux, l'extension de cette méthodologie à la synthèse de composés hétérocycliques a été étudiée ; une première approche impliquant la formation in situ de dipôles-1,3 et -1,4 azotés n'ayant pas abouti à la réactivité désirée, nous avons alors développé une méthodologie de cycloaddition de vinylcyclopropanes et d'imines électro-déficientes par catalyse au palladium(0) menant à des dérivés de pyrrolidine. / This manuscript presents the development of novel palladium-catalysed [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between vinylcyclopropanes and various dipolarophiles. The first part of this work focused on the dearomatization of nitroaromatic compounds such as 3-nitroindoles and 2-nitrobenzofurans through a cycloaddition process with vinylcyclopropanes. In a second time, an enantioselective [3+2] cycloaddition of vinylcyclopropanes with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes under a synergistic metal-organocatalytic activation manifold was developed, leading to highly substituted cyclopentane scaffolds with very high enantioselectivity. In a third part of this work, the extension of this methodology towards the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds was investigated. A first approach dealing with the in situ generation of nitrogen-containing 1,3- and 1,4-dipoles did not lead to the desired reactivity, which prompted us to develop a palladium(0)-catalysed cycloaddition of vinylcyclopropanes and electron-deficient imines to synthesize pyrrolidine derivatives.

Neolignans, dehydrodimers of phenylpropenes, are natural products that exhibit different biological activities. 8,5’-Neolignans containing a trans- dihydrobenzofuran skeleton are the most abundant neolignans in nature. The published syntheses of trans-dihydrobenzofurans are multistep procedures that are time consuming and provide the product in low yield. Furthermore, all dimerisation reactions either in the presence of enzymes or mediated by metal salts are yielding dimers consisting of two units of the same phenylpropene compound, narrowing substantially the substitution pattern. <br><br> Two different general synthetic approaches were examined. The first strategy was the enantioselective deprotonation at the α-carbon of the ο-alkyl phenols in the presence of a chiral diamine and sBuLi. Synthesis of several new phosphorous-based directed ortho-metalation groups was studied. The examined compounds having these new groups decomposed even under very mild reaction conditions and are not suitable for the application in the synthesis. The second strategy was to examine one [3+2] cycloaddition reaction, transition metal catalysed Heck oxyarylation reaction, in the synthetic approach to compounds having trans-dihydrobenzofuran skeleton. Palladium catalysed Heck oxyarylation reaction with halogenophenols or ortho-diazonium phenols as the starting material allowed the trans-dihydrobenzofuran compounds as the major products in acceptable yield and in one step. The products were formed under ligand free condition, as well as in the presence of some strong coordinating ligands (Ph3P). The experiments with several chiral ligands, showed that the obtained trans-dihydrobenzofurans were racemic mixtures. This result suggests formation of an achiral intermediate along the reaction pathway, which causes the lack of stereoselectivity in the products. Initially formed trans-dihydrobenzofuran compounds are the key precursors of many naturally occurring neolignans, and can be easily converted to 8,5’-neolignan derivatives. / 8,5’-Neolignane sind Naturstoffe die verschiedene biologische Aktivitäten ausüben. 8,5’-Neolignane mit Dihydrobenzofuran-Kernstruktur haben antioxidative Wirkung und sind als ACAT- und PAF-Inhibitoren bekannt. Zwar gibt es einige stereoselektive Synthesen von 8,5’-Neolignanen, diese sind aber kompliziert und/oder lassen nur ein eingeschränktes Substitutionsmuster zu. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden zwei neue Synthesewege, nämlich die Palladium-katalysierte Cycloaddition von o-Halogenphenolen und Phenylpropenen, und die α-Alkylierung, präsentiert. Diese Synthesewege führen diastereoselektiv, in ein bis drei Schritten, zu trans-Dihydrobenzofuranen, den gewünschten, potentiell bioaktiven Zielverbindungen. Ferner wurde gezeigt, dass sich ausdiesen Verbindungen verschiedene 8,5’-Neolignane schnell und einfach herstellen lassen.

The major goals of this thesis were to (1) design and synthesize a supported catalyst with well-defined monodisperse palladium nanoparticles evenly distributed throughout an inorganic oxide substrate with tunable porosity characteristics, (2) demonstrate the catalytic activity of this material in the decarboxylation of long chain fatty acids and their derivatives to make diesel-length hydrocarbons, (3) elucidate the deactivation mechanism of supported palladium catalysts under decarboxylation conditions via post mortem catalyst characterization and develop a regeneration methodology thereupon, and (4) apply this catalytic system to a real low-value biofeedstock. In an effort to maximize loading and minimize mass transfer limitations, mesoporous silica MCF was synthesized as catalyst support. Functionalization with various silane ligands facilitated even distribution of palladium precursor salts throughout the catalyst particle, and, after reduction, monodisperse palladium nanoparticles approximately 2 nm in diameter. The Pd-MCF catalyst showed high one-time activity in the decarboxylation of fatty acids to hydrocarbons in dodecane at 300 °C. Subsequent reactions were performed on acid derivatives to elucidate a decarboxylation reaction pathway. The catalyst experienced severe deactivation after only one use and substantial effort was put into elucidating the nature of this deactivation via post mortem catalyst characterization. The deactivation was found not to be caused by nanoparticle sintering, agglomeration or ripening, but instead by organic deposition, mainly of reactant acid. A regeneration methodology was developed and subsequent catalyst reuse exhibited high activity. Finally, the Pd-MCF catalyst was applied to a wastewater-derived brown grease from a poultry rendering facility, in an unpolished and polished form. The latter was successfully decarboxylated to diesel-length hydrocarbons with high conversion and selectivity.

The accumulation of helium atoms in metals or metal tritides is known to result in the formation of helium bubbles in the lattice and to cause degradation of the material. Helium is introduced either through neutron transmutation reaction or via the radioactive decay of tritium. We have performed first-principles calculations of interstitial helium inside Pd and Pd tritide using density functional theory (DFT) and the projector augmented-wave (PAW) method within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). We model the growth process of an interstitial helium cluster and find that when the size of the cluster reaches to five atoms, the cluster can induce an energetically favorable vacancy with a self-trapping mechanism. The cluster growth mechanism of interstitial helium is addressed by investigating the associated energetics, cluster configurations, and electronic structural properties. In addition, we study the diffusion properties of helium in palladium-based compounds by performing the nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations. Our computational models propose that by loading the lattice with hydrogen atoms at certain concentration, or substituting with alloying metals can modify the diffusivity by increasing its migration barrier, which may impede the cluster formation in the beginning stage.

We report controllable synthesis of Pd aerogels with high surface area and porosity by destabilizing colloidal solutions of Pd nanoparticles with variable concentrations of calcium ions. Enzyme electrodes based on Pd aerogels co-immobilized with glucose oxidase show high activity toward glucose oxidation and are promising materials for applications in bioelectronics.