O padrão de desenvolvimento urbano observado nas grandes cidades brasileiras é conseqüência direta das desigualdades socioeconômicas encontradas em nossa sociedade. A ação livre do mercado imobiliário, aliada à ausência de uma política habitacional voltada para a produção de habitação de interesse social, traz para a informalidade no acesso à terra urbana grande parcela da população. As restrições impostas pela legislação ambiental tornam as áreas ambientalmente protegidas não atrativas ao mercado imobiliário formal. Nessas áreas, a proliferação de assentamentos informais é um reflexo da segregação espacial a que está submetida grande parcela da população não atendida pelo mercado formal. Os crescentes números da informalidade observados nas cidades brasileiras justificam a busca por soluções que viabilizem tanto a inserção dos assentamentos irregulares na cidade formal quanto o enfrentamento do passivo ambiental, considerando que importante parcela dessa informalidade se concentra em áreas urbanas ambientalmente protegidas, como as Áreas de Preservação Permanente. Esta pesquisa visa à análise e compreensão do conjunto de questões envolvidas no processo de regularização fundiária de assentamentos informais que contêm em seus limites áreas de preservação permanente em especial os loteamentos irregulares e clandestinos. Para isso, serão abordados o papel desempenhado pelos cursos dágua e fundos de vale nas cidades brasileiras, e as mudanças no padrão de intervenção em rios urbanos observadas no cenário internacional nas últimas décadas. A questão da sustentabilidade e do desenvolvimento urbano sustentável, tema recorrente na atual legislação ambiental e urbanística, será analisada tendo em vista seus diversos conceitos e contradições envolvidas. A análise da crescente tensão entre as agendas urbana e ambiental tem como enfoque a produção da informalidade no uso do solo urbano e sua relação com a degradação ambiental. Serão também abordados os aspectos ideológicos envolvidos nesse conflito. A temática da regularização fundiária de parcelamentos irregulares e clandestinos e a definição do termo área de preservação permanente serão analisados sob a ótica da legislação urbanística e ambiental. A abordagem será feita sobre o que é considerado irregular de acordo com os termos da lei, as diversas concepções de regularização fundiária e os procedimentos envolvidos, enfocando principalmente os processos relativos ao Estado de São Paulo. Para as áreas de preservação permanente, será apresentado um histórico legal sobre o tema. Por fim, a apresentação de estudos de caso visa estabelecer quais seriam as especificidades dos procedimentos para regularização em APPs, em comparação com assentamentos que não possuam APPs em seus limites, indicando quais as principais questões e entraves apresentados e se a legislação vigente permite a efetivação da regularização fundiária nesses casos. Serão ainda indicadas as perspectivas futuras, abordando o tratamento dado à questão na revisão da Lei nº 6.766/79 (PL 20/2007) e Lei nº 4.771/65 (PL 3.517/2008), além dos Grupos de Trabalho do CONAMA que estudam a elaboração de nova resolução que definirá parâmetros para a recuperação e revegetação em APPs. / The pattern of urban development observed in major Brazilian cities is a consequence of socioeconomic inequities in our society. Unrestrained land market action coupled with the absence of social housing policies brings a large amount of people on to informal urban land access. Restrictions imposed by environmental laws make protected areas not attractive to formal land market. Proliferation of informal settlements in these areas is, therefore, a reflection of spatial and socioeconomic segregation. The increase of informality in Brazilian cities justifies the quest for solutions to allow urban insertion of informal settlements and at the same time to deal with environmental liabilities, since a significant number of these kind of settlements is concentrated in environmental protection zones located in urban sites, such as permanent preservation areas. This research goal is to analyze and understand all the issues on land regularization process of informal settlements that contain permanent preservation areas within its boundaries. This work studies the role played by water courses in Brazilian cities development and the changes occurred in worldwide strategy patterns on interventions in urban rivers. Sustainability and sustainable urban development, as a recurring subject on current environmental and urban Brazilian legal framework, will be a matter under discussion for its several different concepts and all the contradictions involved. The ever-growing tension between urban and environmental agendas is focused on informality on urban land use and its relationship with environmental degradation. This work will also approach the ideological issues involved in this conflict. Urban land regularization and the definition of permanent preservation area will be analyzed from urban and environmental legal point of view. Our approach will be based on what is considered unlawful in legal terms and the different concepts and procedures involving urban land regularization, mainly focusing on the procedures in the State of São Paulo (Brazil). A legal history review on permanent preservation areas will be also presented in this work. Finally, case studies are introduced in this work in order to show the current application of specific procedures for settlements located in permanent preservation areas. Through comparisons with procedures applied on settlements which do not have these areas within its boundaries, the acquainted hitches and obstacles will be discussed and so will be under discussion if the current legal framework do actually allow effective urban land regularization in such cases. It will be also presented prospectives by analyzing how these issues have been dealt in current debates about the revision of urban and environmental legal framework.

O padrão de desenvolvimento urbano observado nas grandes cidades brasileiras é conseqüência direta das desigualdades socioeconômicas encontradas em nossa sociedade. A ação livre do mercado imobiliário, aliada à ausência de uma política habitacional voltada para a produção de habitação de interesse social, traz para a informalidade no acesso à terra urbana grande parcela da população. As restrições impostas pela legislação ambiental tornam as áreas ambientalmente protegidas não atrativas ao mercado imobiliário formal. Nessas áreas, a proliferação de assentamentos informais é um reflexo da segregação espacial a que está submetida grande parcela da população não atendida pelo mercado formal. Os crescentes números da informalidade observados nas cidades brasileiras justificam a busca por soluções que viabilizem tanto a inserção dos assentamentos irregulares na cidade formal quanto o enfrentamento do passivo ambiental, considerando que importante parcela dessa informalidade se concentra em áreas urbanas ambientalmente protegidas, como as Áreas de Preservação Permanente. Esta pesquisa visa à análise e compreensão do conjunto de questões envolvidas no processo de regularização fundiária de assentamentos informais que contêm em seus limites áreas de preservação permanente em especial os loteamentos irregulares e clandestinos. Para isso, serão abordados o papel desempenhado pelos cursos dágua e fundos de vale nas cidades brasileiras, e as mudanças no padrão de intervenção em rios urbanos observadas no cenário internacional nas últimas décadas. A questão da sustentabilidade e do desenvolvimento urbano sustentável, tema recorrente na atual legislação ambiental e urbanística, será analisada tendo em vista seus diversos conceitos e contradições envolvidas. A análise da crescente tensão entre as agendas urbana e ambiental tem como enfoque a produção da informalidade no uso do solo urbano e sua relação com a degradação ambiental. Serão também abordados os aspectos ideológicos envolvidos nesse conflito. A temática da regularização fundiária de parcelamentos irregulares e clandestinos e a definição do termo área de preservação permanente serão analisados sob a ótica da legislação urbanística e ambiental. A abordagem será feita sobre o que é considerado irregular de acordo com os termos da lei, as diversas concepções de regularização fundiária e os procedimentos envolvidos, enfocando principalmente os processos relativos ao Estado de São Paulo. Para as áreas de preservação permanente, será apresentado um histórico legal sobre o tema. Por fim, a apresentação de estudos de caso visa estabelecer quais seriam as especificidades dos procedimentos para regularização em APPs, em comparação com assentamentos que não possuam APPs em seus limites, indicando quais as principais questões e entraves apresentados e se a legislação vigente permite a efetivação da regularização fundiária nesses casos. Serão ainda indicadas as perspectivas futuras, abordando o tratamento dado à questão na revisão da Lei nº 6.766/79 (PL 20/2007) e Lei nº 4.771/65 (PL 3.517/2008), além dos Grupos de Trabalho do CONAMA que estudam a elaboração de nova resolução que definirá parâmetros para a recuperação e revegetação em APPs. / The pattern of urban development observed in major Brazilian cities is a consequence of socioeconomic inequities in our society. Unrestrained land market action coupled with the absence of social housing policies brings a large amount of people on to informal urban land access. Restrictions imposed by environmental laws make protected areas not attractive to formal land market. Proliferation of informal settlements in these areas is, therefore, a reflection of spatial and socioeconomic segregation. The increase of informality in Brazilian cities justifies the quest for solutions to allow urban insertion of informal settlements and at the same time to deal with environmental liabilities, since a significant number of these kind of settlements is concentrated in environmental protection zones located in urban sites, such as permanent preservation areas. This research goal is to analyze and understand all the issues on land regularization process of informal settlements that contain permanent preservation areas within its boundaries. This work studies the role played by water courses in Brazilian cities development and the changes occurred in worldwide strategy patterns on interventions in urban rivers. Sustainability and sustainable urban development, as a recurring subject on current environmental and urban Brazilian legal framework, will be a matter under discussion for its several different concepts and all the contradictions involved. The ever-growing tension between urban and environmental agendas is focused on informality on urban land use and its relationship with environmental degradation. This work will also approach the ideological issues involved in this conflict. Urban land regularization and the definition of permanent preservation area will be analyzed from urban and environmental legal point of view. Our approach will be based on what is considered unlawful in legal terms and the different concepts and procedures involving urban land regularization, mainly focusing on the procedures in the State of São Paulo (Brazil). A legal history review on permanent preservation areas will be also presented in this work. Finally, case studies are introduced in this work in order to show the current application of specific procedures for settlements located in permanent preservation areas. Through comparisons with procedures applied on settlements which do not have these areas within its boundaries, the acquainted hitches and obstacles will be discussed and so will be under discussion if the current legal framework do actually allow effective urban land regularization in such cases. It will be also presented prospectives by analyzing how these issues have been dealt in current debates about the revision of urban and environmental legal framework.

This paper analyzes the functions of stylistic figures in the Russian newspaper text. Material was from the texts of different genres, published in the Central Newspapers of Russia. We analyze anaphora, syntactic parallelism, parcelling. Different logical and expressive function of the mentioned figures. We identify and describe the semantic and stylistic varieties of each figure. / Работа посвящена анализу функционирования стилистических фигур в русском газетном тексте. Материалом послужили тексты разных жанров, опубликованные в центральных газетах России. Анализируются фигуры анафора, синтаксический параллелизм, парцелляция. Различаются логическая и экспрессивная функция названных фигур. Выделены и описаны семантико-стилистические разновидности каждой из них.

Explicating the nature and concomitants of eudaimonic well-being is currently at the forefront of research on a fulfilling life and functioning well. However, the strength of research conducted on constructs is dependent on the quality of instrumentation. In view of this notion, Waterman et al. (2010) developed the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being (QEWB) to operationalise their conceptualisation of eudaimonic well-being and explored the scale’s validity in American student samples. In particular, they confirmed a good fit of a unidimensional factor structure by using parcelled indicators in confirmatory factor analysis. Research on the applicability of this measure within the other cultural contexts needs to take cognisance of aspects such as conceptual equivalence, translation issues, and validity criteria. To contribute to the adaptation of the QEWB for the multilingual South African context, the aim of this study was to explore the structural and external validity of English, Afrikaans, and Setswana versions of the QEWB. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey design was used for data gathering. The sample (n = 975) consisted of students from a large university in South Africa, who completed either the English (n = 325), Afrikaans (n = 478), or Setswana (n = 172) version of the scale. To investigate the structural validity of the scale, descriptive statistics, reliability coefficients, and the scale’s factor structure were scrutinised. Regarding the latter, confirmatory factor analyses with both parcel- and item-level indicators, as well as principal component analyses were examined to assess the fit of a one-factor model. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to further explore the dimensionality of the scale. External validity was examined by considering the attenuation corrected correlational patterns between scores on the QEWB and measures of well-being and ill-being. Results showed that item- and scale-level scores were mostly negatively skewed, with high average scores. Internal consistency reliability statistics indicated satisfactory reliability, except for a small mean interitem correlation for the Setswana instrument. Although adequate goodness of fit statistics of parcel-level confirmatory factor analyses supported Waterman et al.’s (2010) notion of a one-factor structure, the assumption of unidimensionality within parcels was not satisfied, which suggested that these analyses could have masked multidimensionality. A lack of fit of the one-factor model was shown by a number of small or negative interitem and item-total correlations, insufficient fit indices for item-level confirmatory factor analyses, and a small proportion of variance explained by the first unrotated component in principal component analysis. Exploratory factor analyses indicated a three-factor model, where the factors Sense of Purpose, Active Involvement in Beliefs, and Effortful Engagement were distinguished. For the English scale, a four-factor model was also sensible. Items that may need modification for the current context were identified. Support for convergent and discriminant validity was established. This study contributed to a further validation of the QEWB and highlighted its multidimensional structure for the groups involved. Further evaluation of the scale on conceptual and empirical levels is indicated, also specifically for applicability within the South African multilingual context. / Thesis (MSc (Clinical Psychology)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Explicating the nature and concomitants of eudaimonic well-being is currently at the forefront of research on a fulfilling life and functioning well. However, the strength of research conducted on constructs is dependent on the quality of instrumentation. In view of this notion, Waterman et al. (2010) developed the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being (QEWB) to operationalise their conceptualisation of eudaimonic well-being and explored the scale’s validity in American student samples. In particular, they confirmed a good fit of a unidimensional factor structure by using parcelled indicators in confirmatory factor analysis. Research on the applicability of this measure within the other cultural contexts needs to take cognisance of aspects such as conceptual equivalence, translation issues, and validity criteria. To contribute to the adaptation of the QEWB for the multilingual South African context, the aim of this study was to explore the structural and external validity of English, Afrikaans, and Setswana versions of the QEWB. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey design was used for data gathering. The sample (n = 975) consisted of students from a large university in South Africa, who completed either the English (n = 325), Afrikaans (n = 478), or Setswana (n = 172) version of the scale. To investigate the structural validity of the scale, descriptive statistics, reliability coefficients, and the scale’s factor structure were scrutinised. Regarding the latter, confirmatory factor analyses with both parcel- and item-level indicators, as well as principal component analyses were examined to assess the fit of a one-factor model. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to further explore the dimensionality of the scale. External validity was examined by considering the attenuation corrected correlational patterns between scores on the QEWB and measures of well-being and ill-being. Results showed that item- and scale-level scores were mostly negatively skewed, with high average scores. Internal consistency reliability statistics indicated satisfactory reliability, except for a small mean interitem correlation for the Setswana instrument. Although adequate goodness of fit statistics of parcel-level confirmatory factor analyses supported Waterman et al.’s (2010) notion of a one-factor structure, the assumption of unidimensionality within parcels was not satisfied, which suggested that these analyses could have masked multidimensionality. A lack of fit of the one-factor model was shown by a number of small or negative interitem and item-total correlations, insufficient fit indices for item-level confirmatory factor analyses, and a small proportion of variance explained by the first unrotated component in principal component analysis. Exploratory factor analyses indicated a three-factor model, where the factors Sense of Purpose, Active Involvement in Beliefs, and Effortful Engagement were distinguished. For the English scale, a four-factor model was also sensible. Items that may need modification for the current context were identified. Support for convergent and discriminant validity was established. This study contributed to a further validation of the QEWB and highlighted its multidimensional structure for the groups involved. Further evaluation of the scale on conceptual and empirical levels is indicated, also specifically for applicability within the South African multilingual context. / Thesis (MSc (Clinical Psychology)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

En av de grundläggande rättigheterna som tillerkänns den enskilde är egendomsskyddet. Denna rättighet är stadgad i regeringsformen. Ingrepp i den enskildes egendomsskydd medges om det syftar till att tillgodose ett angeläget allmänt intresse samt om inskränkningen klarar det test på proportionalitet som skapats genom praxis. Kravet på förvärvstillstånd i jordförvärvslagen är en typ av ingrepp i den enskildes egendomsskydd. Att den enskilde inte fritt kan förfoga över sin egendom genom att sälja den till vem han vill utgör ett sådant ingrepp. För att ingreppet ska anses vara proportionerligt krävs det att enskild ersätts genom att staten löser in fastigheten till det pris som avtalats. Inlösen vägras om priset skulle betydligt överstiga egendomens värde. Det är länsstyrelsen som har bevisbörda på att priset betydligt överstiger egendomens marknadsvärde med hänsyn till dess avkastning och marknadsvärdet på andra nyttigheter, till exempel eventuell jakträtt. Staten, genom länsstyrelsen, kräver att köpare sedan tidigare äger mark inom området för att kunna erhålla förvärvstillstånd. Detta är av länsstyrelsen själv uppställt krav som inte tydligt framgår vid en genomläsning av tillståndslagstiftning. I denna uppsats presenteras vilka konsekvenser en sådan marknadsbegränsning får på frågan om värdering av fastighet vid inlösen. Frågan ställs huruvida länsstyrelsen agerar i enlighet med lagen när, vid vägrat förvärvstillstånd fastigheten ej löses in till det pris där även eventuell jakträtt åsätts det marknadsmässiga värde som bedöms på en marknad som ej är begränsad. Frågan besvaras i uppsatsens avslutande kommentarer. / One of the fundamental rights conferred on the individual is the property protection. This fundamental right is enacted in the Swedish Constitution (Regeringsformen). Interference with a person’s right to his own property is allowed if it aims to meet a public interest and if it passes the test of proportionality created through practice. The requirement for an authorization to acquire property according the Swedish Land Acquisition Act (Jordförvärvslagen) is a type of interference with a person`s right to his own property. When the individual cannot freely dispose over his property by selling it to whoever he wants, is an example on such interference. In order to such a procedure be considered proportionate it requires that the Government (through the County Administrative Board) remunerates the individual at the price the parties (seller and buyer) agreed on. The Government`s obligation to remunerate falls if the price would significantly exceed the property`s value. It is the County Administrative Board that has the burden of proof that the price significantly exceeds the property`s market value with respect to its return and the market value of other utilities, such as hunting rights. The County Administrative Board requires that buyers already own property in the area in order to obtain such approvals. This is by the Board itself set up requirement that is not apparent when studying the state of law. This paper presents the implications of such a market restriction on the question on the valuation of the property at redemption. The question is whether the County Administrative Board acts in accordance with the state of law when, after not allowing the acquisition, the property is not redeemed at the price where even possible hunting rights are assigned the market value as assessed in a market that is not limited. The question is answered in the final comments of this paper.